中国西部经济问题的探讨毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

中国西部经济问题的探讨

中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

China western economy problem discuss

Western economy in recent years has made great development, GDP year average growth rate up, but the overall level of development is still in a relatively backward state, western economic development is not only related to the western region of the people's living standards, but also related to the national stability and unity. This article from the economic resource element to set out, through the population, capital, resources present situation analysis, focused on the macroscopic policy of the government, a description of the development of western economic necessity, and try to explain its economy to develop the reason of lag and the existing problems.

China western area, because of geographical, climate, history, humanities, and many other reasons, resulting in its economic development compared to the eastern region is serious lag, although since reforming and opening, western region economy development to a certain extent, but the local economic development remains slow, especially as Tibet, Xinjiang and other minority Autonomous region. Therefore, the concrete will from the following several aspects carries on the analysis discussion.

A western region economy development situation and characteristic.

On Resources -- the advantage of rich resources has not been transformed into real economic dominant position.

1 natural resources: western grassland, forest, water, mineral, energy is very rich in natural resources. This is western economic development favorable conditions. It has been found that the mineral is amounted to 100 a variety of, reserves of ascertain mineral products ranks the top five have a dozen, but due to transportation, energy, technology and other aspects, the development and utilization of mineral resources is not enough.

2 energy resources: most of the western region, high elevation and low latitude, intense solar radiation, total radiation values close to the maximum, in the world after sub-Saharan Africa, the wealth of the development and utilization of solar energy has great potential. In addition, the western land resource large area ranks first in the nation; energy reserves in the forefront of the country; the forest resources, plant resources, animal resources are of inestimable prospect, but these advantages have not yet into the advantages of industry development.

3 human resources: human resources include a variety of cultural resources, such as language, dress, music, drama, religious and rich historical and cultural resources. For example, Tibet has spread throughout the rich ethnic characteristics of traditional cultural resources, in order to Tibetan Buddhist culture as the core of the national traditional culture. The world cultural heritage -- Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Buddhist temple and traditional Tibetan style is the Tibet cultural industries relying on resources. But because the infrastructure is backward, especially the traffic condition is poor, the cultural resources development utilization rate is low, the cultural industry has just begun sprouting.

4: the central government policy resources always will be the West as a national special poor areas to care and support, for western developed a series of policies and flexible measures. As one of China's five ethnic autonomous regions are located, West enjoy many preferential policies and treatment. Only in the reform and development in thirty years since, the central has several held western development work conference, western has formulated a series of preferential policies. In addition, the West also has a strong policy of flexible space, there are conditions to develop and implement some special policies, such as the western people development production has good mobility and promoting effect. In the mainland provinces ( area), can enjoy these preferential policies for the treatment of the only western area.

Two. Education resources shortage, low labor quality.

Western although the area natural resources is very rich, but the social resource is lacked very however, causing the main reason is western area 's level of education, education resources and education system of general lag. From the roots to illustrate the problem, western area with much land and few people, productivity level is low in the East, is not conducive to the promotion of the city, this will result in local government cannot concentrate advantage power in quality education base. To this, the central and local governments should strengthen western area population density, the initial formation of town dimensions, concentrate advantage resource construction of high quality teaching base, the central and local governments should give support energetically. At the same time, we should strengthen the occupation education, improve the quality of laborer; in large and medium-sized city, colleges and universities should be listed as an important support object, increase scientific research expenditure, the students' study and life to grant, form a complete set of perfect talent training mode, strengthen western the foundation of big development resources -- human resources development and improvement.

Three. The extensive economic development mode should transition to intensive model of economic development.

Since the founding of the PRC, western economy although there is a certain degree of development, but in the economic development behind, there is a resource exploitation utilization and serious

destruction of ecological environment, to this, we should be rational knowledge to, GDP growth behind, most of them are false, we should use the " green GDP" method to measure a region's economic development level, the western region industry structural adjustment and economic transition be imperative, to carry out the sustainable development strategy, this is not only in conformity with the requirements of the scientific outlook on development, but also accords with the benefit of the future generations of requirements. Therefore, specifically from the following several aspects of economic restructuring and adjustment:

1 strengthen the examination of various industrial sewage to discharge, did not meet the enterprises should limit for rectification, the rectification is not qualified to be ordered to shut down. At the same time, the government should intensify efforts to control the environment, environmental awareness, consciously cultivate the habit of protect environment is very high, people's awareness of environmental protection.

2 to strengthen the development of high and new technology enterprises. The local government should reduce the access threshold of high-tech enterprises, and in the circumstances allow proper tax reduction or exemption, good business development of logistics, it is not only conducive to the development of our country's high-tech industry, but also can promote western economic ring to maintain growth, full employment.

3 rational development and utilization of wind, solar, geothermal energy and other natural resources. The area has be richly endowed by nature 's natural resources, if local government in this respect, pay attention to the development and utilization, its economic benefits, environmental benefits are very considerable.

Four. The problem of industrial structure presence and adjustment measures.

Adjust industrial structure, stimulative economy grows the change of means, it is implementation western economy society spans type development strategy choice. In the center of western informal discussion of job put forward clearly to western economy grows main task: the stable development of the first industry, focusing on the development of the second industry, vigorously develop the tertiary industry, prosperity and social undertakings, to lay a good foundation for the long-term development.

For example, since the founding of the PRC, Tibet autonomous region industrial structure evolution is composed of the following characteristics:

In 1 the tertiary industry the proportion in GDP has been on the rise. In 2002 exceeded 50%, reaching 51% in 2003. Look from countrywide circumstance, the tertiary industry in 2002 more than 50% only Beijing, Shanghai and Tibet. According to the general law of the development of the industry, the tertiary industry accounted for GDP accounted for more than 50%, is generally considered to enter a more developed economy society's symbol, is the so-called " hind industrial

society " feature, this and Tibet's actual development level does not match.

2 of second industries in Tibet three industrial development process had high speed growth. According to the three law of the development of industries, the first is the development of the first industry, followed by the development of the second industry, namely, industrialized process, and then in the first and second industry, the full development of the tertiary industry development based on the. Tibet's situation is the second industry peaked in 1979, 27.7%, 1988 second industry in the three industry in the proportion fell to the lowest level since 1959 11.9%. Tibet economy not formed the "two or three, " or "two, three, " the industrial structure, the second industry never played as the first.

3 the first industry declined. According to the trend of change of structure of industry, along with the growth of GDP per capita, the first industry the proportion in GDP declined. In 198

4 Tibet the first industry basically stable dropped below 50% in 1997, later reduced to 40%, 2001 to drop to below 30% in 2003, the proportion of the first industry has been ranked third. From the three times industry adjustment proportion, agricultural structural adjustment already obtained corresponding achievement.

Now the western economic industrial structure, although the basic form of benign development pattern, but the three industrial structure interior not coordinate. The data indicates that the tertiary industry, the increase in the value of the 60% or so from the central finance allowance, not only that, the tertiary industry in Tibet with apparent consumption, extensive features, to a national economy pulling effect is not obvious. Three big industry second industry in the western region in recent years, mainly to the construction, the construction industry in the proportion of the 60% above, this is central to western investment mainly concentrated in infrastructure construction to reflect, more western industrial development serious deficiencies in the performance of. Western industrial structure is unreasonable also performed in, industrial structure is not directly reflect the western area advantage, resource advantage and characteristics. Industrial structure adjustment should be based on this, in the consolidation and development of the first industry energetically on the foundation of the development of the second industry and the tertiary industry, especially in the characteristics of the product processing production should be somewhat greatly, but that is not the case, that the name of economic development to a certain extent is also dependent on the first industry, industrialized process also is very long.

Relative to the East, the western area development pattern is too monotonous, mainly rely on an industry -- agriculture. As everyone knows, the western area of barren land, rely on agriculture to the development of the local economy is an utterly inadequate measure, not to the economic development of the target, and the two industry -- industry in the western region development is lag, in view of this, the central government should actively guide the local government to develop the

tertiary industry, tourism is the main industry in the development of the tourism industry, once developed, other three industries -- transportation industry, catering industry and so on will soon drive up, therefore, the local government should from the following aspects to:

1 the development of local cultural characteristics. The area has very much the minority, the local government should guide the minority areas develop their own national culture, so in retain their nationality essence and attract tourists visit, tourism, promoting the three industry development.

2 to strengthen the protection and development of natural landscape. The area has many of China's natural landscape and the world intangible cultural heritage, if the energy of these scenic landscape protection and development, for the development of tourism is a very broad prospect.

3 three times to accelerate industrial development, the government should solve western region economy development bottleneck problem, namely the government should accelerate the improvement of the infrastructure construction in west.

In five, western region economy gross low, farming herdsman income growth is slow, urban and rural difference is pulled big.

In Tibet and Xinjiang autonomous regions, with the mainland and the widening of the income gap, Tibet area farming herdsman income is lower than the national average, and the income of urban residents in Tibet are higher than the national average, 2004 countrywide town dweller year average income is 6907 yuan, and the corresponding period of Tibet town dweller year average income is as high as 7912 yuan, is the 114% of national average level, the income gap between urban and rural areas is not only significant in Tibet and more than the national average, and this difference still is continueing to pull big, therefore, the market mechanism can't adjust economy and occurs in a variety of problems, need government carries out the following necessary control:

1, accelerate western area rural development, accelerate urban and rural economic integration, the western region to reduce and eliminate " two yuan of structure of urban and rural economy ", realize economic modernization, must be based on the combination of urban and rural, complementary advantages, mutual service, the principle of coordinated development of urban and rural economy two yuan, breaking the boundaries, execute unified program, unified industry policy, unified and coordinated management, reasonable division of labor and cooperation, and gradually realize the integration of urban and rural economy, industrialization and city change synchronous development. In 2 the government should use more fiscal policies to control, through tax, all kinds of relief subsidies of transfer payments rise western rural residents disposable income.

3 introduced the relevant benefit farming policy Huimin to solve urban and rural difference plays big phenomenon.

Six, about the money. The government should help energetically western area, the formation of the western economy "hematopoiesis " mechanism, so that the rapid economic growth.

1 when the western economy is underdeveloped, the country should increase the investment of the west, not to move or retreat carry out carry out " western big development " strategic thought, eliminate the bottleneck that economy grows effect, rise western area residents' welfare level, and increase social total demand.

2 similar reconstruction after Wenchuan earthquake experience -- eastern provinces counterparts in disaster aid method, namely eastern developed provinces and municipalities to make aid western underdeveloped provinces and autonomous regions.

3 in line with sustainable development under the guidance of the idea, the central government can to the west the area increases the introduction of foreign capital to the development of local economy. Seven, the development of border trade.

Western area with more than 10 countries border on, and there is a long line of terrestrial border land, mineral resources, water resources, biological resources and tourism resources are relatively rich, but economy is relatively backward, therefore, should make great efforts to open, the opening of the gold zone, as open to the outside world frontier, efforts to develop border trade, including the development of border economic development strategy planning, do a good job in port construction, establishing trade base, do well the trade products production, strengthen trade management, exert oneself through the border trade to promote western border area transportation, information, tourism development.

Eight, coordinating development of economy and society, material civilization and spiritual civilization construction to pay equal attention to.

Economy and society is in the western region of the two subsystems, both and mutual promote, indispensable. Economic development is the foundation of social development, science and technology, education, instead, medical, cultural career revitalize, ideological and political work, moral education, democracy and legal education, strengthening population control and other social development and support and promote economic development. Therefore, in the actual construction should adhere to the harmonious development of economy and society, material civilization and spiritual civilization progress jointly.

To sum up, the implementation of the western development strategy, accelerate the development of the western region, to expand domestic demand, spur economic growth, enhance national power, contractible area difference, promote common prosperity, strengthening the national unity and social stability, consolidating frontier defense, and enhance China's international status has an important significance and far-reaching impact. Therefore, in the process of western great development, western, Eastern and central to the three forces to form resultant force, in order to achieve the desired effect. Western development is the most fundamental force is on the western region of the vast number of cadres and the masses of the people, therefore, western area people

should establish master thought, independent, self-reliance, to carry forward the spirit, work hard and perseveringly rely through one's own efforts. At the same time, in the development of Western mentioned above, in some aspects of the condition is poorer, and eight, ninety in the eastern development period compared with big development, the task is more formidable, need longer. The eastern region of the cadres and the masses should establish overall situation concept, actively support, improve and strengthen the targeted aid and various forms of cooperation, mutual benefit, common development. The central government should take " the market mechanism, economic means " mode and " plan mechanism, administrative means " model of combining, appropriate concentration of financial resources, increase right western area finance move to pay strength, expand western region public investment scale, developed to support the western development policy, various departments of the central government shall adopt various forms to help and support, accelerate western area politics, economy, cultural development. At the same time, the western development process, should pay attention to implementation population, resource, environment and economy, the coordinated development of society, the fragile ecological environment of western region, along with the development of industry, the pollution of the environment can not be ignored. Therefore, in the development construction must implement a sustainable development strategy.

中国西部经济问题的探讨

西部经济近几年有了很大的发展,GDP年平均增长率加快,但其总体发展水平仍处于相对落后状态,西部经济的发展不仅关系着西部地区人民的生活水平的提高,同时也关系着国家的安定团结。本文拟从经济的资源要素出发,通过人口、资金、资源的现状分析,着力强调政府的宏观政策,说明发展西部经济的必要性,并试图解释其经济发展滞后的原因和存在的问题。

中国西部地区,由于地理、气候、历史、人文等诸多方面的原因,造成其经济发展相对于东部地区严重滞后,虽然在改革开放以来,西部地区经济有了一定的发展,但局部地区经济仍然发展缓慢,尤其像西藏、新疆等少数民族自治区。因此,具体将从以下几个方面进行分析探讨。

一.西部经济发展的现状及特点。

关于资源——丰富的资源优势并未转化为现实的经济优势。

1.自然资源:西部的草地、森林、水能、矿藏、地热等自然资源十分丰富。这是西部经济发展的有利条件。现已发现的矿产达100多种,探明储量的矿产居全国前五位的就有十几种,但受交通、能源、技术等方面的限制,西部的矿产资源的开发利用很不充分。

2.光能资源:西部的大部分地区海拔高、纬度低,太阳辐射强烈,总辐射值接近世界最大值,在世界上仅次于非洲撒哈拉沙漠地区,其丰富的太阳能的开发利用具有极大的潜力。除此之外,西部的土地资源面积之大居全国之首;热能储藏量居全国前列;其森林资源、植物资源、动物资源也都具有不可估量的开发前景,但这些有利条件目前尚未转化为产业发展的优势。

3.人文资源:人文资源包括各种文化资源,如语言、服饰、音乐、戏剧、宗教和丰富的历史文物资源。例如,西藏有遍布各地的富有民族传统特色的人文资源,以藏传佛教文化为核心的民族传统文化源远流长。世界文化遗产——布达拉宫,大昭寺等佛教寺庙及浓郁的藏族风情是西藏文化产业的资源依托。但由于基础设施落后,尤其是交通条件太差,文化资源的开发利用率较低,文化产业才刚开始萌芽。

4.政策资源:中央政府历来将西部作为全国的特殊贫困地区而加以关心和扶

持,为西部制定了一系列政策和灵活措施。作为我国五个民族自治区所在地,西部享受着诸多的优惠政策和待遇。仅在改革开发以来的三十年里,中央先后几次召开西部发展工作座谈会,为西部制定了一系列优惠政策。此外,西部还拥有强大的政策弹性空间,有条件制定和实施一些特殊政策,这些为西部各族人民发展生产起到很好的调动和促进作用。在全国大陆的省市(区)中,能享受以上这些优惠政策待遇的只有西部地区。

二.教育资源严重匮乏,劳动力素质偏低。

西部地区虽然自然资源非常丰富,但社会资源却十分缺乏,造成这方面的原因主要是西部地区的教育水平、教育资源和教育制度的普遍滞后。从根源上说明问题,西部地区地广人稀,生产力水平较之东部偏低,不利于城市化的推进,这样就会造成地方政府不能集中优势力量兴办优质教学基地。对此,中央和地方政府应该加强西部地区人口的集居,初步形成城镇规模,集中优势资源兴办高质量的教学基地,中央和地方财政应予以大力支持。同时,职业教育应该加强,提高劳动者的素质;在大中城市,高校应被列为重要的扶助对象,加大科研经费的支出,对大学生的学习和生活进行大力的奖助,形成一整套完善的人才培养模式,加强西部大开发的基础资源——人力资源的发展和提高。

三.粗放型经济发展模式应该转型为集约式的经济发展模式。

建国至今,西部经济虽然有了一定程度的发展,但是在经济发展的背后,伴随的是资源掠夺式的开发利用和生态环境的严重破坏,对此,我们应该理性的认识到,GDP增长的背后,大部分都是虚假的,我们要用“绿色GDP”的方法去衡量一个地区的经济发展水平,西部地区的产业结构调整和经济转型势在必行,贯彻可持续发展的战略思想,这样不仅符合科学发展观的要求,而且也符合造福西部人民子孙万代的要求。所以,具体从以下几个方面进行经济的转型和调整:

1.加强检查各种工业企业的排污情况,对于排污未达标的企业应该限时整改,整改不合格着责令关闭。同时,政府应加大力度治理环境,进行环保知识宣传,养成自觉保护环境的习惯,挺高人们的环保意识。

2.加强发展高新技术企业。地方政府应该降低高新技术企业的准入门槛,并且在允许的情况下适当减少税收或免税,做好企业发展的后勤工作,这样不仅有利于发展我们国家的高新技术行业,而且还可以促进西部经济的环保增长,劳动力的充分就业。

3.合理开发利用风能、太阳能、地热能等自然资源。西部地区拥有得天独厚的自然资源,如果地方政府在这一方面注重开发利用,其经济效益、环保效益非常可观。

四.产业结构存在的问题以及调整的措施。

调整产业结构,促进经济增长方式的转变,是实现西部经济社会跨越式发展

的战略选择。中央在西部工作座谈会上明确提出了西部经济发展的主要任务:稳定发展第一产业,有重点地发展第二产业,大力发展第三产业,繁荣各项社会事业,为长远发展打好基础。

例如,建国以来,西藏自治区的产业结构演变历程由以下几个特点:

1.第三产业在GDP中的比重一直处于上升趋势。2002年突破50%后,2003年达到51%。从全国的情况看,2002年第三产业超过50%的只有北京,上海和西藏。按照产业发展的一般规律,第三产业占GDP中的比重超过50%,一般认为是进入一个比较发达的经济社会的标志,是所谓的“后工业社会”的特征,显然这和西藏的实际发展水平不符。

2.第二产业在西藏三次产业的发展历程中没有出现过高速增长。按三次产业发展的规律,首先是第一产业的发展,其次是第二产业的发展,亦即工业化的过程,然后在第一、第二产业充分发展基础上是第三产业的发展。西藏的情况是1979年第二产业达到最高点,占27.7%,1988年第二产业在三次产业中的比重降至1959年以来的最低点11.9%。西藏经济没有形成过“二、三、一”或“二、一、三”的产业结构,第二产业从来没当过第一。

3.第一产业呈下降趋势。按照产业结构变化趋势,随着人均GDP的增长,第一产业在GDP中的比重呈下降趋势。1984年后西藏第一产业基本稳定降到50%以下,1997年以后降到40%以下,2001年后降到30%以下,2003年第一产业的比重已经排到第三位。从三次产业调整的比重看,农牧业的结构性调整已取得相应的成就。

现在西部经济产业结构虽然基本形成了良性的发展模式,但三次产业结构的内部并不协调。有资料表明,西部第三产业增加值的60%左右来源于中央财政补贴,不仅如此,西藏第三产业还带有明显的消费型、粗放型特征,对真个国民经济的拉动作用不明显。三大产业中第二产业,西部地区近几年来以建筑为主,建筑业的比重均占60%以上,这既是中央对西部投资主要集中在基础设施建设方面的反映,更是西部工业发展严重不足的表现。西部产业结构的不合理还表现在,产业结构未能直接反映出西部的区位优势、资源优势与特点。产业结构调整应以此为依托,在巩固发展第一产业的基础上大力发展第二产业和第三产业,特别是在特色产品的加工生产方面应大有所为,但事实并非如此,说明西部国名经济的发展在一定程度上还依赖于第一产业,工业化的历程还十分漫长。

相对于东部地区,西部地区的发展模式过于单调,主要依靠一次产业——农业。众所周知,西部地区的土地贫瘠,依靠农业发展地方经济只是杯水车薪,起不到发展经济的目标,而且二次产业——工业在西部地区的发展更是滞后,鉴于此,中央政府应该积极引导地方政府发展第三产业,主要是旅游业的发展,一旦旅游业发展了起来,其他相关的三次产业——交通运输业、餐饮业等等也会很快

相关文档
最新文档