谈英语非谓语动词的复合结构

谈英语非谓语动词的复合结构
谈英语非谓语动词的复合结构

谈英语非谓语动词的复合结构

王德杰

摘要:非谓语动词的复合结构是指带有逻辑主语的不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语。非谓语动词的复合结构是英语教学中的一个难点,对学生的学习和考试的影响比较大。为便于学生的学习和理解,本文采用归纳分析法,讲述了什么是非谓语动词的复合结构,分析了它们的构成以及在句子中的句法功能。

关键词:非谓语动词的复合结构;构成;句法功能

在《大学英语》、《新视野大学英语》和《当代研究生英语》等教材中,经常会出现一些非谓语动词的复合结构。一些英语考试也经常涉及这种结构。由于非谓语动词的复合结构比较复杂,句法功能又比较多,致使很多学生对这些语法现象不能很好掌握,因而在学习和考试中就难以正确理解课文和考题。本文旨在综合分析一下非谓语动词的复合结构,以求化繁为简,易于掌握。

非谓语动词是指不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),它们的复合结构是指带有逻辑主语的不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语。在语法上,它们被分别称作不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和分词复合结构。

一、不定式复合结构(the compound structure of infinitive)

1. 不定式复合结构的定义和构成

带有逻辑主语的不定式或不定式短语叫做不定式复合结构,其基本结构是:for+名词/宾格代词+不定式,通常被称作不定式的for…to...结构。该结构中的for没有词义,只是引导出不定式的逻辑主语,可以把不定式看作逻辑谓语。有了逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,就可以把不定式复合结构理解成一个有逻辑的句子。

另外,不定式复合结构还有一种特殊形式:of+名词/宾格代词+不定式,of引出不定式的逻辑主语,其句型为:It is+形容词+of+名词/宾格代词+不定式。常用的形容词是一些表明逻辑主语特性的词,如kind, good, clever, polite, wise, wrong等,例如It is very kind of you to help me. 在例句中,of you to help me 是不定式复合结构,作主语,句首的It 是形式主语。

2. 不定式复合结构的句法功能

不定式复合结构在句子中可以作五种句子成份:主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语。

1)作主语

当不定式的for…to…结构作主语时,通常用先行代词it作形式主语,而把for…to…结构移至谓语之后。例如:

When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. 当地上覆盖着冰雪时,即使有人挽扶,他也难以行走。(it是形式主语,for him to walk是真正的主语)

2)作宾语

当不定式的for…to…结构作宾语时,通常用先行代词it作形式宾语,而把for…to…结构移至宾语补足语之后。例如:

Online chatting made it possible for me to reap the benefits of English learning. 网上聊天使我能尝到了学英语的甜头。(it是形式宾语,for me to reap the benefits of English learning是真

正宾语)

3)作定语

A request for the boy to rush to Brooklyn was sent to the Red Cross director of the North Carolina Marine Corps camp. 向北卡罗来纳州海军陆战队营地的红十字机构的主任发出请求,让那个年轻人赶紧回布鲁克林。

4)作状语

For your life to meet with success, you need to renew your knowledge and improve your adaptability to society constantly.要想使你的人生获得成功,你需要不断地更新知识、提高适应社会的能力。(目的状语)

The problem is too difficult for the student to solve by themselves. 这个问题太难了,学生们自己解决不了。(结果状语)

5)作表语

This computer is for you to use. 这台电脑归你使用。

Where we shall go today is for you to decide. 今天我们去什么地方由你来决定。

二、动名词复合结构(the compound structure of gerund)

1. 动名词复合结构的定义和构成

带有逻辑主语的动名词或动名词短语叫做动名词复合结构,其形式有如下两种:

1)物主代词/名词所有格+动名词。这种形式既可作主语也可作宾语。例如:

I insist on his going there. 我坚持他要去那里。(宾语)

Peter’s coming won’t help much. 彼德的到来没什么帮助。(主语)

2)名词通格/代词宾格+动名词。这种形式在句中只能作宾语,不能作主语。例如:Sorry. I forget him coming to our evening party held last month. 对不起,我忘记了他来参加过我们上个月的晚会。

Do you mind the door being opened? 把门开开好吗?

在选用逻辑主语时,一定要注意动名词或动名词短语之前的名词是否有生命。如果名词是有生命的,那么逻辑主语就用该名词的所有格表示;如果名词是无生命的,那么逻辑主语就用该名词的通格表示。例如:

Bob insisted on Mary’s staying there for dinner. 鲍勃坚持玛丽留在那里吃饭。

I don’t mind the light being turned off. 我不介意关灯。

2. 动名词复合结构的句法功能

1)作主语:

Her child’s taking part in physical training won’t do any harm.她的孩子参加体育锻炼没有什么坏处。

2)作宾语

I don’t remember her telling me that story. 我不记得她给我讲过那个故事。

3)作介词宾语

His grandpa was awakened by the door being knocked. 他爷爷被敲门声吵醒了。

With the price of oil going up, Russian economy would be improved. 随着石油价格的上涨,俄罗斯的经济形式会有所好转。

三、分词复合结构(the compound structure of participles)

1. 分词复合结构的定义和构成

带有逻辑主语的分词或分词短语叫做分词复合结构,也叫分词的独立主格结构(the

nominative absolute structure of participles)。其构成形式有下列三种:

1)名词通格/代词宾格+现在分词,如:

He was knocked down and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. 他被撞倒在地,血从鼻子里流出来了。

2)名词通格/代词宾格+现在分词的被动形式,如:

The table being set, we began to dine. 桌子一摆好,我们就开始吃饭了。

3)名词通格/代词宾格+过去分词,如:

Their house destroyed with the storm, they had to live temporarily in a room of a middle school. 房屋被暴风雨摧毁了,他们只好暂时住在中学的一个房间里。

2.分词复合结构的句法功能

分词复合结构在句子中只能作状语,可以作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、和伴随状语,分别相当于一个时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、和并列句,其逻辑主语相当于状语从句或并列句的主语,分词部分相当于谓语;翻译分词复合结构时,可以译成一个状语从句,也可以译成一个并列句。如:

1)作时间状语

The plan having been approved (=When the plan has been approved), what is most important is to put it into practice. 计划被批准以后,最重要的是付诸实施。

2)作原因状语

The bus being about to depart(=Because the bus was about to depart), he said goodbye to his friends in a hurry. 公共汽车就要开了,他匆忙向朋友们告别。

3)作条件状语

My health permitting (=If my health permits), I will come in June. 如果健康状况允许的话,我将于六月份来。

4)作让步状语

So much money having being spent (=Though so much money has been spent), we have not seen any good result. 尽管花了这么多钱,我们却不见任何好结果。

5)作伴随状语

They had many talks with the native, the guide acting as interpreter (=and the guide acted as interpreter). 他们同当地人谈过多次,向导充当的翻译。(表伴随状况)

3. 独立主格结构的其他形式

除了分词的独立主格结构之外,独立主格结构(nominative absolute structure)还有四种常见的形式,即:逻辑主语+动词不定式;逻辑主语+介词短语;逻辑主语+形容词;逻辑主语+副词。这四种独立主挌结构,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件或伴随,其中作伴随状语的情况较多。为了更好地理解,可以把这四种独立主挌结构看成是省略了分词的分词独立主挌结构(即分词复合结构)。

1)逻辑主语+动词不定式。如:

The two friends said good-bye to each other, one to go to work, the other to go shopping .(=…, one being to go to work, the other being to go shopping .)两个朋友彼此

告别,一个去上班,另一个去购物。(伴随状语)

2)逻辑主语+介词短语。如:

Bedell lay down in an old box filled with hay, his rifle and crutches beside him. (= …, his rifle and crutches being beside him.) 贝德尔躺在一个装满干草的旧箱子中, 他的枪和拐杖就放在身边。(伴随状语)

3)逻辑主语+形容词。如:

Dr. Ogden proposes to rid the language of a great many verbs—some of them irregular, and hence difficult—by substituting such compounds for them. (=…, some of them being irregular, and hence difficult….) 奥格登博士建议让英语抛弃大量动词,可以用上述的动词短语来代替它们,这是因为其中有些动词是不规则的,因此很难学。(原因状语)

4)逻辑主语+副词。如:

The crying over, I ached. I was wronged, I was hurt. (=The crying being over, …)哭过以后,我感到阵阵心酸。我好委屈,心里真不是滋味儿。(时间状语)

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8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题; 9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题; 10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构; 11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。 对于独立主格结构的复习,教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。 【知识网络】 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.我只花了五分钟的时间来完成这项工作。 2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。

人教版中考英语九年级英语 非谓语 动词专项讲解及练习

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. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. 4. 不定式的完成进行式:如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作,就要用完成进行式. eg: We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 二、不定式的用法: 1. 不定式做主语:不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的,经常的动作。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2)主系表结构 To see is to believe. 3)it形式主语。当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中: (1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do…(如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish…) (2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do…(如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary…) (3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do...(如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one’s duty / an honor …)

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