汉英语篇翻译好坏比较研究
汉英语篇翻译好坏比较研究
-----以《背影》两种译本为例
《背影》是朱自清先生的名作，被多次选入小学教材中，我们基本上都熟知这篇感人至深的散文，本文节选了一些其中段落，并以张培基先生和杨宪益先生的译文为例来对比赏析，并探讨一下散文英译的方法与遣词及其传递的不同情感我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说:“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路!”
It is more than two years since I last saw father，and what I can never for get is the sight of his back. Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago，grandma died and father lost his job. I left Bei-jing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandma's funeral. When I met father in Xuzhou，the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. Father sa id，"Now that things' ve came to such a pass，it's no use crying. Fortunately，Heaven always leaves one a way out.”
( 张培基译) Though it is over two years since I saw my father, I can never forget my l ast view of his back. That winter my grandmother died, and my father’s offici al appointment was terminated, for troubles never come singly. I went from B eijing to Xuzhou, to go back with him for the funeral. When I joined him in Xuzhou I found the courtyard strewn with things and could not help shedd ing tears at the thought of granny. “What’s past is gone,” said my father. “It’s no use grieving. Heaven always leaves us some way out.
（杨宪益译）
1. “我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。”
张先生译的是“It is more than two years since I last saw father，and what I can never forget is the sight of his back.”
杨先生译的是“Though it is over two years since I saw my father, I can ne ver forget my last view o f his back.”
汉英属于不同语系的英语和汉语在句法上各具特色，其间差异不一而足。奈达在其《Translating Meaning》（1983）一书中指出：就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别，就是形合和意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis）。其实，“意合”一词，并非奈达首创。语法学家王力在其《中国语法理论》及《汉语语法纲要》两本书中皆提及了“意合”。他在后者中言及：复合句里既有两个以上的句子形式，它们之间的联系有时候是以意合的……。
英语重形合，汉语重意合。-- 早已是人们的共识。英语借助connectives（连接词）组成复句，汉语则可依靠语序直接组合复句。我觉得张先生有些汉语思维的痕迹，只是按照好于的顺序译过来没有达到形合，而杨先生这句运用了连词t hough串起了整句话，更加原汁原味，读起来更符合英语习惯，并且字数更少，更简洁。并且使用view使得这句话更具画面感。
2. “正是祸不单行的日子”较之杨先生”troubles never come singly”张先生翻成”Misfortunes never come sing ly.”似乎更好些，因为此时朱自清先生遭遇的是亲人的离去等不幸，misfortune更侧重人生大不幸，命运的，trouble更侧重麻烦，令人苦恼的事，而且也没有让人有悲伤的感觉。
3. “我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。我认为张先生译的更好“I left Bei-jing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandma's funer al.”因为相比杨先生的“I went from Beijing to Xuzhou, to go back with him for the funeral.”Left…for 比went to 更地道而且奔丧回家译成hastening ho me to attend grandma's funeral.比go back with him for the funeral.”更能传递作者朱自清当时的事发的突然，更能表现出祸不单行。而且go back 太平常，缺少感情。
4.不必难过，张先生译为it's no use crying，杨先生以为it’s no use grieving.就我个人而言，我认为杨先生译的更好，因为crying表示的哭的动作grieving更侧重与内心的无比痛苦，更能表现作者内心的伤痛，这种伤痛就算大哭也去不掉。
我说道，“爸爸，你走吧。”他望车外看了看，说，“我买几个橘子去。你就在此地，不要走动。”我看那边月台的栅栏外有几个卖东西的等着顾客。走到那边月台，须穿过铁道，须跳下去又爬上去。父亲是一个胖子，走过去自然要费些事。我本来要去的，他不肯，只好让他去。我看见他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大马褂，深青布棉袍，瞒姗地走到铁道边，慢慢探身下去，尚不大难。可是他穿过铁道，要爬上那边月台，就不容易了。他用两手攀着上面，两脚再向上缩;他肥胖的身子向左微倾，显出努力的样子。这时我看见他的背影，我的眼泪很快地流下来了。我赶紧拭干了泪，怕他看见，也怕别人看见。我再向外看时，他已抱了朱红的橘子往回走了。过铁道时，他先将橘子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起橘子走。到这边时，我赶紧去搀他。他和我走到车上，将橘子一股脑儿放在我的皮大衣上。于是扑扑衣上的泥土，心里很轻松似的，过一会说，“我走了;到那边来信!”我望着他走出去。他走了几步，回过头看见我，说，“进去吧，里边没人”等他的背影混入来来往往的人里，再找不着了，我便进来坐下，我的眼泪又来了。
I said, "Dad, you might leave now." But he looked out of the window an d said, "I'm going to buy you some tangerines. You just stay here. Don't move around." I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the rai lings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a strenuo us job for father, who was fat. I wanted to do that myself, but he stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go. I watched him hobble towards the railw ay track in his black skullcap, black cloth mandarin jacket and dark bule cotton -padded cloth long gown. He had little trouble climbing down the railway trac k, but it was a lot more difficult for him to climb up that platform after cross ing the railway track. His hand held onto the upper part of the platform, his le gs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left, obviousl y making an enormous exertion. While I was watching him from behind, tears g ushed from my eyes. I quickly wiped them away lest he or others should catch me crying. The next moment when I looked out of the window again, father was already on the way back, holding bright red tangerines in both hands. In crossing the railway track, he first put the tangerins on the ground, climbed do
wn slowly and then picked them up again. When he came near the train, I hurr ied out to help him by the hand. After boarding the train with me, he laid all t he tangerines on my overcoat, and patting the dirt off his clothes, he looked so mewhat relieved and said after a while, "I must be going now. Don't forget t o write me from Beijing!" I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage. A fter a few steps, he looked back at me and said, "Go back to your seat. Don't leave your things alone." I, however, did not go back to my seat until his fi gure was lost among crowds for people hurrying to and fro and no longer visib le. My eyes were again wet with tears.
（张译）
“Don’t wait, father,” I said. He looked out of the window. “I’ll just buy y ou a few tangerines,” he said. “Wait here, and don’t wander off. Just outside t he station were some vendors. To reach them he had to cross the lines, whic h involved jumping down from the platform and clambering up again. As m y father is a stout man this was naturally not easy for him. But when I volun teered to go instead he would not hear of it. So I watched him in his black c loth cap and jacket and dark blue cotton-padded gown, as he waddled to the t racks and climbed slowly down --- not so difficult after all. But when he had crossed the lines he had trouble clambering up the other side. He clutched th e platform with both hands and tried to heave his legs up, straining to the left. At the sight of his burly back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them ha stily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them. When next I looked out he was on his way back with some ruddy tangerines. He put these on the platform before climbing slowly down to cross the lines, which he did after picking the fruit up. When he reached my side I was there to help him up. W e boarded the train together and he plumped the tangerines down on my coat. Then he brushed the dust from his clothes, as if that was a weight off his m ind. “I’ll be going now, son,” he said presently. “Write to me once you get there.” I watched him walk away. After a few steps he turned back to look at me. “Go on in!” he called. “There’s no one in the compartment.” When his
back disappeared among the bustling crowd I went in and sat down, and my e yes were wet again.
（杨译）
1.于是扑扑衣上的泥土，心里很轻松似的he looked somewhat relieved and sai
d after a while,这里张先生译的somewhat relieved 有些模糊不清而杨先生
译的as if that was a weight off his mind，表现出来父亲心事已了，已经对儿子做了力所能及的事，如释重负了。
2.等他的背影混入来来往往的人里，再找不着了，我便进来坐下
张译：I, however, did not go back to my seat until his figure was lost amo ng crowds for people hurrying to and fro and no longer visible.
杨译：When his back disappeared among the bustling crowd I went in and sat down,
我认为这句话杨先生译得更好，更简洁，更巧妙，把找不着巧妙地用一个di sappear 就表现了出来，并且把来来往往的人群直接译为了bustling crowd，比张译的crowds for people hurrying to and fro ，更地道，使得句子更行合，更紧凑。不过张先生的not until 用的很好，准确的表达出了作者对父亲恋恋不舍的心情。因此我认为可以将杨先生的译文再美化一下即是：I didn’t went in and sat dow n until his back disappeared among the bustling crowd.
近几年来，父亲和我都是东奔西走⑩，家中光景是一日不如一日。他少年出外谋生，独力支持，做了许多大事。那知老境却如此颓唐万他触目伤怀，自然情不能自己。情郁于中，自然要发之于外;家庭琐屑便往往触他之怒。他待我渐渐不同往日⑩。但最近两年的不见，他终于忘却我的不好，只是惦记着我，惦记着我的儿子。我北来后，他写了一信给我，信中说道，“我身体平安，惟膀子疼痛利害，举著提笔，诸多不便，大约大去⑩之期不远矣。”我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉!我不知何时再能与他相见!
In recent years, both father and I have been living an unsettled life, and th e circumstances of our family going from bad to worse. Father left home to see k a livelihood when young and did achieve quite a few things all on his own. To think that he should now be so downcast in old age! The discouraging state
of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pe nt-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic trivialities would often make him angry, and meanwhile he became less and less nice wit h me. However, the separation of the last two years has made him more forgiv ing towards me. He keeps thinking about me and my son. After I arrived in Beijing, he wrote me a letter, in which he says, ”I’m all right except for a se vere pain in my arm. I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing brushes. Perhaps it won’t be long now before I depart this life.” Through the glistenin g tearswhich these had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of father’s co rpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black clo th mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again.
（张译）
The last few years father and I have been moving from place to place, whil e things have been going from bad to worse at home. When he left his famil y as a young man to look for a living, he succeeded in supporting himself an d did extremely well. No one could have foreseen such a come- down in his old age! The thought of this naturally depressed him, and as he had to vent h is irritation somehow, he often lost his temper over trifles. That was why his manner towards me had gradually changed. But during these last two years of separation he has forgotten my faults and simply wants to see me and my son. After I came north he wrote to me: “My health is all r ight, only my ar m aches so badly I find it hard to hold the pen. Probably the end is not far away. When I read this, through a mist of tears I saw his blue cotton-padded gown and black jacket once more as his burly figure walked away from me. Shall we ever meet again?
（杨译）
汉译英，常需要将意合句转化为形合句。从意合到形合，似乎简单，增加con nective就行了。其实不然。头脑中的形合/意合意识是否成熟，在很大程度上影响译者提供的译文质量。因添加了connective，英译之长度似乎应该增加。比读
证明：译文遣词不是增加，而是减少。试比较：
1.老境却如此颓唐！他触目伤怀，自然情不能自已。情郁于中，自然要发之于外；家庭琐屑便往往触他之怒。
张译：To think that he should now be so downcast in old age! The discouragi ng state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, an d his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic tri vialities would often make him angry.
译文拘谨，以意合句为主，且基本按照原文语序。意合转化为形合的意识在译文中得不到足够反映，connective使用不到位。遣词累赘！
杨译：
No one could have foreseen such a comedown in his old age! The thought of this naturally depressed him, and as he had to vent his irritation somehow, he often lost his temper over trifles.
两译字数之比为：47：35 前者明显过于累赘且不说两译“触目伤怀”之反差巨大，就说后译中的as，即可品味再三。一个as，看似轻巧，却见功力，as折射了原句的“因果”逻辑关系，令文脉朗现，逻辑彰显。一个as，轻易替代了前译中的T hat is why…等众多累赘字眼！
2. 我北来后，他写了一信给我，信中说道，“我身体平安，惟膀子疼痛利害，举箸提笔，诸多不便，大约大去之期不远矣。”
张译：
After I arrived in Beijing, he wrote me a letter, in which he said, “ I’m all ri ght except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing bushes. Perhaps it won’t be long now before I depart this life.”
此句使用的connectives“前呼后拥”，如：after/in which/except for/or等。但是，读来仍然摆脱不累赘的感觉，虽然绝对忠实与原文，但比较生硬
杨译：After I came north he wro te to me: “My health is all right, only my arm aches so badly I find it hard to hold the pen. Probably the end is not far away.”两句的字数比是：45：34。让人感到意外的是，杨译所使用的connective 仅两个：After/so。这又是为什么呢？两译对比，尤其是对so的思考，笔者茅塞
顿开。
所谓connective，似可根据其作用，分为两类：一种是结构性的（structural co nnective），另一种是非结构性的（non-structural connective）。结构性的connecti ve既折射句子内部逻辑关系，又是句子的框架性构件，“支撑”起英语句子，可谓“一箭双雕”。上译中的in which即非结构性connective，不反映逻辑关系，承上启下而已。使用了这样的connective，未必能简化表达，与he wrote me a letter 相比，in which he said就显得罗嗦，徒增了行文的字数。结构性的connective，化隐含的逻辑关系为明示的逻辑关系，假如依靠别的文字来描述或传达同样的逻辑关系，自然会多费笔墨。如：
I’m all right except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using c hopsticks or writing bushes.
Only my arm aches so badly I find it hard to hold the pen.
下译中的so，即属于结构性的connective。So虽不起眼，作用却大。So不仅使“惟膀子疼痛利害，举箸提笔，诸多不便”一句中隐含的因果关系“浮出水面”，令读者易懂，而且使句子结构豁然。而张译中的I even have trouble using chop sticks or writing bushes独立成句，逻辑上产生割裂感，“前不着村，后不着店”一般。
汉英翻译，对英语重形合，汉语重意合的规律只有朦胧印象或泛泛了解是远远不够的。光凭语感使用connective，也未必能够达到简化表达的目的。只有对汉语原句作一番逻辑梳理，并亮出结构性的connective，译文才会显出优势。
3. 我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉！我不知何时再能与他相见！
从字面上看，上句没有显露逻辑之痕，但是，译者假如不识其面目（隐含“时间”从句的汉语意合句），照字面“老老实实”地去译张译：
Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I agai n saw the back of father’s corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him a gain!
“看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影”应该如何理解？其中隐藏着怎样的
逻辑关系？这是一个需要结合上文细加推敲的问题。其“逻辑”背景是：当父亲离我而去的时候，我看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。这个“逻辑”背景是全文之“眼”。汉语是成熟的语言，“当父亲离我而去的时候”不必言明，此意已经很自然地溶入字里行间，读者足以意会。但是，在英译时，译者就必须遵从英语表达习惯，应该化隐为显，变无为有。遗憾的是，张译显然没有注意到这一点，而是作了直译：I again saw the back of father…句中的动宾搭配（saw/back），基本沿袭了汉语原句的动宾结构（看见/背影）。
请读杨译：
When I read this, through a mist of tears I saw his blue cotton-padded gown and black jacket once more as his burly figure walked away from me. Shall we ever meet again?
此译抛弃了原句的动宾结构，而是另立新的动宾搭配：saw / his blue cotton-pa dded gown and black jacket。这样就腾出了使用connective的空间，译笔多有创意！果然，紧接着出现了一个as（注：这是典型的结构性connective），非常清晰和有层次感地传递了“背影”出现的时间。as his burly figure walked away fro m me在原句里寻找不到相对应的字眼，却能在上文里寻找到此译的背景。由a s引导的从句，贯通了上下文，并成功点题，把父亲的“背影”给译活了，这比单纯地写I again saw the back of father…更让人喝彩。如果说，译文I again sa w the back of father…是死板的、平面的、孤立的，而译文I saw his blue cott on-padded gown and black jacket once more as his burly figure walked away from me则是鲜活的、立体的、贯通上文的。
英语的形合表达，竟有此妙处，这是我们始料不及的。此外，我们不应忘记，一个as省略了多少赘词！从张译的43个单词缩减到33个！
正如以为语言大家说的，翻译最重要的有一点就是要完全吃透原文，拨开原有的语言外壳，忠实重塑译文。还有一定要有很好的汉英功底，才能真正译好文章，尤其是抒情性散文。因此翻译工作者包括我们英语专业的学生不应忽视汉语学习，要多读经典，多读大家散文，多思考，勤练习，多斟酌用词方能做一名合格的译者将中国经典散文翻好，将中国传统优秀文化更好的传播给世界。
参考文献
张培基. “英译中国现代散文选”上海外语教育出版社
张今. “文学翻译原理”河南大学出版社
余元玲. “张培基先生散文翻译中保存“质朴”风格的技巧——读《英译中国现代散文选》有感”重庆交通学院学报：社会科学版论文
Shiyu Wei
汉英语篇翻译好坏比较研究
汉英语篇翻译好坏比较研究 -----以《背影》两种译本为例 《背影》是朱自清先生的名作，被多次选入小学教材中，我们基本上都熟知这篇感人至深的散文，本文节选了一些其中段落，并以张培基先生和杨宪益先生的译文为例来对比赏析，并探讨一下散文英译的方法与遣词及其传递的不同情感我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说:“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路!” It is more than two years since I last saw father，and what I can never for get is the sight of his back. Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago，grandma died and father lost his job. I left Bei-jing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandma's funeral. When I met father in Xuzhou，the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. Father sa id，"Now that things' ve came to such a pass，it's no use crying. Fortunately，Heaven always leaves one a way out.” ( 张培基译) Though it is over two years since I saw my father, I can never forget my l ast view of his back. That winter my grandmother died, and my father’s offici al appointment was terminated, for troubles never come singly. I went from B eijing to Xuzhou, to go back with him for the funeral. When I joined him in Xuzhou I found the courtyard strewn with things and could not help shedd ing tears at the thought of granny. “What’s past is gone,” said my father. “It’s no use grieving. Heaven always leaves us some way out. （杨宪益译） 1. “我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。” 张先生译的是“It is more than two years since I last saw father，and what I can never forget is the sight of his back.”
2021延边大学翻译硕士考研参考书真题经验
延边大学 ——翻译硕士
延边大学是吉林省的211高校，也是很多人心仪的高校。延边大学翻硕的初试科目及参考书目如下： (101)思想政治理论 (211)翻译硕士英语 (357)英语翻译基础 (448)汉语写作与百科知识 延吉印象： 1.空气很好，蓝天白云，但是风略大。 2.充满了朝鲜族特色，街边的牌子、菜谱都是双语。 3.学校上下坡很多，而且很陡，目前还没有小黄车，走路挺累的，如果结冰了估计也很滑。 4.物价颇高 一、英语翻译基础 这门课上，我花费的时间和金钱最多。 1.关于篇章翻译 用于提升翻译技能的书： 《非文学翻译理论与实践》李长栓 《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》叶子南 《中式英语之鉴》平卡姆 以上三本读完，可以大致掌握高翻主张的翻译风格以及基本的技巧。 Naeti翻译考试的官方教材 名字好像是《英语翻译二级笔译》《英语翻译三级笔译》，我记不清了。这套书内容很简单，可以拿来当做入门级练习材料。 Catti的官方教材+官方练习册 难度较大，打好基础之后方可开始使用。如果没有扎实的基础直接开始练习这套书，自信心可能会受到严重打击。另外要注意，书中某些参考译文质量不高。 经济学人全球商业评论 这是一个APP。其中有一些经济学人原版杂志中文章的译文。材料更新速度快，内容新颖，译文质量五颗星。但是，内容多为经济金融环保科技，较为单一。
《汉英语篇翻译》居祖纯 这本书上面全是小品文。对考MA的同学来说可能有用。考MTI的同学也可以练练，打好基础。 上海高口的那本笔译书 名字忘了。也是小品文。 《中国文化读本》中英文版叶朗朱良志 MTI喜欢考中国文化类的。MA去年也有一篇关于孔子的文章。读完这本书，碰到中国文化类翻译就不会慌了。 《ZF工作报告》 看这个不仅能掌握政府类文章的译法，还可以了解国家大政方针，以及时事。前几年的报告译文与高翻的风格是有差异的，要注意这一点，不可过度模仿。 《经济学人》 Foreign Affairs 等杂志 每天精读一篇，找出不会的单词短语表达方式，背诵之。 练习翻译是一个很痛苦的过程。我从刚开始练习到第一次考研，中间有两年多的时间。刚开始的时候，英汉汉英双语互相干扰，再加上英语水平不高，不会说“人话”、误译、漏译等现象频繁出现。建议大家找一个比你翻译水平高的人（可以是你的老师、朋友），帮你修改译文，给你提意见。坚持一段时间，进步就会出现。 还有两点提醒十分重要： ①汉英翻译中不要有任何语法错误、拼写错误、标点错误。据说高翻阅卷时，这种错误如果超过三个，就会直接把总分打到70以下，一棍子打死。也许有的同学会觉得残酷。但是，请换个角度想一想：每年考高翻的人数破千，不犯一个低级错误的人一大把。如果你是老师，有低级错误的译文和没有低级错误的译文，你会选哪个？ ②不要一味模仿ZF工作报告的官方译文。高翻讲究简明扼要，但官方译文中为追求贴近原文，很多地方处理得比较繁琐。《中式英语之鉴》中介绍的风格，就是高翻可以接受的风格。 2.关于词条翻译 我这部分准备得不充分，考得不是太好，只写出了15个。
英语翻译重点词汇词组
英语翻译重点词汇词组 fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河Industrial Revolution 工业革命dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业Department of Agriculture 农业部门the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候surveyor general 测量总监sovereign nation 主权国家aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场
foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 英语翻译重点词汇（２） major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机 warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战 minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物 crude oil 原油 sedimentary rocks 沉积岩 pitch lake 沥青湖 superhighway 高速公路 living organism 生物体 applied entomology 应用昆虫学 environmental Law环保法 wildlife 野生生物
英语翻译--英汉互译中的谚语巧合(1)
英语翻译--英汉互译中的谚语巧合（1） 来源：翻译界浏览次数：717 添加时间：2008-4-28 1.After meat, mustard; after death, doctor . 雨后送伞 Explanation: this describes a situation where assistance or comfort is given when it is too late. Example: just as I had cancelled my application to go abroad, I had a promise of money for my fare. It was a case of fter death, the doctor. 2. After praising the wine they sell us vinegar. 挂羊头卖狗肉 Explanation: to offer to give or sell something that is inferior to what you claim it to be. Example: that fellow completely misled us about what he was capable of doing. After praising the wine, he sold us vinegar. 3. All is over but the shouting. 大势已去 Explanation: finally decided or won; brought to the end; not able to be changed. Example: after Bill’s to uch down, the game is all over but shouting. 4. All lay load on the willing horse. 人善被人欺，马善被人骑 Explanation: a willing horse is someone who is always doing things for others. Very often the implication is that others impose on him. Examples: the trouble is you're too good-natured and people take advantage of it. all lay load on the willing horse. You will have to learn to refuse people who ask too much. 5.anger and haste hinder good counsel. 小不忍则乱大谋 Explanation: one can not act wisely when one is angry or in a hurry. Example: you should calm down before you decide the next move. Anger and haste hinder good counsel. 6. As poor as a church mouse
英语翻译
第一单元 孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，被尊称为古代的"圣人"（sage）。他的言论和生平活动记录在《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient "sage". His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. 第二单元 每年农历（Chinese lunar calendar）八月十五是我国的传统节日——中秋节（the Mid-Autumn Festival）。这时是一年秋季的中期，所以被称为中秋。中秋节的一项重要活动是赏月。夜晚，人们赏明月、吃月饼，共庆中秋佳节。中秋节也是家庭团圆的时刻，远在他乡的游子，会借此寄托自己对故乡和亲人的思念之情。中秋节的习俗很多，都寄托着人们对美好生活的热爱和向往。自2008年起，中秋节成为中国的法定节假日。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating
简述纽马克的语义翻译和交 际翻译及其对汉英语篇翻译的 影响
简述纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译及其对汉英语篇翻译的影 响 一、引言 彼得·纽马克是英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家，长期从事翻译教学和翻译研究。他的代表作包括《翻译问题探索》（1981）、《翻译教程》（1988）、《翻译论》（1991）和《翻译短评》（1993）。其翻译理论中最主要、最有特色的部分就是语义翻译和交际翻译，这也是纽马克翻译理论的核心。在纽马克之前，翻译方法一直处于传统的二分命题法之争，即直译与意译之争，和纽马克同时代的著名翻译理论家奈达也无法摆脱这种二分法模式。一元论认为，翻译是一种交际手段，即人与人当面说话的方式；翻译和语言一样，纯粹是一种社会现象。纽马克认为交际翻译和语意翻译就是针对这两个概念而制定的。纽马克在其1988 年出版的《翻译教程》中提了八种翻译方法：逐字翻译、直译、忠实翻译、语义翻译、改写、自由翻译、习语翻译、交际翻译。在这八种翻译方法中，纽马克认为，只有语义翻译和交际翻译符合翻译的两个目标，即准确与简洁。根据纽马克自己的叙述，对奈达的“动态对等”和“读者反映”的反思促成了他的语义与交际翻译理论的建立。因为他认为仅有“动态对等”和“读者反映”是不完整的，原作的语义结构和思维过程不能弃之不顾。但是，纽马克不是抽象地决定采用语意或交际翻译，而是以特定的语篇参照框架决定的。根据不同的内容和文体，同时根据布勒的语言功能理论将所有的文本划分为三大范畴：表达功能、信息功能和呼唤功能，进而将文本归为三类：表达型文本、信息型文本和呼唤型文本。纽马克认为，根据不同的语篇的显著特征和主要困难，在翻译理论的指导下，选择不同的翻译方法，使翻译方法和语篇类型密切结合，翻译将更贴切原文，传达源语的思想和神韵。 二、语义翻译和交际翻译的概述和定义 根据德国心理学家、功能语言学家布勒和雅各布森论述的三大语言功能，纽马克提出了语义翻译和交际翻译理论。他还采纳了弗格茨基关于思维本质的观点区分这两种翻译。 1.语义翻译。1981年，纽马克在《翻译问题探讨》中给语义翻译和交际翻译下的定义分别是“在目标语言的语义和句法结构容许的范围内，尽量译出原文确切的语境意义”和“为译文读者制造的效果尽量近似于对原文读者所产生的效果”。到1988年，纽马克在其《翻译教程》一书中，将原来给语义翻译下的定义送给了比较侧重源语的忠实翻 译：“忠实翻译试图在目标语言的语法结构的限制下，译出原文确切的
2018英语翻译知识点复习考点归纳总结
1.Sandy is wearing a long, black, silk dress.桑迪穿了条黑色的长丝裙。 43. I came to London when I was 18. 我18岁的时候来到伦敦。 44. It takes 45 minutes to get to the city centre from the hotel. 宾馆到市中心需要花45分钟时间。 One of the biggest sporting events in the world is the Olympic Games. 奥运会是世界上规模最大的体育比赛之一 41. While she was waiting, her phone rang.她正在等待的时候，电话铃响了 42. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. We have enough money to improve the website.我们有足够的钱改进网站。 44. 1 had the windows cleaned yesterday.昨天我请人把窗户给擦了。 45. He came across an old violin at his friend's house.他在朋友家偶然发现了一把旧提琴。 41．She borrowed the book and gave it back on Monday． 她借了那本书，后来星期一把书还了。 45．He used tO play basketball every Sunday．他以前每个周日都打篮球。 41．Football is played by more than 20 million people in more than l40 countries· 超过140个国家的2000多万人都踢足球。 42．I’ve got the same sense of humour as my mum·我和我妈妈一样，有幽默感 43．He got on well with his classmates． 他和同学关系处得很好 44．He used tO work very hard when he was youn9． 他年轻的时候工作非常努力。 45．My family is putting me up at the moment，but I am thinking of buying my own flat．我现在跟家人住在一起，但是我正考虑买一套公寓自己住 41．He got on well with his sister． 他和他的姐／妹相处得很好 44．That box is too heavy for her to carry home．那个盒子太重了，她抬回家。 41. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影 非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. I need to be at the airport by 6.00 o’clock.我得在六点前到达机场。 44. I must have left the camera in a shop.我一定是把相机丢在那家商 店里了。 31. We have enough money to improve the website. 我们有足够的钱改进网站。 45. The accounts, which are in a bit of a mess, have to be ready for next month. 帐目现在有点乱，必须要在下个月清理好。 32. Do you take after your mother or father?你像你的母亲或父亲吗？ 35. I’ve been learning English for three years. 我已经学英语3年了33. I have to move out of my room on Friday because Franco has got another tenant. 我周五得从房子里搬出来，因为佛朗哥又招了一位房客。 35.would be great to see you to catch up on all our news. 到时见了面咱们把这些日子发生的事聊一聊，会多开心啊。 :33. They enjoyed themselves at the party. 他们在聚会上玩的很愉快 34.She doesn’t like swimming and neither does her sist er. 她不喜欢游泳，她妹妹也不喜欢 32. He used to play basketball every Sunday( 每个星期天他常常去打篮球 31. He studies in a university west of Beijing. 他在北京西部的一个大学学习 :32. He came across an old painting at his friend’s house. 他在他朋友家看到了一幅旧画 33. She would buy a large house if she won the lottery. 如果她中了彩票，她就买一幢大房子 :35. Both of the boys are good at singing. 这两个男孩都擅长唱歌 34. The flat was in a bit of mess. 公寓里一片狼籍 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 44. Your neighbour says your flat was burgled this afternoon. .休的邻居说你的房子今天下午被盗了。 45. I haven't got a car, and nowhere to live. My family is putting me up at the mom 我没有车，也没有地方住。现在跟家人住一起。 44. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long. 虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 1.I can’t find the key.I must have left it in the car. 我找不到钥匙了，我肯定将它丢在车上了。 2.Polly is worried about her lack of experience. 波利担心自己缺乏经验。 3.she needs to return the book by next Friday 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 42. Polly(波莉) is worried about her lack of experience. 波莉担心自己缺乏经验。 43. She needs to return the hook by next Friday. 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 41. He got on well with his sister.
英语汉译英翻译
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
英语翻译
1.苹果公司(Apple Inc)不仅在中国有生产线，其产品在中国市场的销量也一片大好。对中 国消费者来说，苹果是最受推崇的品牌之一。2012年调查人员发现，苹果生产的电子产品在北京的一所精英中学的渗透度比在美国城市的一所精英中学还要广。目前，中国有 2.7亿人已经能买得起苹果手机，随着收入的提高，每年还会增加5700万人。简而言之， 苹果的产品目前在中国的销售速度非常快而且甚至可能更快。一些业内专家预测，几年之内中国将超过美国成为苹果最大的市场。（199） Apple Inc. not only has production lines in China, its sales there are also booming. For Chinese consumers, Apple is one of their most admired brands. A survey in 2012 by researchers found that the penetration of electronic products from the company at an elite high school in Beijing was greater than that at one in an American city. At present, 270 million people in China can already afford Apple’s products, and as income increases, each year there will be another 57 million able to. In short, Apple’s products are selling fast and likely to sell even faster in China. Some industry experts predict that China will overtake America to become Apple’s larg est market within a few years. 生产线a production line 最受推崇的品牌the most admired brand 渗透度penetration 电子产品an electronic product 精英中学an elite high school 可能be likely to 预测predict 超过overtake 2.自上世纪70年代末以来，中国许多最优秀人才赴海外留学，但学成归国的只有少数。中 国人才流失(brain drain)现象严重。面对全球化的世界，中国有越来越多的工作需要具备国际教育背景的人才。因此国家开展了一系列的引进海外人才的项目，成功的吸引了越来越多的留学生回国进入国企、教育机构和商业园区工作。如今，每年都有超过15万的海外留学生回国。他们将中国经济与世界相连，从商业、政治以及流行文化上着手，帮助中国走向世界。（191） Many of China's best and brightest talents have left to study abroad since the late 1970s, however, only a minority have returned. The country experienced a serious brain drain. Faced with a globalized world, more and more jobs in China need skilled people with international education background. China, therefore, launches a series of projects aimed at the introduction of overseas talents, which has successfully attracted more and more students abroad back home to work in state companies, educational institutions and business districts. Now, more than 150 thousand overseas students come back every year. They link China’s economy to the world, helping to connect China to commerce, politics and popular culture abroad. 海外人才overseas talents 全球化世界globalized world 开展launch 一系列 a series of 国企state companies 教育机构educational institutions 商业园区business districts 相连link …to
第七讲 汉英语篇翻译1
第七讲汉英语篇翻译（一） 由于汉英两种语言的显著差异，与英译汉相似，汉译英时，不仅要着眼于每个句子，更应着眼于句子所在的段落乃至篇章，否则，所给出的译文即使每个句子均没什么毛病，但整个篇章却缺乏必要的统一、连贯和衔接，不符合英语的行文习惯。因此，第七、八讲审视汉语段落及由多段组成的汉语篇章的英译问题。 一、英语语篇诸要素 因为篇幅及时间有限，本讲仅以英语段落为例 下面我们就审视连句成段的主要手段。如果我们对此重视了，把汉语翻译为英语时，就能保证所译出的英语在段落和篇章层次上也能显得较为地道。 连句成段的手段主要有3种： 1.语法连接 1）时体连接 Robert says we can offer the poor respect. And what might they offer back? The constituency had a rude cheer for it. 罗伯特说我们可以给穷人以尊重。但穷人会有什么反映呢？那个选区早就对此喝了倒彩。 2）替代 The babysitter looks after my daughter every weekend. But she can’t
do in the end of the semester because she has to prepare for the final examination. 保姆每周末都照料我女儿。但期末她不行，因为她要准备终考。 3）省略 Here is a red silk blouse and a blue one. The blue seems to suit you better. 有一件红色的真丝罩衫和一件蓝色的。蓝的似乎更适合你穿。 Overall, the communities on CompuSever tend to be more professional; those on America Online, affluent young singles; Prodigy, family-oriented. 总的来说，经常上“计算机服务网”的群体一般是专业技术人员； 上“美国在线”网的一般是富有的独身者；“奇才网”则面向家庭。 4）同构: 平行结构 If you always yield to impulse, you are mad. If you never yield to impulse, you gradually dry up and very likely become mad to boot. 如果你总是屈从于冲动，你便是个疯子。如果你从不屈从于冲动，那你就会渐渐地失去生气，而且很可能也会疯掉。 2.词汇连接 1)照应 A. 人称照应：人称代词 In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused on tangible inequities such as having given up the
北外翻硕经验谈
北外翻硕经验谈 北外在外语类的专业院校中考研算是拔尖的了,北外高翻院更是作为业界大佬，对于这样一个存在,有的人望尘莫及,有的人拼死努力,今天凯程陈老师借一位北外学姐的经验,来给大家说说北外,这个语言类专业院校。此文中的重点算是学姐备考二外的经验了。 北外复试结束后，查到复试成绩，知道拟录取后激动得难以入睡，毕竟自己实现了当初的誓言，如愿被北外高翻录取。也许各位会担心复试的各种黑幕，但是我想说：北外很公平，唯才是举。我本科是安徽一所普通一本，当时复试的有好多985、211的，像川大、厦大、中传、复旦、同济，但是最后我录取了。高翻的复试比例是1:2，所以本科不好不要紧，关键是实力。 ?英语翻译基础 一直以来都钟情于翻译，所以练习从未断过。之前有考中口和二笔，中口难度适中，二笔难度较大，建议从三笔考起。感兴趣也可考BEC，高口笔试也不难，反正与考MTI并行不悖。考北外高翻的都知道专业课才是重点，进复试各科都有一定要求，且以专业课总分排名，所以一定要把专业课学好。我去年暑假前都在准备二笔，看了不少也练了不少译界权威书籍，从暑假开始更是加强练习，每天至少两篇。七月练英译汉，八月汉译英。 想强调一点，翻译练习务必动笔写下，不能总抱着欣赏译文的态度来学翻译，实践才能出真知。我当时都是先读原文再翻译，之后对照译文找出差距，看看自己是措辞不当还是理解不到位，一些好的表达就记下来。我个人备有四个翻译练习本，两个已完全写满，笔记就写在自己的译文下方，还有一些练习心得，不时拿出来翻翻。一定要记住结合相关教材来练习，不是拿起材料就翻，而且一定要有参考译文，最好是名家的译文。北外今年的风格稍有变化，四篇翻译减为两篇，一篇时事，一篇偏文学，还夹杂古文(孟子的四心说，百科积累过)。 考MTI一定要研究往年真题，洞悉命题风格，针对性练习。我当时就是先做真题再总结命题风格，进行一下真题预测，然后加强同风格文章的练习。当然也不能拘于一隅，可以适当练练不同风格，比如散文、小品文等。过于专业性的文章(科技翻译、医学翻译)有志于北外的就不必考虑了。 我暑假每天上下午各花两个(至少)小时练习翻译，晚上看一些翻译理论书籍。十月份后每天一篇散文、一篇小品文(很短)，然后读读政府报告的译文、背背短语。到十二月就没怎么练笔了，只是读读译文，每周翻四到五篇小段落。MTI短语翻译占30分，要想此门专业课得高分那么第一项的短语翻译一定不能失分太多。我当时每天早上背短语翻译，有自己从Chinadaily和平时阅读中见到的新词新语，后来背Chinadaily的新词总结，大概112页，从A-Z，比单词好背。另外我还背了各种经济术语、国际组织缩写以及从不同的MTI辅导书上摘录的新词新语。 这部分重在积累，而且要经常复习，不然很容易遗忘或是弄混，尤其是缩写。建议大家关注时事新闻，积累流行的网络新语，做个有心人。考前一周我每天都进行一套真题模拟练习，以把握好考试时间。 我用到的书有：二笔三笔教材及练习册，英汉翻译教程(张培基)，高级英汉翻译理论与实践(叶子南)，非文学翻译理论与实践2版(李长栓)，英汉翻译简明教程(庄绎传)，中式英语之鉴(JohnPinkham)，高级汉英语篇翻译.修订版(居祖纯)，全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试笔译实务测试高分突破，英译中国现代散文选(张培基)，散文佳作108篇，经济学家，政府工作报告，中高级口译口试词汇必备(汪海涛、邱政政)，Chinadaily新词新语，翻译硕士(MTI)英语翻译基础考研真题与典型题详解2版，跨专业硕士翻译硕士(MTI)英语翻译基础真题解析
(完整版)2019英语六级翻译重点词汇
2019英语六级翻译重点词汇 一、经济类 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy 货币投放量the size of money supply 流动性过剩excess liquidity 经济过热overheated economy