大学英语四级常见词根词缀

1．否定前缀

un- uncomfortable, unacceptable, unavoidable

in- incomplete, incapable, indispensable, inevitable

im- imperfect, impartial, immortal

dis- disable, disadvantage

mis- misplace, mislead, misfortune

ab- abnormal

de- deactivate, degrade

il- illegal, illiterate

ir- irregular, irrelative

mal- malfunction, malnutrition 2. trans —across（横过）through （通过）beyond（那边）from one place to another

transient 短暂的

transplant 移植（器官）transaction 交易

transition 过渡，转变

transition from A to B transition period

transmit 传输，传送（无线电，电视）

transmission (n)

a live transmission 现场直播

cultural transmission 文化的继承

transform 完全改变…的外观/特性

transformation(常做陪衬) transfer 传递，迁移

translate 翻译

transport 运输

3. com-, con- 1、加强语气2、共同，一起

combine, compete, compromise confirm, conspicuous, concession 4. -tain 1、支撑2、保持，维持，保留

sustain，retain, maintain

5. re- 再，又，回，反

renew, reshape, refresh

6. uni- / mono- one （一个），sole（单一的）

uniform, unique, unity monotonous （单调的），monopoly （垄断）

7. ex- 向外，超出

expand extend exceed excessive exclusive(ly) excursion

8. pre-/pro- 前，在前predominant precede, previous, premise, prevalent

proceed, prominent, propel

9. magn- 大（large）magnify(microscope), magnificent, magnitude

10. viv- /vit- live, life 生命，生活

vivid, survive, revive

vital, vitamin

11. inter- 在……之间相互

intervene, interfere

12. man- hand （手工）manufacture , manipulate，manuscript

13. sci- knowledge science, scientific, consciousness 14. sub- / sus- 下，次，附属subsidiary subordinate(to) sustain

15. laps 滑，落

(时间)elapse, collapse

16. spec- / spic- look spectator, speculate, spectacular, perspective

conspicuous

17.clud（s）-, clos- 关闭shut

conclude, include ,exclusive close 18. not note

notify notion(=idea)

notorious

19. homo- same homogeneously

20. simul- together Simultaneously

21. multi —多，多倍multiply, multitude

22. contra, contro 相反contradiction contrary controversy

23. dict- say, tell, speak dictate, dictator , dictionary, verdict, predict

24. per- through

permeate, perplex, permanent, perpetual, persistent

25. ver- truth

verify verdict

26. -logy study（学习）science

biology psychology

27. -vert / -vers turn

divert advertise

diversify versatile reverse 28. -ics 作抽象名词的后缀，表学科

economics politics physics

29. -ist 表示“人”pianist geologist typist

30. bio- life biography biology

31. -ician 从事……专业的人music →musician

32. -ism ……主义……论（抽象名词）

realism Marxism

33. -cid kill

suicide insecticide

34. mort- death

mortal mortality immortal

35. -scrib / -scrip write draw

describe inscribe prescribe subscribe ascribe

description inscription prescription subscription ascription

36. di-/du-/ambi- /bi- two, double

dilemma / duplicate / ambiguous/ bilateral

37. tri- three

triangle

38. bene- good, well, happily benefit beneficiary

39. volu/ volv roll（滚动）turn(转动)

evolution revolution

involve revolve evolve

40. fer carry（带）produce（生产）

transfer refer fertile

41. phil- love philosophy

42. deca- ten

decade

43. cred believe

credible incredible credit

44. cent one hundred century

45. mill / kilo 一千，千分之一

millennium million kilometer kilogram

46. dom master, control

domain

dominate, dominant, predominant 47. val 有权力，影响

valid, invalid, valuable, evaluate, prevalent(popular)

48. graph / gram write biography, geography / grammar, telegram

49. equi —同等，相等

equivalent equilibrium

50. bat beat打

debate combat battle batter battery

51. seg, sect cut segment, segregate / section intersection

52. plex 折叠

perplex complex

53. en- / -ify make

enlarge entitle enrich enable

simplify magnify signify

54. sym- / syn- 共同same, 类似similar

sympathy symptom symmetry / syndrome

55 path feeling

pathetic sympathy sympathetic 56. ceed / cess / cede / cest / cur run

proceed

recession, access, excess, successor precede, recede

ancestor

current currency excursion occur

57. serv 保存,保护(protect) conserve preserve

58. –able , -ible 可……respectable, imaginable comprehensible

59. hypo- 下，在…之下hypothesis hypotension

60. –pel 推

propel, expel, repel, dispel, impel, compel

61. scend climb

ascend descend

62. spir

aspire, inspire, expire, respire, conspire

63. sent, sens feeling sentimental

sense, consensus

64. grav 重

grave, gravity, aggravate (grieve) 65.lev 轻，上升

alleviate, elevate (relieve)

66.rupt break

bankrupt, interrupt, corrupt

常见的词根

1) aer, ar, 含义是“空气，大气”aeroplane, aerial,

2) ag, act, ig, 含义是“做，动作”active, agent, reaction,

3) alt, 含义是“高”，altitude,

4) alter, altern, altr, 含义是“其它，变更”alternate,

5) bio, bi, bion, 含义是“生物，生命”biology, bionics(仿生学)

6) brev, bri, brief, 含义是“短”brief, abbreviation, abridge(节略)

7) cap, capt, cept, cip, 含义是“取，获”capture, except, concept, capacity

8) ced, ceed, cess, 含义是“行，

让步”proceed, succeed, excess(过度) 9) centr, centr, 含义是“中心”concentrate, eccentric(偏心的)

10) clain, clam, 含义是“呼喊”claim, proclaim, exclaim

11) clos, clud, 含义是“闭合”conclude, enclose, include

12) col, cult, 含义是“耕耘”colony, cultivate, agriculture

13) cor, cord, 含义是“心”cordial, record, accord

14) curr, cur, cour, 含义是“跑，动作”current, occur, concurrence(同时发生)

15) dic, dict, 含义是“说，示”dictate, edit, indicate, predict

16) doc, doct, 含义是“教”doctor, document．nbsp

17) duc, duct含义是“引导，传导”introduce, produce, conduct, deduct( 推论)

18) fact, fac, fect, dic, dit, 含义是“做，创造”factory, effect, profit, faculty, perfect

19) fend, fens, 含义是“打，击”defence, offence

20) fer, 含义是“搬运，移转”ferry, transfer, defer(迟延)

21) fin, finit, 含义是“终，极”final, finish, confine

22) firm, 含义是“坚固”firm, confirm, affirm(断定)

23) fix, 含义是“固定”prefix, affix(附加)

24) flect, flex, 含义是“弯曲”flexible, reflex

25) flor, flour, flower, 含义是“花”flower, flourish

26) form, 含义是“形”uniform, formula, transform, reform, deform 27) forc, fort, 含义是“力，强度”force, enforce, effort

28) gen, genit, 含义是“生产，发生”generate, generation

29) gram, graph, 含义是“书写，记录”telegram, diagram, photograph 30) grad, gress, gred, gree, 含义是“步，阶段”gradually, degree, progress

31) hab, habit, hibit, 含义是“保持，

住”inhabit, exhibit, prohibit

32) her, hes, 含义是“粘附”adhere, cohesion

33) ject, jet, 含义是“抛射”project, inject

34) jour, 含义是“日，一天”journal(日记), journey, adjourn(延期) 35) jug, junct, 含义是“结合，连合”conjunction, junction(连合)

36) labour, labor, 含义是“劳动，工作”labourer, elaborate, collaborate 37) lect, leg, lig, 含义是“挑选，采集”collect, select, lecture

38) lif, liv, 含义是“生活，生存”life, alive, live

39) loc, 含义是“场所，位置”location, dislocate(脱位)

40) long, leng, ling, 含义是“长的”length, prolong, linger

41) loqu, locut, 含义是“说话”colloquial, eloquent,

42) mand, mend, 含义是“命令”command, demand, recommend

43) man, manu, 含义是“手，手法”manage, manual 44) memor, menber, 含义是“记忆”memory, remember, memorial

45) mind, ment, 含义是“心”mind, remind, mental

46) merc, merch, 含义是“贸易”commerce, merchant

47) meas, mens, meter, metr, 含义是“测量，度量”measure, meter, diameter

48) min, 含义是“小”diminish, minority

49) miss, mit, 含义是“派遣，送”mission, dismiss, transmit, missile 50) mob, mot, mov, 含义是“动”movement, motion, mobile, remove 51) nect, nex, 含义是“捆扎”connect, disconnect, annex(合并) 52) not, 含义是“记号，注意”note, denote, annotation(注释)

53) onom, onym, 含义是“名字”synonym, antonym, anonymous

54) pair, par, 含义是“a)相同，对等

b)准备”compare, prepare

55) pel, puls, 含义是“追逐”expel, impel(推进)

56) pend, pens, pond, 含义是“悬挂”depend, independent, expense(支付) 57) phon, 含义是“声音”symphony, telephone, microphone

58) plac, 含义是“位置，场所”place, replace

59) peopl, popul, publ, 含义是“人民，民众”public, republic, popular, people

60) port, 含义是“搬运”export, import, deport(输送)

61) press, 含义是“压，压制”pressure, express, oppress, impression 62) prob, proof, prov, 含义是“实验，验证”prove, approve,

63) quer, quest, quir, quis, 含义是“寻找，探问”inquiry, question, inquisition(调查，追究)

64) rang, rank, 含义是“排列”arrange, rank,

65) rect, right, rig, 含义是“正，直”correct, direct, erect

66) riv, 含义是“河流，流远”，river, arrive, derive

67) rupt, 含义是“破坏，毁坏”eruption, bankrupt, corruption

68) sci, 含义是“认识，知识”science, conscious

69) scrib, script, 含义是“书写，记录”describe, script

70) sens, sent, 含义是“感觉，情感”sensation, sentiment

71) sign, 含义是“标记，符号”signal, signature, design

72) sembl, simil, 含义是“相似，类似”similar, resemble, assimilate(同化)

73) soci, 含义是“结合，社交”social, association

74) spec, spect, spitc, spis, 含义是“看，视”inspect, spectator, conspicuous, respect

75) struct, 含义是“建筑，构造”structure, construct, instruct, destruction

76) tect, teg, 含义是“遮蔽，掩盖”detect, protect

77) temp, tens, 含义是“时间，时机”tense, contemporary, temporal

78) tend, tes, tent, 含义是“倾向, 伸

张”tendency, intension, extend, intend

79) test, 含义是“证明，证实”testify, protest, contest(争论)

80) text, 含义是“编织，构成”textile, texture, context

81) tract, trail, 含义是“拖拉，吸引”attract, tractor, abstract, contract(收缩)

82) tribut, 含义是“给予”contribution, distribute

83) us, ut, 含义是“用，使用”usable, utilize, abuse

84) vac, van, 含义是“空，虚”vacancy, vanity, evacuate(清空)

85) vad, vas, wad, 含义是“走，去”invade, wade, evade(逃避)

86) vers, vert, 含义是“旋转，反转”convert, inversion(倒转)，reverse, divert(使转向)

87) vid, vis, vey, view, 含义是“观看，看见”television, visible, evident, interview, survey

88) viv, vit, 含义是“生，活”vivid, vital, survival, 89) war, ward, 含义是“注意，保护”aware, wary(谨慎)，ward(守护) 90) way, 含义是“路”way, away, subway, always

有了模板，写起作文是不是心里有底了?

说明原因型模板

模板1:

Currently, XX has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than XX It is clear that (1). If you (2), as a result, your dreams will come true. On the contrary, if you (3).Failure will be following with you. It turns out that all your plan falls through. No one can deny another fact that (4).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (5).It will exert a profound influence

upon (6).With reference to my st andpoint, I think (7).

注释:

(1) XX的第一个优点

(2) 支持XX的做法

(3) 不支持XX的做法

(4) XX的第二个优点

(5) 举例证明优点二

(6) 说明XX优点三的影响

相应作文:The importance of self-confidence

Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than self-confidence. It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in one's abilities). If you (are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come true. On the contrary, if you (have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything ). Failure will be following with you。It turns out that all your plan falls through. No one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (the secret of MMe. Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular). It will exert a profound influence upon (the achievement of one's ambitions). With reference to my standpoint, I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).

模板2:

In recent years, XX has caused a heated debate on (1). The factors for (2).First of all, (3).Then, there comes a case that (4). Moreover, (5). Especially when (6).Indeed, these unique points

can be collected the remind people that (7).In this way, we should behave just like (8).

相应作文:The impact of Television

In recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50 channels. It has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children). Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children. The factors for (parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all, (with so many programs to choose from, children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).Then, there comes a case that (some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ). Moreover, (the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies). Especially when (the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that (they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's TV viewing).In this way, children will not be influenced too deeply.

模板3：

For most of us today, (1). From above, we can find that the reasons why (2)are as follows.The primary reason, I think, is (3).Second,(4). The third reason, actually, is (5).The significance for (6)。Therefore, (7).

注释:

(1) 人们针对XX的态度和举措

(2) 归纳现状

(3) 第一个原因

(4) 第二个原因

(5) 第三个原因

(6) 重申造成现状的最重要原因

相应作文:Pollution

Most of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem. lots of plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air. many fish die of poisonous water. thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas. therefore, environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling, or bringing death not only to human beings, but also to wild life.)From above, we can find that the reasons why (environment are polluted more and more seriously)are as follows. the primary reason, I think, is (the reason of harmful substances into environment. for example, to prevent insects, farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests. however, they pollute air, water and land ).Second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly ). the third reason actually is (the result of a growing population in the world. everyday, so much litter and waste are poured out from houses, also pollute the environment ). The significance for (controlling pollution) noted that it's high time that more effective measures should be taken. Therefore, (new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories. moreover, in the households, there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste. let's make our good efforts,and the world will be a safer place to live for us).

模板4：

These days we often hear that (1).It is common that (2). Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing, (3).For another, (4). What is more, since (5),it is natural that (6 ).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying. We should do something such

as (7) to improve he present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.

注释:

(1) 提出论题

(2) 说明现状

(3) 理由一

(4) 理由二

(5) 理由三

(6) 理由三引起的后果

(7) 解决方法

相应作文: Pollution of environment

These days we often hear that (our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment ).It is common that (many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing, (the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded. ).For another,(the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology ). What is more, since (the industrial revolution ),it is natural that (a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms. The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthing. We should do something such as (planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources )to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.

(二) 图表式作文模板

It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped

considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少). What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are …(多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, …(第一个原因). More importantly, …(第二个原因). Most important of all, …(第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).

(三) 提纲式作文模板

模板1：对立观点式

A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？

B．有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？

C．我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument: There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

模板2：批驳观点式

A．一个错误观点。

B．我不同意。

Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这

个错误观点的影响)。There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。

模板3：社会问题(现象)式

A．一个社会问题或者现象

B．产生的原因

C．对社会和我们生活的影响

D．如何杜绝。(如果是问题的话)

E．前景的预测。

Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 同上Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..

(四) 辩论式议论文模板

模板1：

Some people believe (argue, recognize, think)that 观点 1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或:From above, we can predict that 预测.

模板2：

People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据 1.For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或From above, we can predict that 预测.

模板3：

There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。Furthermore, 论据2。Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或From above, we can predict that 预测.

一、正反题模版

§1支持及理由：段首句+优点一. What is more, 优点二

§2反对及理由：段首句+对应理由一. Furthermore, 对应理由二

§3个人看法之中庸法：段首句+ on the one hand,看法一. on the other hand看法二

个人看法之一边倒：段首句+First of all, 看法一.Next, 看法二

文章模版

When asked about……….., most people believe that ….., but others regard it as ……….

优点一. what is more, 优点二

But others may not agree, they maintain that……/ As opposed to all the points mentioned above, others

argue that ……. 对应理由一. Furthermore, 对应理由二

结尾段选择一(中庸法)

Just as a sward has two blades, its advantages co-exsit with its disadvantages./ Obviously it has more than one face. We should preserve sth. While at the same time making it qualified. on the one hand,看法一. on the other hand看法二

结尾段选择二(一边倒)

For the resons presented above, it is not difficult to get the conclusion that ……/ On the whole, if we take a careful consideration, it is safely to draw the conclusion that……

二、社会现象题模版

§1描述现象：段首句+现状+定性

§2之分析原因(题中出现解释原因或因素要求)：段首句+for one thing,国家角度. for another,个人角度

之分析影响(题中出现说明危害或意义要求)：段首句+for one thing,国家角度. for another,个人角度

§3建议：段首句+firstly, 国家建议. Secondly, 个人建议

文章模板

Recently it is widely accepted that ……/ Currently wherever you go, you will hardly fail to find that A is becoming increasingly popular……. 现象现状. It brings benefits to us(积极现象)/it does great harm to us(消极现象)/ is a delicate problem worth of discussion(客观现象)

中间段选择一(原因段)

There are several reasons accounting for it. for one thing,国家角度原因. for another,个人角度

中间段选择二(影响段)

The phenomenon results in the following consequences. for one thing,国家角度原因. for another,个人角度

It is urgent/imperative/necessary that attention should be paid to the issue to do sth./ There is no denying that the

tendence analyzed above will continue in the near future. firstly, 国家建议. Secondly, 个人建议. With proper laws and alert public, it will become a past as a matter of time.( 消极现象)/ With proper laws and alert public, it will be carried on in a good way. (积极或客观现象)

三、图表题

§1描述数据变化

§2分析原因段首句+for one thing,国家角度. for another,个人角度

§3(积极或消极现象)建议：段首句+firstly, 国家建议. Secondly, 个人建议

(客观现象)个人看法：段首句+ on the one hand,看法一. on the other hand看法二

文章模板

According to the figures in the chart, ……increased dramatically, which revealed that….

There are several reasons accounting for it. for one thing,国家角度原因. for another,个人角度

选择一(建议)参见社会现象题§3

选择二(个人看法)参见正反题§3

一，高频词汇

1，产生影响：to have an effect/influence on sth.

正面的：to have a possitive effect; bring benefits to

负面的：to have a negative/adverse effect; do harm to

深远的：profound; far-reaching

2，努力/尽力

Make efforts to do; take pains to do; spare no effotrs doing; strive to do

3, 改变成为

Chang A into B; convert A into B; transform A into B

例句：我们要努力使这个地区脱贫致富。(结构-词汇)

Efforts should be made to transform the poverty into wealth in this area.

4，采取措施：take steps to do; take measures to do

5，达到目标：achieve one’s objective; accomplish …..

例句：国家必须采取措施从而达到扭亏为盈的目的

Measures must be taken to achieve the objective of transforming the losses into profits.

6，发扬光大/减到最小maximize/minimize

例句：我们必须把私家车的副作减到最小

The adverse effects of private cars must be minimized.

二、词汇

Make――enable;allow;permit

So――acoordingly/consequently/as a result

Nowadays――currently/at present

Become――tuen out tobe/prove

More and more――growing/increasing

Most of――the vast majority of/the large percentage of/the considerable proportion of

Not only a but also b―― a as well as b

Think――maintian/hold/assert/argue/contend/bl ieve/be of the view

图表题开头段常用10大句型

1.从1991年起，出国留学的中国学生大幅度增加，一直到2002年逐渐趋于稳定，之后有所减少。

Since 1991, the number of Chinese students going abroad increased dramatically.

It reached the plateau in 2002, then was on the decline afterwards.

2. 南京大学的论文发表数量高居榜首，清华大学和复旦大学分别

是第二和第三。

With regard to the number of academic essays published, Nanking University topped the list, with Qinghua and Fudan University respectively ranking the second and the third.

3. 2002年，考研的人数大幅度增加，远远超过了50万人，几乎是1999年的两倍。

2002 saw a sharp increase in the number of NETEM test-takers which was far beyond half a million and was approximately twice as many as that in 1999.

4. 上海的GDP一直保持在10%以上。

The GDP (General Development Product) of Shanghai remains higher than 10%.

5. 中文系，浙江的学生占了45%，比安徽的学生多了整整10%。

At Chinese Department, the students from Zhejiang account for 45%,precisely 10% more than those from Anhui.

6. 由于残酷的市场竞争，2002年这种汽车的销售量降到了低谷。

On account of/Owing to the cruel market competition, in 2002, the sale of the cars fell to the bottom.

7. 如图表数据显示，1994年冰箱出口量大大增加，在外贸进出口领域产生了深远的影响。

According to the figures given in the chart, the amount of the refrigerator export increased considerably in 1994, which exerted profound influences in the import and export field of foreign trade.

8. 上学期留学生的考试成绩一直无规律地波动，在教学改革后成绩有明显上升。

Last semester the scores of the foreign students fluctuated irregularly, but showed an obvious increase after the reform in teaching.

9. 有关费用饼状图由六个部分组成，其中广告费占53%。

The pie chart concerning fees