第一单元商务翻译概论(DOC)

第一单元商务翻译概论

商务翻译概论

“商务”指商务工作人员所从事的商务活动和商务环节的总称；“英语”是进行此类商务活动时交流沟通的媒介。从整体上来说，商务英语不仅包括英语语音、语法、词汇、语篇和跨文化知识等通用英语（English for General Purpose, EGP）所包含的基础知识，还包括与商务有关的国际货物贸易、国际服务贸易、国际技术贸易、国际投资融资、国际合作等商务知识，是一种专门用途英语（English for Special Purpose, ESP）。（贺雪娟，2007：9）它是在商务活动环境中使用的功能性很强的专业英语。本单元主要介绍商务英语的语言特征及商务翻译的有关标准。

商务翻译概论

§PART ONE 认识商务英语及商务翻译

Task I阅读下列商务英语的有关段落，体会商务英语（Business English）与通用英语（English for General Purposes）的区别。

【解析】商务英语与通用英语的本质区别在于其专门性，体现在词汇的专业性，语言的严谨性和简洁性，商务英语专门用于解决商务活动中出现的各种问题。本部分参考译文如下：

1. 通过对广告产业的规模、产业链、竞争对手和其他综合经济信息的深入分析，我们为客户提供有助于决策的重要信息，包括市场规模与市场发展、市场需求，PEST（政治、经济、社会和技术）分析、广告产业发展趋势分析，广告产业链评估和广告产业发展潜能评估。

2. The Buyer hereby entrusts the Seller to insure the goods against W.P.A. and T.P.N.D. for 110% of the invoice value. The insurance premium should be borne by the Buyer.

3. The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the impo rts that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms, a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined income is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.

2. 买方委托卖方按发票全额的110%投保水渍险和偷窃提货不着险，保险费由买方承担。

3. 世界各国从事的贸易千差万别，错综复杂，有形贸易和无形贸易并存。大多数国家对出口的依赖，都大于对其他活动的依赖。出口所赚取的外汇用来支付进口货物需要的费用。一个国家的收支平衡就是这些错综复杂的交易记录。通过用货币形式来反映所有这些交易，一个国家能够把比如出口、外国游客的花费和移民汇款的收入汇总在一起。这些收入汇总起来，便可以支付诸如购买其他国家的制成品、本国居民到其他国家旅游和雇佣建筑工程师的费用等。

§PART TWO 商务翻译热身练习

1. CBD

2. WTO

3. CIF

4. FOB

5. FDI

6. Greenwich Mean Time

格林尼治标准时间

7. Consumer Price Index

消费者价格指数

8. Gross Domestic Product

国内生产总值

9. Bunker Surcharge

燃油附加费（国内许多地方如出租车上的翻译“additional fuel fee”并非地道翻译）

10. Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises

外资独资企业

Task II 把下列句子翻译成汉语。

1. We are sorry to inform you that your price has been found uncompetitive, but we are still interested in doing business with you if you can bring down your price to be in line with the international market price.

我们很遗憾地通知贵方，你方价格无竞争力。若贵方能将价格降至国际市场价格，我们仍对交易感兴趣。

2. After thorough investigation of the damages, we found out that the B/L showed that when the shipping company received the goods, they were in apparent good condition. The liability is certainly not on our side.

经过对货物损害的全面调查，我方发现货运提单显示船公司收到货物时，外表良好。因此，该损害我方并无责任。

3. A firm offer is a kind of offer which is made to a specific person or persons to express or imply a definite intention of the offeror to make a contract under a clear, complete and final trade terms.

当发盘针对一个或几个特定的收盘人，明示或者暗示发盘人在明确、完整和最终的条件下订立合同的明确意图时，该盘为实盘。

4. As the marketplace becomes truly global, as barriers of distance, time, language and regulation diminish through the new communication technologies, the level of competition among market participants has never been higher.

随着市场的真正全球化以及距离、时间、语言和法规等方面的障碍变得越来越小，市场参与者之间的竞争达到前所未有的激烈程度。

5. At Wal-mart, we understand how critical education is to the lives and well-being of all Americans. In 2009, Wal-mart and its Foundation gave more than $53 million to fund educational programs in communities across the country. Through our scholarship programs alone, the Wal-mart Foundation awarded more than $9 million in academic scholarships to help students afford higher education in the 2010-2011 school year. By supporting education, the Wal-mart Foundation ensures that the leaders of tomorrow have access to the quality education opportunities they need to be successful today.

在沃尔玛，我们理解教育对全体美国人民的生活和幸福的重要性。2009年，沃尔玛及其基金会拔出5 300万美元支持美国社区教育项目。2010—2011学年，仅奖学金项目，沃尔玛基金会提供的学术奖学金超过900万美元，帮助学生支付高等教育学费。通过支持教育，沃尔玛基金会确保明天的领袖今天能够得到未来获得成功的素质教育的机会。

§PART THREE 商务英语语言特点

Task I阅读下列短语，体会其语言特点。

1. Clean bills of lading

清洁提单：清洁提单是指没有在提单上对货物的表面状况作出货损或包装不良之类批注的提单，它表明承运人在接收或者装船时，该货物的表面状况良好。

2. Special drawing rights

特别提款权：是国际货币基金组织创设的一种储备资产和记帐单位，亦称“纸黄金（Paper Gold）”。它是基金组织分配给会员国的一种使用资金的权利。会员国在发生国际收支逆差时，可用它向基金组织指定的其他会员国换取外汇，以偿付国际收支逆差或偿还基金组织的贷款，

还可与黄金、自由兑换货币一样充当国际储备。

3. Shipping advice

装运通知：装运通知是由卖方向买方发出的货物已经于某年某月某日装船的书面通知。

4. Shipping instructions

装运须知：装运须知是买方就货物装运的具体要求向卖方发出的书面通知。

5. Marketing mix

营销组合：该概念由Neil Bordon提出，指企业根据顾客的需求和企业的营销目标来确定可控营销因素的最佳组合。理查德·克莱维持教授把营销组合要素归纳为产品、订价、渠道、促销四大要素。

Task II 阅读下列句子，从语言规范方面讨论商务英语的语言特点。

1. In witness whereof, the parties hereto have caused this agreement to be executed by their respective representatives on the date of January 1, 2010.

2. This simply means that the company continues indefinitely, that the death or withdrawal of

a shareholder does not terminate the company existence, and that a shareholder does not have the power to compel or force dissolution.

3. Marketing occurs when people decide to satisfy needs and wants through exchange. Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return. Exchange is only one of many ways people can obtain a desired object.

4. As prices continue to rise and consumers search for affordable ways to sustain the transitional economy, nearly 80 percent of U.S. households are shopping at Wal-Mart. Consumers across various income brackets are now taking advantage of Wal-Mart’s one-stop shopping convenience to purchase a wide assortment of consumer packaged goods at low prices.

5. At your request, we have effected insurance on this consignment against All Risks and War Risk for US $ 1 million on June 1, 2010.

【解析】商务英语具有规范化特征，语言统一、客观，准确传递作者意图，规范性还体现在语言的正式性和合理性。第1小题为合同用语，必须规范、准确，用词包括“whereof, hereto”等；第2小题“the death or withdrawal of a shareholder”把各种可能情况都列举出来，第3小题为了使语言规范化并衔接，在第一句后马上解释什么是“exchange”；第4小题采用描述性语言，准确描述消费现状；第5小题的时间、金额书写规范准确。总之，规范化是商务英语的特点之一

1. In witness whereof, the parties hereto have caused this agreement to be executed by their respective representatives on the date of January 1, 2010.

兹证明，本协议由双方各自代表于2010年1月1日签订。

2. This simply means that the company continues indefinitely, that the death or withdrawal of a shareholder does not terminate the company existence, and that a shareholder does not have the power to compel or force dissolution.

也就是说，公司可以无限存续，股东的死亡和撤股并不能终止公司的存续，而且股东也不具有强行解散公司的权力。

3. Marketing occurs when people decide to satisfy needs and wants through exchange. Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return. Exchange is only one of many ways people can obtain a desired object.

人们开始通过交换来满足需求的时候就出现了营销。所谓交换就是指从他人那里取得想要的物品，并以某种物品作为回报的行为。获得想要物品的方式有多种，交易只是其中之一。

4. As prices continue to rise and consumers search for affordable ways to sustain the transitional economy, nearly 80 percent of U.S. households are shopping at Wal-Mart. Consumers across various income brackets are now taking advantage of Wal-Mart’s one-stop shopping convenience to purchase

a wide assortment of consumer packaged goods at low prices.

随着价格持续上涨，消费者寻求比较经济的办法来度过经济转型期，大约80%的美国家庭在沃尔玛购物。各种不同收入的人群都利用沃尔玛的一站式购物便利，以低价购买各种各样的日用消费品。

5. At your request, we have effected insurance on this consignment against All Risks and War Risk for US $ 1 million on June 1, 2010.

应贵方要求，我方已于2010年6月1日为这批货物投保了价值为100万美元的一切险和战争险。

Task III阅读下列句子，从语言结构稳定性方面讨论商务英语的语言特点。

1. It would be appreciated if you could quote your best prices of CIF London for Christmas decorations, and also let us know the earliest possible date you can make shipment.

2. This contract is made in a spirit of friendship and cooperation by and between Party A and Party B, whereby Party A shall invite Party B as an English teacher on the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:

3. Neither party shall be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this Contract due to flood, fire, earthquake, snowstorm, hailstorm, hurricane, war, government prohibition or any other events that are unforeseeable at the time of the execution of this Contract and could not be controlled, avoided or overcome by such party.

Task III阅读下列句子，从语言结构稳定性方面讨论商务英语的语言特点。

1. It would be appreciated if you could quote your best prices of CIF London for Christmas decorations, and also let us know the earliest possible date you can make shipment.

如贵公司能报圣诞饰品的最优惠伦敦到岸价及最早交货期，我方不胜感激。

2. This contract is made in a spirit of friendship and cooperation by and between Party A and Party B, whereby Party A shall invite Party B as an English teacher on the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:

本着友好合作之精神，甲方聘请乙方为英语教师，甲乙双方同意签订下列条款：

3. Neither party shall be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this Contract due to flood, fire, earthquake, snowstorm, hailstorm, hurricane, war, government prohibition or any other events that are unforeseeable at the time of the execution of this Contract and could not be controlled, avoided or overcome by such party.

任何一方如果由于洪水、火灾、地震、雪暴、雹暴、飓风、战争、政府禁令或其他在合同执行时无法预见并不能控制、不可避免或无法克服的事件致使不能或迟延履行合同的全部或一部分时，该方不承担责任。

Task IV阅读下列短语，讨论商务英语的语言特点。

1. CT: Cable transfer

2. POD: Pay on delivery

3. BOT: Balance of trade

4. SO: Shipping order

5. V AX: Value added tax

6. BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China

7. We have opened an irrevocable L/C No. 8868 for US$1 million in favor of Guangzhou Light Industry Group.

8. Last week Beijing paved the way for today’s further reforms when it approved a total of 13 foreign and domestic banks, including Britain’s HSB C and Standard Chartered, and ABN Amro, the Dutch group, to act as market-makers for trading in the yuan.

1. CT: Cable transfer

电汇：国际贸易常用术语。

2. POD: Pay on delivery

货到付款：国际贸易常用术语。POD的全称还可以是Print on demand，表示“按需打印/出版”的意思。

3. BOT: Balance of trade

贸易差额：某一国家或地区某一时间段出口货物、服务与进口货物、服务之差额。BOT还可用来表示Build-Operate-Transfer（建设、经营、移交）项目，指政府授予投资企业享有一定期限的特许经营权，许可其融资建设和经营特定的公用基础设施，并允许其通过向用户收费或出售产品以还贷、回收投资、赚取利润等，在特许权期限届满时，该设施无偿移交政府或业主。

4. SO: Shipping order

装货单：国际贸易常用术语。

5. V AX: Value added tax

增值税：税收的一种。

6. BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China

金砖四国：“金砖四国”这一概念最早是由美国高盛公司首席经济师奥尼尔于2001年提出的。2003年10月，高盛公司发表了一份题为《与BRICs一起梦想》的全球经济报告。报告估计，到2050年，世界经济格局将会经历剧烈洗牌，全球新的六大经济体将变成中国、美国、印度、日本、巴西、俄罗斯。巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国的英文名称（Brazil, Russia, India, China）的首字母合起来是BRIC，而BRIC的发音恰好与英文“砖块”（BRICK）一词类似，故这四个国家得译名“金砖四国”。它们是新兴市场的基础代表，发展后劲强大。高盛公司提出“金砖四国”的概念，主要目的是为投资者指明未来最具投资机会的国家或地区。然而，经过几年的发展，“金砖四国”不再仅仅意味着投资机会，而是作为国际舞台上的一支重要力量受到关注。（《长江日报》2009. 6. 17）

7. We have opened an irrevocable L/C No. 8868 for US$1 million in favor of Guangzhou Light Industry Group.

7. L/C通常表示信用证。本句含义为：我方开立了编号为8868号的不可撤销信用证，金额100万美元，受益人为广州轻工集团。

8. Last week Beijing paved the way for today’s further reforms whe n it approved a total of 13 foreign and domestic banks, including Britain’s HSBC and Standard Chartered, and ABN Amro, the Dutch group, to act as market-makers for trading in the yuan.

HSBC全称为Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation，汉语为汇丰银行。至于ABN Amro Bank（荷兰银行），其来源有一段比较复杂的过程。1821年，威廉一世为振兴荷兰与东印度之间的贸易关系，成立荷兰银行的前身Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij。1964年与Twentsche Bank合并为Algemene Bank Nederland，阿姆斯特丹银行和鹿特丹银行合并为Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank，成为双雄并立的局面。1990年，Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN)再与Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank (AMRO Bank)合并，成为现在的荷兰银行(ABN AMRO Bank)。本句含义为：北京上周为今天的进一步改革铺平了道路：批准了13家外资和国内银行作为人民币交易的做市商，这些银行包括英国的汇丰银行和渣打银行以及荷兰银行。

Task V 阅读下列句子，注意数字与词汇的精确度，讨论商务英语的语言特点。

1. Party A shall be able to supply the goods in the contract on or before Sept. 10 so that they may reach the US before Christmas rush season.

2. Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$ 5000 (SAY FIVE THOUSAND US DOLLARS ONLY).

3. Generally, in a sales contract, the insured amount is 110% or 120% of the contracted prices of the consignment.

4. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening a confirmed irrevocable L/C for the full amount of US$ 880,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.

1. Party A shall be able to supply the goods in the contract on or before Sept. 10 so that they may reach the US before Christmas rush season.

甲方应在9月10日或之前交货，以便货物能在圣诞购物高峰之前到达美国。

2. Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$ 5000 (SAY FIVE THOUSAND US DOLLARS ONLY).

甲方须每月支付乙方工资5 000美元（大写：伍仟美元整）。

3. Generally, in a sales contract, the insured amount is 110% or 120% of the contracted prices of the consignment.

在销售合同中，保险额通常是合同货价加上10%或20%（保险额通常是合同货价的110%或120%）。

4. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening a confirmed irrevocable L/C for the full amount of US$ 880,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.

买方必须于合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为受益人的保兑不可撤销信用证支付全部货款总计88万美元。

1. In general, when disputes arise between exporter and importer, it can be settled through friendly consultation, litigation or arbitration. Friendly negotiation or mediation is the best method of all and beneficial to both parties. The majority of the disputes are settled by this way and friendly business relations are thus maintained between importers and exporters. If the disputes cannot be settled through amicable negotiation or mediation, arbitration will be the next best alternative, as the litigation is usually costly and time-consuming.

2. We hereby certify that this invoice is true and correct, and in accordance with our books, also that the goods shipped are produced in Guangzhou, China and comply with Rules of Origin of the People’s Republic of China.

3. Under the principles of fairness, free will and good will, it is hereby agreed between both parties as follows: the architectural design services that Party A entrusts Party B to provide shall be in compliance with the provisions, appendixes and exhibits of the Contract, as well as with the provisions in the supplementary agreements in conjunction with the execution of the Contract that have entered or may be entered between parties. Party B shall carry out the design tasks for the bridge according to the agreement between both parties. Appendixes, exhibits, other articles and supplementary agreements of the Contract are integral part of the Contract, and shall have the same legal binding force with the Contract.

【解析】

商务英语尤其是书面语言往往使用在正式场合，其特点为正式性，体现在语言庄重、得体、严谨。比如，上述文本中使用“maintain”而不是“keep”，使用“amicable”而不是“friendly”，使用“alternative”而不是“choice”，用“People’s Republic of China”而不是“China”，用“certify”而不是“prove”以及第2小题中使用了“hereby”都体现了语言的正式性。另外，“have entered or may be ent ered, integral”等短语或词汇都体现了商务英语使用正式语言，语言风格得体、谨慎。

1. In general, when disputes arise between exporter and importer, it can be settled through friendly consultation, litigation or arbitration. Friendly negotiation or mediation is the best method of all and beneficial to both parties. The majority of the disputes are settled by this way and friendly business relations are thus maintained between importers and exporters. If the disputes cannot be settled through amicable negotiation or mediation, arbitration will be the next best alternative, as the litigation is usually costly and time-consuming.

一般而言，进出口双方发生争议时，可以通过友好协商、诉讼或仲裁解决。友好协商或调解是最好的办法，对双方都有益。大多数争议通过友好协商解决，进出口双方的良好业务关系得以维持。如果友好协商或者调解无法解决争议，仲裁是第二个最佳选择，因为诉讼往往费时费钱。

2. We hereby certify that this invoice is true and correct, and in accordance with our books, also that the goods shipped are produced in Guangzhou, China and comply with Rules of Origin of the People’s Republic of China.

我们特此证明本发票真实无误，与我方账目相符；同时，所装运的货物产于中国广州，并符合中华人民共和国原产地规则。

3. Under the principles of fairness, free will and good will, it is hereby agreed between both parties as follows: the architectural design services that Party A entrusts Party B to provide shall be in compliance with the provisions, appendixes and exhibits of the Contract, as well as with the provisions in the supplementary agreements in conjunction with the execution of the Contract that have entered or may be entered between parties. Party B shall carry out the design tasks for the bridge according to the agreement between both parties. Appendixes, exhibits, other articles and supplementary agreements of the Contract are integral part of the Contract, and shall have the same legal binding force with the Contract.

双方本着公平、自愿和诚信的原则，达成如下条款：甲方委托乙方提供的建筑设计服务均以本合同各项条款、附件、附表以及双方为履行本合同相关内容所签订的补充协议等所约定的内容为准，乙方按双方约定完成大桥设计任务。本合同的附录、附表和其他条款以及补充协议等是本合同不可分割的部分，具有与本合同同等的法律效力。

§PART FOUR 商务英语翻译标准

Task I 翻译下列句子或段落，讨论商务英语翻译的标准。

1. Over 50,000 tons of freight are being landed each day at the Port of London.

每天在伦敦港卸下的货物超过5万吨。

2. As the goods are urgently needed by our customers, they must be delivered as soon as possible by air freight.

由于我方顾客急需此货，请尽快空运。

3. Much of the fish sold in England is freighted overland from Scotland.

英格兰出售的鱼很多是从苏格兰以陆路运输方式运来的。

4. Many of the machine parts are now made of plastics instead of metals so that their weight may be decreased.

为减轻重量，现在许多机器零件不用金属而用塑料制造。

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. pledged more than $3 million to support relief and reconstruction efforts in the aftermath of the Sichuan earthquakes in May 2008. As part of this pledge, Wal-Mart China committed $878,000 to the rebuilding of schools damaged in the earthquake through the Sichuan Schools project, $732,000 to the countryside clinic program and $366,000 to purchase ambulances in the earthquake zone. Wal-Mart China associates, customers and suppliers also worked together to raise more than $732,000 for earthquake relief.

沃尔玛承诺支付300多万美元用于2008年5月四川地震抗震救灾及灾后重建。沃尔玛中国承诺，通过四川学校重建项目，支付87.8万美元用于重建地震中损毁的学校；支付73.2万美元用于农村医疗项目；支付36.6万用于为灾区购买救护车。沃尔玛（中国）员工、顾客和供应商齐心协力，募集了73.2万美元救灾款。

商务翻译属于应用翻译范畴，准确传递原文含义是其主要目标，忠实性仍然是商务翻译的首要标准。忠实体现在文本含义、行文方式、读者反应等方面的准确传递，信息数量和表达方式是商务翻译的关键。本部分中“freight”在不同的语境中表达不同的含义，应忠实于原文恰当地进行翻译。第5题中，原文“Wal-Mart China committed $878,000 to the rebuilding of schools damaged in the earthquake through the Sichuan Schools project”可以省略“schools damaged in the earthquake”而翻译成“沃尔玛中国承诺，通过四川学校重建项目，支付87.8万美元用于学校重建”，因为重建的学校肯定是在地震中损毁的学校。当然，为了体现准确性和忠实性，我们还是把它翻译成“重建地震中损毁的学校”，因为有些学校无需重建，避免了“盲目重建全部学校”的误会，其目的是为了体现忠实性和准确性。

Task II请翻译下列段落，讨论商务翻译的其他标准。

1. Advertisers have sometimes created new social impacts by the heavy use of advocacy ads, which persuade the public not about products but about public issues over which companies wish to influence opinion. Mobil’s ad series in the late 1970s and early 80s, which presented its version of the role of the oil companies in the energy shortage, is a famous example. Critics say that such ads are unfairly one-sided; advertisers say that the mass media have been equally one-sided in failing to report company views.

Another important social impact stems from advertising’s financial support of the mass media: it provides about two-thirds of print revenue and virtually all broadcast revenue. Media operators thus see the public not as their primary audience, but as mere bait for attracting advertisers; media content, by and large, is designed to attract those citizens whose spending power is great.

译文

广告商有时大量使用倡导广告产生了新的社会影响，这些倡导广告不是针对产品，而是针对那些可以影响舆论的公共问题劝说公众。美孚石油公司在20世纪70年代末80年代初，展现了能源短缺时石油公司的作用就是人人皆知的例子。批评家们认为，这种广告是不公平的、片面的，而广告商们认为大众媒体没有报道公司的观点同样是片面的。

另一个重要的社会影响是广告为大众媒体提供财政支持：报纸收入的2/3、广播收入几乎全部来自广告。媒体运营商不把公众当成他们的基本受众，而当成吸引广告商的诱饵。总而言之，媒体内容的设计是为了吸引消费能力巨大的老百姓。

2. 2005年，广东GDP突破了2万5千亿元人民币，约占中国大陆的1/8。财政总收入突破了5千亿人民币，占全国的1/4。累计实际吸收外商直接投资突破了1 770亿美元，占全国的1/4强。进出口贸易额突破了5 200亿美元，约占全国的1/3。如今的广东经济繁荣，社会稳定，人民安居乐业，已成为当今中国最具经济活力和投资吸引力的地区。

In 2005, Guangdong’s GDP exceeded RMB 2.5 trillion, accounting for 1/8 of that of China’s Mainland. Its fiscal revenue reached RMB 500 billion, 1/4 of the country’s total. Accumulated foreign investment hit RMB 177 billion, accounting for 1/4 of that of the whole nation. Guangdong’s import and export volume was over RMB 520 billion, accounting for 1/3 of China’s total amount. Nowadays, Guangdong enjoys economic prosperity, social stability and a comfortable living and working environment for its people, making it the most economically dynamic area as well as the most attractive place for foreign investment in China.

2006年，广东与马来西亚进出口贸易额达113亿美元，比上一年增长22.4%。至2006年底，广东累计实际吸收马来西亚投资4.9亿美元，合同外资达10亿美元。

广东是中国大陆综合经济实力最强的地区之一。经济持续快速协调发展，投资贸易环境优良，电子、家电、轻工、纺织等一批产业和品牌在国际市场上享有盛誉。

In 2006, bilateral trade volume between Guangdong and Malaysia hit USD 11.3 billion, up by 22.4% from the previous year. By the end of 2006, accumulated foreign investment from Malaysia had totaled RMB 490 million, with contractual value reaching USD 1 billion.

Meanwhile, ranking the first i n terms of the comprehensive economic strength in China’s Mainland, Guangdong has witnessed sustained, rapid and coordinated economic development with sound environment of investment and trade. A number of industries and brands in electronics, household electrical appliances, light industries, and textile industry have enjoyed good reputation in the international market.

【解析】在忠实性基础之上，统一性和连贯性（流畅性）也是商务翻译的重要标准。统一性体现在术语、表达、图表等方面的一致性；连贯性体现在连词、关系词等具有衔接功能的词语的使用，实现语言的连贯性。如：“如今的广东经济繁荣，社会稳定，人民安居乐业，已成为当今中国最具经济活力和投资吸引力的地区”翻译成“Nowadays, Guangdong enjoys economic prosperity, social stability and a comfortable living and working environment for its people, making it the most economically dynamic area as well as the most attractive place for foreign investment in China.”，译文中根据英语特点增加了两个“and”，使译文符合英语语法，增强了可读性。

把“Advertisers have sometimes created new social impacts by the heavy use of advocacy ads, which persuade the public not about products but about public issues over which companies wish to influence opinion.”翻译成汉语“广告商有时大量使用倡导广告产生了新的社会影响，这些倡导广告不是针对产品，而是针对那些可以影响舆论的公共问题劝说公众”时省略了介词“by”，关系词“which”等，使句子衔接紧凑，更加连贯。

§PART FIVE 商务翻译标准再讨论

本单元首先讨论了商务英语的语言特征，归纳起来就是“三化三性”：“三化”即专业化、规范化和程式化；“三性”即简洁性、准确性和正式性。基于商务英语的语言特点，我们讨论了商务英语翻译过程及翻译的标准，忠实（Faithfulness）、统一（Consistency）和连贯（Coherence）是商务翻译中比较重要的三大标准。忠实，就是把原文传递的信息尽可能完整地传递到目的语中，使目的语读者得到与原文读者一样的感受。统一，就是必须对所有的专业术语、人名、地名等专有名词进行检查，保持高度一致。连贯，就是目的语必须符合语法，表达流畅，表意清楚。商务翻译做到忠实、统一和连贯的基础上，可以尽量做到地道，即符合目的语的语言特点和表达习惯。比如，众所周知，英语名词化程度相当高，在英汉翻译过程中，需要把英语中的名词、动名词、动词不定式等翻译成汉语的动词，比如下例中的斜体单词都翻译成汉语的动词：

原文：The adoption of euro banknotes and coins as the legal tender in Europe will bring opportunities as well as challenges to Hong Kong exporters. The introduction of euro has resulted in greater price transparency, as well as a reduction in transaction costs and foreign exchange risks in the euro zone. The higher transparency would benefit consumers as it would be more convenient for them to compare prices and they would eventually get the best buy.

译文：欧洲利用欧元作为法定货币为香港出口商既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。使用欧元提高了价格透明度，降低了欧元区交易成本和外汇风险。消费者将会受益于较高的价格透明度，因为他们更方便比较价格，最终购买更核算的产品。

关于翻译标准，中国人最耳熟能详的不过于严复老先生提出的信（Faithfulness）、达（Expressiveness）、雅（Elegance），至今对翻译实践仍具有一定的指导意义。鲁迅先生认为，翻译一方面要求其易解，另一方面需要保存原作的丰姿。傅雷先生和钱钟书先生分别提出了“神似”说（Similarity in Spirit）和“化境”说（Sublimation）。所有这些标准主要是基于文学翻译而不是商务翻译提出来的，尽管其对商务翻译具有一定的指导作用。

刘法公（1999：59）提出了商务翻译忠实、地道、统一的标准。“所谓‘忠实’，即译文所传递的信息同原文所传递的信息要保持一致，或者说要保持信息等值。所谓‘地道’，即是指译文的语言和行文方式都要符合商务文献的语言规范和行文规范，也就是说译者所给出的译文读起来应该像是内行的人用译语写就的文章，其中的术语、表达等都应该符合商务文献的要求。所谓‘统一’，即是指在商务英语翻译过程中所采用的译名、概念、术语等在任何时候都应该保持统一，

不允许将同一概念或术语随意变换译名”。

翻译中确实存在不少统一性问题，如上图，某省会城市的宾馆外卖店两侧都有相同的公示语，但把“桃源外卖部”分别翻译成“Tao yuan Hotel Take away”和“DELIVERY DEPARTMENT OF TAOYUAN HOTEL”，姑且不论本身翻译不当，就看大小写混乱不堪就足以看出译者马虎草率，其实，可以直接翻译成“Take-away Service of Taoyuan Hotel”就可以了。

常玉田提出了非常实用的商务翻译标准：平民化标准，也就是“一看对不对，二看好不好”。（常玉田，2005：7）“对不对”指译文必须正确，符合原文意义。“好不好”指从读者的角度判断译文的表达，指译者翻译过程中应当意识到自己是在提供服务，意识到译文读者的阅读成本，比如把“US $100”翻译成“100美元”是对的，但翻译成“100美元（约合700元人民币）”就更好了。§PART SIX 商务翻译实践

Task I请将下列短语翻译成中文。

1. Terms of payment

2. Payment advice

3. Working capital

4. Fixed capital

5. Hard currency

6. Monetary policy

Task II翻译下列句子，注意句子中斜体单词的翻译。

1. The Chinese government on Wednesday stressed the importance for the country to step up efforts to develop emerging industries of strategic importance.

中国政府本周三强调了努力推进发展战略性新兴产业的重要性。

（新词解释：emerging industry，新兴产业：指新的技术和新的科研成果的应用而产生的新部门、新产业，如生物工程和IT产业等）

2. In an address to the 2010 Global City Informatization Forum, China’s Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang said the priority for information technology service will be given to rural areas. “The ‘digital gap’ between urban and rural China needs to be further bridged,” he said.

2. 在2010全球城市信息化论坛上，科技部部长万钢在演讲中称将优先为农村地区提供信息科技服务。他说：“中国需要进一步消除城乡间的‘数字鸿沟’。”

（新词解释：digital gap，数字鸿沟：指当代信息技术领域中存在的差距现象，即在全球数字化进程中，不同国家、地区、行业、企业、人群之间由于对信息、网络技术应用程度的不同以及创新能力的差别造成的“信息落差”、“知识分隔”和“贫富分化”，是“信息富有者和信息贫困者之间的鸿沟”。）（百度百科）

3. A new policy allowing overseas tourists traveling in a group to get visas upon arrival in East China’s Zhejiang province may greatly boost local tourism, local authorities said on Sunday.

当地政府周日表示，新政策允许前往浙江省的外国旅游团取得落地签证，此举将极大推动当地旅游业的发展。

4. “US moves won’t cease trade rows. Though the United States has refrained from conducting fresh currency probes and imposing new anti-dumping duties, this does not signal an end to its trade protectionist measures against China”, experts said on Wednesday.

专家们周三说，美国的举措不会平息贸易纠纷。尽管美国没有进行新一轮人民币汇率调查，也没有对华征收新的反倾销关税，但这并不意味着美国终止了对华的贸易保护主义措施。

5.Inclusive growth in India and China made these two countries become the major players in world economy. India and China both succeeded in attaining the attention of the world by promoting inclusive growth in the fields like labor regulations, agricultural technology and infrastructure. The inclusive growth also includes plans like assisting lagging regions of the country and empowering the poor through proactive policies so that they can take part in the market on equitable terms.

中国和印度的包容性增长使两国在全球经济中扮演了重要角色。中印两国在劳动法规、农业技术及基础设施等方面促进包容性增长，引起了世界关注。包容性增长还包括计划通过实施积极政策帮助本国落后地区、赋权贫困人口，以便他们能够平等地参与市场。

（新词解释：inclusive growth，包容性增长：2010年9月16日，国家主席胡锦涛在北京人民大会堂出席第五届亚太经合组织人力资源开发部长级会议开幕式，“包容性增长”是胡锦涛致辞中的一个关键词。“包容性增长”这一概念最早由亚洲开发银行在2007年首次提出。它的原始意义在于“有效的包容性增长战略需集中于能创造出生产性就业岗位的高增长、能确保机遇平等的社会包容性以及能减少风险，并能给最弱势群体带来缓冲的社会安全网。”最终目的是把经济发展成果最大限度地让普通民众来受益。包容性增长寻求的是社会和经济协调发展、可持续发展。与单纯追求经济增长相对立，包容性增长倡导机会平等的增长，最基本的含义是公平合理地分享经济增长。Inclusive在这里指的是“包容广阔的；范围广泛的”，如all-inclusive economic plan“全面的经济计划”，a fully inclusive price“包含一切费用的价格”等。）

Task III翻译下列段落，注意商务英语的翻译标准。

1. The development of E-business had close links to the development of the Internet as suppliers and customers realized the cost and time benefits of online transactions. It became more efficient to do business when online systems were used throughout an organization’s supply c hannels. The real challenge of E-business was providing customers with the latest data through every sales channel.

电子商务的发展与因特网的发展紧密联系是因为供应商和客户意识到网上交易在节约成本和时间方面的好处。整个公司的供应链都使用在线系统，业务效率就更高了。电子商务的真正挑战在于通过各种销售渠道为客户提供最新数据。

2. In a digital economy, you must be ready for a future of continual change. Change your vision for the future, work closely with your staff, suppliers, and partners to make changes, and learn to view your organization as the customers view it. The focus of E-business must always be on the customers. You have to use your knowledge of your market to consider how customers expectations will change in the future.

在数码经济时代，你必须为不断变化的未来做好准备。改变你对未来的看法，与你的员工、供应商和合作伙伴精诚合作、努力革新，学会像你的顾客那样看待你的公司。电子商务必须以顾客为中心，你不得不利用你的市场知识来考虑将来顾客期望会如何变化。

3. The golden rule of E-business is that the customer is king. In the days when your customers shopped on the high street, or purchased by telephone or mail order, their opportunity for direct comparison of price was limited. The Internet allows individual or business customers to make comparisons easily and complete their purchases from their own home or office. Many Websites now exist for the purpose of comparison shopping. You should understand the power lies in the hands of the customer and you must put their needs at the center of your business.

电子商务的黄金准则是顾客是上帝。你的顾客在大街上购物或者通过电话或电邮购物时，他们直接比较产品价格的机会是有限的。因特网使得个人客户或者企业客户更容易对产品价格做出比较，在家或者在办公室完成购物。许多网站存在的目的是让顾客比较购物。你应当明白，权力在你的顾客手中，你必须把他们的需求作为你的业务的中心。

4. The personal computer industry was in a growth stage during the early 1980’s. IBM, Apple, and Radio Shack were holding strong; but many new competitors ― Compaq Computer, Convergent Technologies ― were flailing away at the market with differing strategies. Some old

standbys like Osborne Computer bit the dust. Companies spent millions, $500 million in 1983 alone, on advertising and promotion. And prices began dropping as much as 20% to 40%, as specials and advertised sales became more widespread.

20世纪80年代初，个人电脑产业处于成长期。IBM，苹果及无线广播蓬勃发展，许多新竞争者如康柏电脑、聚合技术等以各种战略努力占领市场。一些裹足不前的老牌企业如Osborne 电脑倒闭了。各家公司在广告和促销方面花费巨资，仅1983年就耗资5亿美元。由于减价销售和广告促销的普及，产品价格开始下降了20%至40%。

商务翻译中注意直译和意译的合理使用，比如“hold strong”原意为“坚挺”的意思，主要是指货币，此处意译为“发展势头好，蓬勃发展”；“flail away”表示“非常不稳定”，此处表示新的电脑公司在市场上尚未立足，战战兢兢，努力抓住机遇占领市场，所以译为“努力占领市场”；“standby”原意为“备用”，表示没有取得进步靠边站的企业，引申为“裹足不前”；“bit the dust”不能直译为“吃灰尘”，而表示“倒下、输掉、跨掉”的意思。

5. Are business practices becoming more unethical? There is no easy answer. In America, bribery, price fixing, embezzlement, monopolizing, and other illegal practices cost consumers more than $40 billion a year in higher prices and taxes. A spokesperson for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce says that the extent of bribes, kickbacks, and payoffs is “pervasive”. A recent study of 3,000 executives by the American Management Association found that most employees felt pressure from their companies to compromise their personal values. Another study by the Opinion Research Center of 531 top and middle managers reported that 48% felt that it would be all right to pay bribes to foreign officials if that were an accepted way of doing business in that country.

商务行为变得越来越不道德了吗？回答绝非易事。在美国，行贿、限价、贪污、垄断和其他非法行为带来的高价格和高税收让消费者每年多支出400亿美元。美国商务部发言人说，行贿、回扣和给好处费“无处不在”。美国管理协会最近对3 000名管理人员的调查表明，大多数员工由于公司压力，对个人价值做出让步。意见调查中心对531名中高层管理人员的另一项研究表明，48%的人认为，如果行贿在外国是一种可接受的生意行为，那么对外国官员行贿是可以的。