Navigating the Maze of Hepatitis B Treatments

Navigating the Maze of Hepatitis B Treatments
Navigating the Maze of Hepatitis B Treatments

Navigating the Maze of Hepatitis B Treatments

ANNA SUK–FONG LOK

Division of Gastroenterology,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan

T he ultimate goal of hepatitis B treatment is to pre-vent cirrhosis,hepatic failure,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Because clinical outcomes arise only after decades of infection,surrogate end points are used to determine the success of hepatitis B treatment.Stan-dardized de?nitions of treatment response were dis-cussed in detail at the2006National Institutes of Health Workshop on“Management of Hepatitis B.”1 Currently,there are6approved therapies for hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection including2formulations of in-terferon,standard interferon?-2b(IFN-?-2b)and pegy-lated interferon?-2a(pegIFN-?-2a),and4nucleos(t)ide analogues,lamivudine(Epivir),adefovir(Hepsera),ente-cavir(Baraclude),and telbivudine(Tyzeka).Despite these advances,approved treatments for hepatitis B do not eradicate hepatitis B virus.Thus,clinical bene?t is depen-dent on the ability to maintain sustained suppression of HBV replication.However,long-term treatment with nu-cleos(t)ide analogues is associated with increasing rates of drug resistance,and the safety and ef?cacy of these therapies beyond1–5years have not been established. This review aims to help the reader navigate the maze of hepatitis B treatments.New therapies and molecular mechanisms of antiviral resistance are discussed in an accompanying article by Ghany and Liang.2

Ef?cacy of Approved Therapies

The short-term goals of hepatitis B treatment are to achieve suppression of HBV replication and to induce remission of liver disease.Table1summarizes the rates of response to the6approved therapies in hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive and HBeAg-negative pa-tients.3–15Nucleos(t)ide analogues are more effective in decreasing serum HBV DNA levels,but they are less likely to lead to loss of HBeAg or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).A higher rate of HBeAg and HBsAg loss asso-ciated with IFN therapy,despite its less potent antiviral activity,is related to its ability to down-regulate viral protein expression and to achieve immune clearance of infected hepatocytes.Response after IFN therapy is also more durable than response after nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy.Among the nucleos(t)ide analogues,entecavir and telbivudine are more potent,followed by lamivudine and then adefovir.

For HBeAg-positive patients,a1-year course of pegIFN is associated with HBeAg seroconversion in approxi-mately30%of patients compared with12%–22%after a 1-year course of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy.5,7–10,13–15

Furthermore,6months after discontinuation of treat-

ment,HBeAg seroconversion rate increases slightly in

patients who received pegIFN,whereas20%–50%of pa-

tients who received nucleos(t)ide analogues revert back to

HBeAg positivity.5,7,16–18The difference in HBeAg sero-

conversion rate between IFN and nucleos(t)ide analogue

therapy is eliminated during subsequent years because

nucleos(t)ide analogues are usually administered beyond

1year.Thus,HBeAg seroconversion rates increase to40%

and48%after5years of lamivudine and adefovir,respec-

tively,and to39%after3years of entecavir.19–22However,?50%of patients who meet stringent criteria for inclu-sion in clinical trials achieve HBeAg seroconversion after

5years of continued therapy.

For HBeAg-negative patients,virologic response rates

during treatment are high,but posttreatment relapse

occurs in?90%of patients who discontinue nucleos-

(t)ide analogue therapy and in approximately80%of

patients who discontinue IFN after1year of therapy.23,24

Continued treatment with lamivudine results in a pro-

gressively lower percentage of patients with maintained

virologic response because of drug resistance,and con-

tinuation of adefovir leads to a slight increase in the

percentage of patients with maintained virologic re-

sponse up to year4.25,26

Ef?cacy of Combination Therapies

Combination therapy has been advocated to im-

prove antiviral activity and/or prevent drug resistance.

Three studies evaluated the combination of nucleos(t)ide

analogues.One study compared combination of lamivu-

dine and adefovir to lamivudine alone in115HBeAg-

positive patients.27Responses at weeks52and104were

not different between https://www.360docs.net/doc/1312782973.html,mivudine-resistant

mutations were detected in15%and43%of patients after

2years of combination therapy and lamivudine mono-

therapy,respectively.28Another study showed that com-

bination of lamivudine and telbivudine was worse than

telbivudine alone.29A third study reported that combi-

Abbreviations used in this paper:HBeAg,hepatitis B e antigen; HBsAg,hepatitis B surface antigen;IFN-?-2b,standard interferon ?-2b;pegIFN-?-2a,pegylated interferon?-2a.

?2007by the AGA Institute

0016-5085/07/$32.00

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.040

GASTROENTEROLOGY2007;132:1586–1594

nation of emtricitabine and adefovir was superior to adefovir alone,but the results likely re?ect more potent antiviral activity of emtricitabine vs adefovir.30

The lack of additive or synergistic antiviral activity in these studies may be related to the common target(HBV polymerase)of the drugs used in combination.Studies comparing combination of pegIFN and lamivudine to pegIFN monotherapy and lamivudine monotherapy showed that combination therapy resulted in more marked on-treatment viral suppression,but responses assessed6months after discontinuation of treatment were similar to treatment with pegIFN alone and supe-rior to that of lamivudine alone.5–7Lamivudine resistance was less frequent but not completely prevented in the combination therapy group.

Ef?cacy of Investigational Therapies in

Phase III Clinical Trials

Among the investigational therapies,tenofovir disoproxil fumarate,a nucleotide analogue that is struc-turally similar to adefovir,holds the most promise.In vitro studies showed that tenofovir and adefovir are equi-potent and have activity against wild-type as well as lamivudine-resistant HBV and entecavir-resistant HBV.31 The approved dose of tenofovir is30-fold higher than adefovir,accounting for its greater antiviral activity in vivo.32,33Tenofovir,alone and in combination with emtricitabine as a single pill,has been approved for the treatment of human immunode?ciency virus(HIV)in-fection.

Emtricitabine(FTC)is structurally similar to lamivu-dine(3TC)and is approved for the treatment of HIV infection.Clinical trials in patients with hepatitis B showed that FTC and3TC have similar ef?cacy and resistance rates and select for the same resistant muta-tions.34Clevudine is unique because viral suppression persists for up to24weeks even after very short courses of treatment.35However,phase II clinical trials found that HBeAg seroconversion rate in clevudine-treated pa-tients was not different compared with those who re-ceived placebo,36and in vitro studies suggest that clevu-dine is not effective against lamivudine-resistant HBV.

Safety of Approved Therapies

IFN therapy is associated with many adverse ef-fects,notably fatigue,bone marrow suppression,mood changes,and unmasking or exacerbation of autoimmune illnesses.The most dreaded adverse event is a severe hepatitis?are that is believed to be immune mediated and can lead to hepatic failure,particularly in older patients and those with cirrhosis or advanced hepatic ?brosis.37,38

Nucleos(t)ide analogue therapies for hepatitis B have been very well tolerated even in patients with decompen-sated cirrhosis.39Adefovir and tenofovir have been asso-ciated with renal dysfunction.Nephrotoxicity de?ned as an increase in serum creatinine by?0.5mg/dL on2 consecutive occasions has been reported in3%of patients with compensated liver disease after4–5years of adefovir therapy.40

Antiviral Resistance

A major concern with long-term nucleos(t)ide an-alogue treatment is the selection of antiviral-resistant mutations.The rate at which resistant mutants are se-lected is related to pretreatment serum HBV DNA level, rapidity of viral suppression,prior exposure to other HBV treatments(and presence of cross-resistant muta-tions),medication compliance,and potency of the drug

Table1.Responses to Approved Antiviral Therapies Among Nucleoside-Naive Patients

Lamivudine

100mg qd

48–52Wk Placebo

Adefovir

10mg qd

48Wk Placebo

Entecavir

0.5mg qd

48Wk

Telbivudine

600mg qd

52Wk

Peg-IFN-?

180?g qw

48Wk

HBeAg-positive patients

Loss of serum HBV DNA a40%–44%16%21%067%60%25% Loss of HBeAg17%–32%6%–11%24%11%22%26%30% HBeAg seroconversion16%–21%4%–6%12%6%21%22%27% Loss of HBsAg?1%0002%03% Normalization of ALT41%–75%7%–24%48%16%68%77%39% Histologic improvement b49%–56%23%–25%53%25%72%65%38% Durability of response a50%–80%–?90%–69%?80%na HBeAg-negative patients

Loss of serum HBV DNA60%–73%na51%090%88%63% Normalization of ALT60%–79%na72%29%78%74%38% Histologic improvement60%–66%na64%33%70%67%48%b Durability of response?10%–?5%–na na?20% NOTE.Adapted from Lok AS and McMahon.53

qd,4times daily;qw,4times weekly;na,not available.

a Lamivudine and entecavir:no or short duration of consolidation treatment;adefovir and telbivudine:most patients had consolidation treatment.

b Posttreatment biopsies obtained on treatment for nucleos(t)ide analogues and24weeks after treatment for peg-IFN.

April2007HEPATITIS B TREATMENTS1587

and its genetic barrier to resistance.Table2summarizes the rates at which antiviral-resistant HBV mutants are detected in clinical trials.19,40–42It should be pointed out that the reported rates vary with the sensitivity of the methods used for detection of the mutants and the patient population studied.

Antiviral resistance is manifested as virologic break-through,increase in serum HBV DNA level by?1log (10-fold)above nadir during treatment,in a medication compliant patient.Serum HBV DNA levels tend to be low initially because most antiviral-resistant mutants have decreased replication?tness compared with wild-type HBV.However,compensatory mutations that can restore replication?tness frequently emerge during continued treatment,leading to a progressive increase in serum HBV DNA that may exceed pretreatment levels.Biochem-ical breakthrough,de?ned as elevation in alanine amino-transferase(ALT)during treatment in a patient who had achieved initial normalization,can occur simultaneously with or months to years after virologic breakthrough. Emergence of antiviral-resistant mutations can lead to hepatitis?ares and hepatic failure.19

A potential consequence of antiviral resistance is the selection of mutations that are cross-resistant to other drugs,limiting future treatment options.For example, patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV are more likely to acquire resistance to entecavir.43Once selected,antiviral-resistant mutations are archived and can reemerge within a few months of reexposure to the same drug.In addi-tion,sequential nucleos(t)ide monotherapy has been re-ported to result in the selection of multidrug-resistant mutants.44

Impact of Antiviral Therapy on Clinical

Outcome

Follow-up studies of patients who previously re-ceived IFN therapy showed that responders had better survival and survival free of hepatic failure,but a bene?t on overall survival was not demonstrated.45–48One study from Asia reported a reduction in HCC development among IFN-treated patients,but this effect was not con-?rmed by another Asian study.49,50

A landmark double-blind,randomized controlled trial demonstrated that lamivudine treatment signi?cantly de-creased disease progression in patients with cirrhosis or advanced?brosis and active HBV replication(HBeAg-positive and/or serum HBV DNA?700,000genome equivalents/mL).51Disease progression de?ned as in-crease in Child-Pugh score,liver failure,or HCC develop-ment occurred in7.8%of treated patients and in17.7%of controls(P?.001).Patients with maintained viral sup-pression derived the greatest bene?t.

Natural Course of Chronic

HBV Infection

An understanding of the natural history of chronic HBV infection is critical in deciding whom and when to treat.Figure1depicts the natural course of chronic HBV infection,52and it should be recognized that not all patients go through all4phases.

In patients with perinatally acquired HBV infection, the?rst phase(immune tolerance)is characterized by the presence of HBeAg,high levels of serum HBV DNA, normal serum ALT,and minimal or no in?ammation on liver biopsy.During this phase,which may last1–4de-cades,spontaneous and treatment-induced HBeAg sero-conversion is infrequent,and prognosis is generally fa-vorable.

The second phase(immune clearance or HBeAg-posi-tive chronic hepatitis)is characterized by the presence of HBeAg,high or?uctuating serum HBV DNA and ALT levels,and active in?ammation on liver biopsy.A hall-mark of this phase is?ares of ALT,which may

precede

Figure1.Natural course of chronic HBV infection showing4phases: immune tolerance,immune clearance(HBeAg-positive chronic hepati-tis),inactive carrier state,and reactivation(HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis).Not all patients go through all4phases.Immune tolerance phase may be short-lived or nonexistent in patients with adult acquired HBV infection.Immune clearance phase may be brief or protracted;in the latter case,serious liver damage with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma may occur even while the patient is still HBeAg positive.Prognosis of inactive carriers is favorable if liver dam-age accrued during the immune clearance phase is mild and if the patient remains in this phase.Not all patients progress to HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis.Patients in this last phase tend to be older and have more advanced liver disease.Adapted from Yim and Lok.52

Table2.Rates of Antiviral-Resistant HBV Mutations

Reported in Clinical Trials

Antiviral therapy Rates of genotypic resistance

Nucleoside-na?ve patients

Lamivudine15%–30%after1yr,?70%after5yr

Adefovir0%after1yr,?30%after5yr

Entecavir0%after1yr,?1%after2and3yr

Telbivudine5%–11%after1yr

Lamivudine-resistant patients

Adefovir?20%after2yr

Entecavir1%,9%,?17%after1,2,and3yr,

respectively

1588ANNA SUK-FONG LOK GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.132,No.4

HBeAg seroconversion,but many?ares only result in transient decrease in serum HBV DNA levels without loss of HBeAg,and some?ares may lead to hepatic decom-pensation.

The third phase(inactive carrier state)is characterized by the absence of HBeAg,persistently normal ALT,and low or undetectable serum HBV DNA(?103IU/mL). Liver biopsy usually shows mild hepatitis and minimal ?brosis,but inactive cirrhosis may be observed if there had been severe liver injury prior to HBeAg seroconver-sion.The inactive carrier state may persist inde?nitely,in which case the prognosis is generally favorable,particu-larly if this state is reached early,but some inactive carriers have reactivation of HBV replication,either spon-taneously or as a result of immunosuppression.

The fourth phase(reactivation of HBV replication or HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis)is characterized by ab-sence of HBeAg,high HBV DNA(?103IU/mL),elevated ALT,and continued necroin?ammation.The hallmark of this phase is its?uctuating course,but sustained remis-sion is rare.Most patients are found to have mutations in the basal core promoter or precore region of the HBV genome that down-regulate or abolish HBeAg produc-tion.

Treatment Algorithm

Multiple therapies that suppress,but not eradicate HBV,are expensive and have limited long-term safety and ef?cacy data are available.These pose a major challenge to the treatment of hepatitis B.Because most patients will require long-term treatment(years,decades,and possibly lifelong)and sequelae of chronic HBV infection may not occur until years or decades later if at all,the long-term bene?ts must be balanced against the long-term risks. Treatment is indicated if the risk of liver-related morbidity or mortality in the next10years is high.53Treatment can be deferred if the risk of liver-related morbidity or mortality in the next20years and the likelihood of achieving a sustained response after a de?ned course of treatment are low.53Many hepatitis B patients will fall between these2extremes,and the decision on treatment will need to be individualized based on the patient’s age,family history of HBV-related liver disease,and patient preference.In view of the?uctu-ating course of chronic HBV infection,the risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality and the likelihood of re-sponse may vary as the patient progresses through the course of chronic HBV infection.Moreover,new treatment options and additional data on approved therapies may change the landscape of hepatitis B treatment.Thus,all HBV carriers who are not deemed to be treatment candi-dates at presentation and those who elect to defer treatment should be monitored.

Whom to Treat?

Currently,the indications for hepatitis B treat-ment are primarily based on activity(ALT?2?upper limit of normal[ULN]or modest/severe necroin?amma-tion on liver biopsy)or stage of liver disease(cirrhosis or advanced?brosis).The rationale is that these patients are more likely to achieve HBeAg seroconversion or to de-velop progressive liver disease.Recently,these dogmas have been challenged.Several studies including a large community-based study in Taiwan found that high se-rum HBV DNA level was associated independently with an increased risk of cirrhosis and HCC.54,55These studies recommended that indication for treatment should be based on HBV DNA and not ALT.Several small studies also found that,among HBV carriers with normal ALT who underwent liver biopsies,as many as40%had mod-erate-severe in?ammation and up to20%had advanced ?brosis or cirrhosis.Furthermore,it has been suggested that the ULN for ALT should be decreased to30U/L for men and19U/L for women.56Finally,some experts questioned the predictive value of pretreatment ALT on response to newer treatments that are more potent. There is no doubt that a high HBV DNA level,partic-ularly if persistent,is a risk factor for adverse outcome. However,the prognostic value of1high serum HBV DNA level in an individual patient is uncertain.Further-more,risk factors in cohort studies are not necessarily accurate prognostic tools for individual patients.57Most of the subjects in the Taiwan study likely acquired HBV infection perinatally and had been infected for more than 4decades at enrollment.Data from this and similar studies may not be applicable to individuals with adult acquired HBV infection or persons with perinatally ac-quired HBV infection who are younger than40years of age.Many studies reporting abnormal liver histology or increased liver-related mortality among HBV carriers with normal ALT included a small number of patients who had normal ALT on a few occasions.Indeed,some of these studies found that severe in?ammation or ad-vanced?brosis was associated with older age and inter-mittently elevated ALT.Finally,post hoc analysis of the phase III clinical trial of entecavir—the most potent HBV treatment at this time—con?rmed that patients with pretreatment ALT?2?ULN were less likely to undergo HBeAg seroconversion or to have undetectable serum HBV DNA.58

Based on our current understanding of the natural history of chronic HBV infection52and the available treatment options,the indications for HBV treatment should be predicated on serial assessment of HBeAg, HBV DNA,and ALT with or without liver histology as well as the patient’s age.The question is not so much who should be treated but whether treatment should be initiated at presentation.Patients who do not have indi-cations for immediate treatment and those who elect to defer treatment should continue to be monitored be-cause treatment may be indicated at a later stage because of changes in HBV replication status and/or activity of liver disease or availability of new treatments.Table3

April2007HEPATITIS B TREATMENTS1589

summarizes suggested treatment recommendations for chronic hepatitis B.53A clear plan regarding what to do if the patient fails to achieve initial response,experiences serious adverse events,becomes pregnant,or develops drug resistance should be in place prior to initiating treatment.

What Should Be the Primary

Treatment?

In deciding which antiviral agent should be the ?rst-line treatment,the long-term safety(adverse effects and drug resistance)should be balanced against the long-term ef?cacy(likelihood of sustained virologic response after a de?ned course of therapy or of maintained viro-logic response during continued treatment)and costs of the treatment(medications,monitoring tests,and clinic visits),as well as patient preference.The advantages and disadvantages of the approved treatments are summa-rized in Table4.

IFN is particularly attractive for young patients who have no cirrhosis and no contraindications to the use of IFN and do not wish to be committed to many years of treatment.Among HBeAg-positive patients,those with more markedly elevated ALT(?5?ULN)and those with HBV genotype A and to a lesser extent genotype B are more likely to undergo IFN-related HBeAg seroconver-sion,5,59,60but it should be pointed out that high ALT is also a predictor of spontaneous or nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment-related HBeAg seroconversion.Testing for HBV genotype may be useful in patients who are con-templating IFN treatment,but there is no role for rou-tine genotyping of all HBV carriers.PegIFN has super-seded standard IFN because of its more convenient dosing schedule.

Table3.Recommendations for HBV Treatments

HBeAg HBV DNA(IU/mL)ALT Treatment strategy

Positive?20,000?2?ULN Low ef?cacy with current treatment

Observe;consider treatment when ALT becomes elevated

Consider biopsy in persons?40yr of age,ALT persistently high

normal(or?1?ULN),or with family history of HCC

Consider treatment if HBV DNA?20,000IU/mL and biopsy shows

moderate/severe in?ammation or signi?cant?brosis

Positive?20,000?2?ULN Observe for3?6months and treat if no spontaneous HBeAg loss

Consider liver biopsy prior to treatment if compensated

Immediate treatment if icteric or clinical decompensation IFN-?/peg-

IFN-?,LAM,ADV,ETV,or LdT may be used as initial therapy

LAM and LdT not preferred because of high rate of drug resistance

End point of treatment:seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe

Duration of therapy:

IFN-?:16weeks

Peg-IFN-?:48weeks

LAM/ADV/ETV/LdT:minimum1year,continue for at least6

months after HBeAg seroconversion

Negative?20,000?2?ULN IFN-?/peg-IFN-?,LAM,ADV,ETV,or LdT may be used as initial

https://www.360docs.net/doc/1312782973.html,M and LdT not preferred because of high rate of drug

resistance

End point of treatment:not de?ned

Duration of therapy:

IFN-?/peg-IFN-?:1year

LAM/ADV/ETV/LdT:?1year

IFN-?nonresponders/contraindications to IFN-??ADV/ETV Negative?20001to?2?ULN Consider liver biopsy and treat if liver biopsy shows moderate/severe

necroin?ammation or signi?cant?brosis

Negative?2000?ULN Observe,treat if HBV DNA or ALT becomes higher

Positive/negative Detectable Cirrhosis Compensated:

HBV DNA?2000IU/mL:https://www.360docs.net/doc/1312782973.html,M/ADV/ETV/LdT may be used as

initial https://www.360docs.net/doc/1312782973.html,M and LdT not preferred due to high rate of

drug resistance

HBV DNA?2000IU/mL:consider treatment if ALT elevated

Decompensated:coordinate treatment with transplant center,LAM

(or LdT)?ADV or ETV preferred.Refer for liver transplant Positive/negative Undetectable Cirrhosis Compensated:observe

Decompensated:refer for liver transplant

NOTE.Reprinted with permission of Wiley-Liss,Inc.,a subsidiary of John Wiley&Sons,Inc.from Yim and Lok.52Copyright2006American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

ALT,alanine aminotransferase;ULN,upper limit of normal;IFN-?,interferon?;peg-IFN-?,pegylated IFN?;LAM,lamivudine;ADV,adefovir; ETV,entecavir;LdT,Telbivudine.

1590ANNA SUK-FONG LOK GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.132,No.4

Among the nucleos(t)ide analogues,lamivudine and telbivudine are associated with very high rates of drug resistance,and resistant mutants to these drugs are cross-resistant to other L-nucleosides and predisposes to resis-tance to entecavir.Thus,these2compounds should not be used as monotherapy,except when only a short course of therapy is planned.Adefovir at the approved dose of 10mg has weak antiviral activity and should not be used in patients in whom rapid viral suppression is needed, such as patients with severe hepatitis?are or decompen-sated cirrhosis,and in those with very high pretreatment serum HBV DNA levels.Entecavir is the most potent approved oral therapy for hepatitis B and has a very low rate of drug resistance in nucleos(t)ide-na?ve patients,but its long-term safety and resistance pro?le have not been established.Tenofovir is the most promising among the investigational therapies.In theory,combination therapy should be more ef?cacious and may prevent antiviral resistance,but the optimal combination therapy and the cost-effectiveness of de novo combination therapy vs po-tent monotherapies with high genetic barriers to resis-tance have not been established.

Management of Antiviral-Resistant HBV

Hepatitis B patients receiving antiviral treatment should be monitored regularly for initial response,ad-verse events,and breakthroughs.Patients with virologic breakthrough should be checked for medication compli-ance.When possible,testing for resistance mutation should be performed.This is particularly important in patients who have been exposed to more than one nu-cleos(t)ide analogue therapy.Management of patients with antiviral-resistant HBV depends on prior treatment received,pattern of mutations found,and knowledge of any cross-resistance with other antiviral agents.Recent studies demonstrated that rescue therapy is more effec-tive if initiated early at the time of virologic break-through,and,in most instances,rescue therapy should be added to the original therapy.61,62The management of antiviral-resistant HBV is summarized in Table5.

When to Stop Treatment

When to stop treatment is the most dif?cult ques-tion in hepatitis B treatment.IFN is administered for a ?nite duration,and response is assessed typically at the end of treatment and again6months after stopping treatment.If response is not achieved,patients may be considered for nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy if indi-cated.Nucleos(t)ide analogues are administered until a therapeutic end point is achieved.For HBeAg-positive patients,relapse is universal if treatment is discontinued prior to HBeAg loss,even if serum HBV DNA has been undetectable for years.Response is durable in70%–90% of patients if treatment is continued for at least6months after con?rmed HBeAg seroconversion(2consecutive tests at least1month apart).16,22,63For HBeAg-negative patients,virologic relapse(redetection of serum HBV DNA by polymerase chain reaction assay)is frequent, even if treatment is discontinued after serum HBV DNA has remained undetectable for1–4years.64Treatment may be discontinued in patients who clear HBsAg,but only5%of patients will achieve this end point after5 years of treatment.Pilot studies showed that clinical relapse(serum HBV DNA?4-to5-log10copies/mL and ALT elevation)is less common when treatment is discon-tinued after2–5years of therapy,but these data need to be con?rmed.For patients with compensated cirrhosis,it is not clear whether treatment must be continued for life or whether treatment can be withdrawn after achieving therapeutic end points such as HBeAg seroconversion, HBsAg loss,or histologic con?rmation of reversal of

https://www.360docs.net/doc/1312782973.html,parison of Approved Treatments of Chronic Hepatitis B

Peg-IFN-?Lamivudine Adefovir Entecavir Telbivudine Duration of treatment

HBeAg?chronic hepatitis1Yr?6Mo after con?rmed HBeAg seroconversion

HBeAg?chronic hepatitis1Yr Until HBsAg loss

Route Subcutaneous Oral Oral Oral Oral Adverse effects Many Negligible Nephrotoxicity Negligible Negligible Resistant mutations None Very high Moderate Low High Annual cost($)18,0002500650090006000

Table5.Treatment of Patients With Antiviral-Resistant HBV

Drugs Treatment

Lamivudine or Telbivudine resistance Add adefovir(or tenofovir)

(Stop lamivudine,switch to Truvada a)

Stop lamivudine,switch to entecavir (preexisting lamivudine-resistant mutation predisposes to entecavir resistance)

Adefovir-resistance Add lamivudine

(Stop adefovir,switch to Truvada a)

Switch to or add entecavir

Entecavir-resistance Switch to or add adefovir(or

tenofovir)

NOTE.Emtricitabine,tenofovir,and Truvada are approved for HIV but

not approved for HBV treatment.

a Truvada,combination pill with emtricitabine and tenofovir.

April2007HEPATITIS B TREATMENTS1591

cirrhosis.For patients who had decompensation and for liver transplant recipients,lifelong treatment is recom-mended.For patients who have primary nonresponse, less than2-log decrease in HBV DNA and to a level ?4-log10IU/mL after6months of therapy,a phenome-

non that occurs in up to50%of patients receiving adefo-vir61and in5%–30%of patients receiving lamivudine, entecavir,or telbivudine,alternative or additional treat-ment should be considered to prevent drug resistance.

Summary and Future Directions

Substantial advances have been made in the treat-ment of hepatitis B in the past decade.The availability of multiple treatment options that are more potent,better tolerated,and more conveniently administered has en-abled more patients with hepatitis B to bene?t from treatment.Nevertheless,current treatments do not erad-icate HBV,and long-term safety data are lacking.Given the need for long durations,and in many instances life-long treatment with its associated risks of drug resis-tance,adverse events,and costs,physicians should know how to navigate the maze of HBV treatments before recommending their patients to enter.

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Address requests for reprints to:Anna Lok,MD,Division of Gastro-enterology,University of Michigan Medical Center,3912,Taubman Center,Ann Arbor,Michigan48109-0362.e-mail:aslok@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1312782973.html,; fax:(734)936-7392

Supported in part by NIH contract N01DK-9-2323and grants U01 DK57577and U01DK62498.

Financial disclosure:A.S.L.serves on the advisory board and re-ceives research support from GlaxoSmithKline,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead,Idenix,Roche,Pharmasset,and Innogenetics.

1594ANNA SUK-FONG LOK GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.132,No.4

天网覆盖工程视频监控网建设参照法律法规、标准规范

附件一: 天网覆盖工程视频监控网建设参照 法律法规、标准规范列表 一、相关法律、法规、规章 1、技术防范:(计3项): 《安全技术防范产品管理办法》(公安部第12号令) 《河北省公共安全技术防范管理规定》(河北省人民政府第2号令) 2、平安城市相关文件:(截止到2006年底,计10项) 中发[2003]13号文:《中共中央关于进一步加强和改进公安工作的决定》 中办发[2005]25号文:《中央政法委员会、中央社会治安综合治理委员会关于 深入开展平安建设的意见》 国务院2006年1月8日文:《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》 公安部《2003-2008年科技强警规划》 公科[2005]40号文:关于印发《城市报警与监控系统建设 “3111”试点工程实 施方案》的通知 公科[2006]6号文:《关于印发城市报警与监控系统建设指导性技术文件的通知》公科[2006]10号文:《关于深入推动 “3111”试点工程建设工作的通知》 公安部科技局文件:《城市报警与监控系统建设方案设计要素》---- 二〇〇六 年二月 公安部科技局文件:《城市报警与监控系统建设指导性技术文件》---- 二〇〇 六年二月 3、企事业单位(1项) 《企业事业单位内部治安保卫条例》(国务院令第421号) 4、居民社区:1项 《城市居民住宅安全防范设施建设管理规定》(公安部令第49号) 5、娱乐场所:1项 《娱乐场所管理条例》(国务院令第458号)

共计:16项 二、相关标准、规范: 1、技术防范标准:(21项) GB 50348-2004 安全防范工程技术规范 GB 50198-1994 民用闭路监控电视系统工程技术规范 GB/T 21741-2008 住宅小区安全防范系统通用技术要求 GA/T 367-2001 视频安防监控系统技术要求 GA/T 368-2001 入侵报警系统技术要求 GA/T 379-2002 报警传输系统串行数据接口的信息格式和协议 GA/T 394-2002 出入口控制系统技术要求 GA2-1999 车辆防盗报警系统(小客车) GA26-1992 军工产品储存库风险等级和安全防护级别的规定 GA27-2002 文物系统博物馆风险等级和安全防护级别的规定 GA28-1992 文物系统博物馆风险等级和安全防护级别的规定 GA38-2004 银行营业场所风险等级和防护级别的规定 GA/T70-2004 安全防范工程费用预算编制办法 GA/T74-2000 安全防范系统通用图形符号 GA/T75-1994 安全防范工程程序与要求 GA/T249-2000 安全技术防范产品分类与代码 GA308-2001 安全防范系统验收规则 GA/T440-2003 车辆反劫防盗联网报警系统中车载防盗报警设备与车载无线通信终接设备之间的接口 GA/T405-2002 安全技术防范产品分类与代码 GA/T600-2006 报警传输系统的要求 GA586-2005 广播电影电视系统重点单位重要部位的风险等级和安全防护级别2、城市监控报警联网系统标准:(11项) GA/T 669.1-2008《城市监控报警联网系统技术标准第1部分:通用技术要求;》GA/T 669.2-2008《城市监控报警联网系统技术标准第2部分:安全技术要求;》

天网工程视频监控系统施工工艺

一、 二、 三、天网工程视频监控系统施工工艺: 天网工程视频监控系统的施工步骤主要包括基础开挖、安装地笼地线及浇灌、立杆、布线、接头连接、设备安装和调试,现就以上分项工作施工工艺说明如下: 一、基础开挖施工工艺 1、确定基础开挖的具体位置。 开挖时注意避让其它地下设施,选择合适的方位;注意弃土的堆放,及时清运; 2、确定基础坑的尺寸大小。 六棱杆基础坑的形状为长方体结构,其尺寸大小为1M*1M*1.5M,即基础坑深1.5米,上口为边长1M的正方形;四棱杆基础坑的形状为正方体结构,其尺寸大小为 0.8M*0.8M*0.8M。 二、地笼的安装。 六棱杆地笼的规格为法兰中心距400mm,M24,6孔*1.8m,边长800mm;四棱杆地笼的规格为法兰中心距400mm,M20,4孔*0.8m,边长600mm,如图所示(待画);地笼单个螺母的方向为立杆横臂的方向,安装地笼时要确保地笼安装的方向正确,从地笼法兰中心处沿布线方向预埋一根¢40PE管,预埋管口预先用塑料纸或其它材料封口,以防止混凝土浇捣时混凝土漏入预埋管中,造成预埋管堵塞;地笼上平面应低于地面10cm,以便于花砖或草坪的恢复;确保钢筋笼的基础顶板平面水平,即用水平尺在基础顶板垂直两个方向测量,观察其气泡必须居中;监控立杆预埋件基础混凝土采用C20水泥浇灌,浇灌时浇捣必须密实,禁止混凝土有空鼓。 三、地线的安装。 地线的安装应在地笼安装前进行;基础坑地线采用长1米,规格为50×50×5mm角

钢作为垂直接地极,砸入基础坑地下,角钢上面焊接镀锌扁钢,扁钢部分通过地笼法兰中心伸出20cm,用铜线导体与防雷模块连接;使用原水泥杆的杆子引线选用Φ12的镀锌圆钢,金属立杆或引线与接地系统良好连接,使雷电流更好的泄放入地;地线的测量可使用接地摇表测量接地电阻值,前端设备的接地电阻应不大于4欧姆。 四、立杆的安装。 立杆安装前务必确保基础混凝土凝固完好;备好地笼螺栓上的螺母、垫片,横臂与法兰连接使用的螺栓和螺母,设备箱和固定设备箱的螺栓、螺母,备好所使用的扳手等工具;六棱杆安装需租用吊车一部;立杆前首先把设备箱和横臂安装牢固;布放好摄像机至设备箱之间的连线,摄像机布放一根室内网线、一根RVV2*0.5电源线和一根4mm接地线,使用补光灯的需另布一根RVV2*1.0电源线;立杆时要使立杆中心线与水平面垂直,立杆的横臂所指的方向与原先设计的方向保持一致;吊装立杆要有专人负责实施,确保安全。 五、布线施工。 1.供电电缆应沿道路路边或建筑物边缘埋设,并宜沿直线敷设;转弯处和直线段每隔20m处应设电缆走向标志;电缆两头应做好标签,用透明胶带包扎。 2.电缆直埋时,其表面距地面的距离不宜小于0.5~0.7m;电线上下应铺以软土或砂土,其厚度不得小于100mm,并应盖砖保护。 3.电缆与铁路、厂区道路交叉处,应敷设在坚固的保护管内;管的两端宜伸出路基2m。4.低压电缆(不包括油浸电缆)需架空敷设时,应沿建筑物、构筑物架设,其架设高度不应低于2m;接头处应绝缘良好,并应采取防水措施。 5.电缆直埋时,电缆之间,电缆与其他管道、道路、建筑物等之间平行和交叉时的最小距离应符合表1的规定。严禁将电缆平行敷设于管道的上方或下方。

天网工程实施方案

天网工程实施方案 篇一:天网工程实施方案 为全面整合应用社会监控资源,进一步织密城市视频监控网络,提升城市治安防控能力和公共安全水平,经市政府同意,决定自20XX年至20XX年,在全市范围内实施“天网”工程,特制定本方案。 一、指导思想 以打造平安哈尔滨、服务新战略、保障人民群众根本利益为目的,按照“政府领导、公安主导、社会参与、统筹兼顾”的原则和“统一规划、统一标准,突出重点、分步实施”的思路,全力推进“天网”工程建设,切实发挥安全技术防范设施在预防、发现、制止、打击刑事犯罪和社会管理中的作用,为全市经济社会更好更快发展创良好的社会治安环境。 二、建设目标 通过建设全市视频综合应用系统、全市视频监控系统平台扩容、公共部位监控设施补点及高清视频监控系统、居民区智能电子抓拍系统和社会部位视频监控补点,将视频监控设施

覆盖全市每个重点角落;进一步完善“一个系统、三道防线、三张防控网”城市视频监控体系,实现全方位、全天候、立体化的视频监控覆盖。通过开展全市视频监控系统联网工程建设,有重点、分层次地整合社会监控资源,使视频监控点联成片、形成面、织成网,把“天眼”联结成“天网”,进而实现信息高度共享和视频监控资源的网络化管理与应用,有效提高政府应对突发事件和社会管理能力,进一步夯实城市社会治安防控基础体系。 三、建设任务 (一)全市视频综合应用系统建设。开展以视频研判应用、电子防控管理、系统运维管理等为主要内容的视频综合应用系统建设,搭建一个全方位、一体化的视频应用作业平台,为开展视频智能管控提供多维度的分析工具,充分发挥视频监控资源效能,全面实现视频监控系统的深度应用。此项工作于20XX年底全部完成。 (二)全市视频监控联网平台扩容建设。对现有全市综合视频监控系统平台进行联网扩容,即对已建成的“天眼”工程三级监控平台部署联网及高清系统扩容设备,使其具备20万个视频图像联网和3000个以上高清监控摄像机的接入能

天网监控工程项目实施技术解决方案

6项目实施方案 6.1 建设目标与规模 以创建“智慧某某”为目标,扩大前端监控点位建设,整合现有监控资源,通过运用高清监控技术、业务系统集成技术、物联网技术等先进安防技术,最大程度地实现现有平安城市视频监控系统的技术升级、应用升级。 ⑴增设高清监控点,使监控覆盖范围更广、监控效果更加理想,并按照点、线、面相结合的建设原则,使城市监控布局更加合理,防范更加严密; ⑵注重原有投资的有效性、新旧技术的兼容性,并适当淘汰使用年限过久、技术严重落后或者设备本身失去售后维护保障的资源,形成大集成、大联动系统建设所必要的参数要求和技术标准体系; ⑶建成“统一编解码标准、统一联网协议、统一控制协议、统一编号规则、统一图像标注、统一位置标识”的视频管理系统,实现视频图像信息的全网共用,一点布控全网响应、应用管理全网运行。 要求在2017年底前,通过建成全面覆盖某某县的公安视频监控系统,建设高清监控设备1536个,升级212个,有效提升某某县治安防控能力,增强打击犯罪的能力,提高城市数字化管理水。 6.2 标准规范建设 某某县智慧城市天网工程项目的建设是一个系统工程,标准规范的建设至关重要。它一般包含以下内容:政策标准、软件接口标准、基础数据元标准、数据交换格式标准、文档交换格式标准、信息分类编码标准、共享数据集标准、认证与授权和访问控制标准、安全技术标准、系统管理规范。

6.2.1 政策标准 依照已有的法律法规和指导性文件制定相关政策标准,本市建设的平安城市视频图像系统,应该严格按照发改委以及公安部等部门颁布的具体标准规范,以相应的政策标准作为行动纲领贯穿整个系统的规划与实施。 6.2.2 系统管理规范 管理是一个系统可靠运行的必要保障。系统的稳定运行,既取决于各技术环节的处理能力,同时系统的管理工作也是不可缺少的。在系统开发工作进行的同时,管理工作必须跟上。我们要以规范化的运作,严格的管理体系为管理原则,既要借鉴已有的系统管理经验,也要在别人成功的基础上制定与适合本系统的管理规范,并严格监督执行。 6.2.3 视频镜头布点工作规范 ⑴重点单位、重要场所、人员密集地点等的视频监控镜头一般设置于绿化带内,没有绿化带的可设置于人行道边或公路边。 ⑵主要路口(十字路口或丁字路口)的视频监控镜头宜设置于人行道边或公路边。 ⑶视频监控镜头安装位置上部应尽量避开各种线缆,以减少干扰和确保施工顺利。 ⑷视频监控镜头安装位置下部应尽量避开高压电缆、通讯光缆和其他管道。确实不能避开的,应在点位部署表中说明,建设时应特别注意。 ⑸视频监控镜头安装位置应适宜取电。

天网监控系统运行报告

2013年3月罗城县天网监控系统运行 报告 天网电子视频监控系统一期建设41个标清视频监控摄像头,正常维护的摄像头41个;二期建设90个高清视频监控摄像头,正常维护90个。综上所述,天网共建设监控点131个,正常维护监控点131个。 3月天网故障数为14个,处理好4个故障,目前运行正常的有121个监控点。 3月一期监控点运行情况如下表: 序号监控点名称 运行情 况 备注 1 十字路口前无法控制光端机问题,待备件返修后处理 2 德山路口正常 3 小食街正常 4 城关派出所正常 5 武装部前正常 6 城中商场球罩模糊球杆下面盖有夜宵篷无法清洗 7 大酒店前正常 8 城南柳城路口正常 9 二运正常 10 商贸广场正常 11 政府前故障设备箱装在农机局楼顶,长期被雨日晒已腐烂,尾纤被老鼠咬断,正在申请将支臂和设备箱移走 12 步行街中正常 13 党校长春路口正常 14 新大都KTV前正常 15 城东工业园区正常 16 医院路口正常 17 高中路口正常 18 朝阳天宝路口正常 19 市场口正常 20 市场中正常 21 公安局前正常 22 白马路中正常

23 工商路口正常 24 步行街西正常 25 步行街东正常 26 物资局门口正常 27 政务大厅正常 28 公园门口黑屏光端机坏,机房测看不到设备,备件在申请当中 29 桥头路口正常 30 铁路段路口正常 31 一小路口正常 32 西门桥头正常 33 电业路口正常 34 小花园三角地花圃正常 35 矿务局招待所路口正常 36 水库路口正常 37 汽车站正常 38 朝阳路西正常 39 广场路口黑屏防雷器故障,备件在申请当中 40 农行前正常 41 职高对面无法控制外端可以控制,机房端不可控制,3月二期监控点运行情况如下表: 1 市场老食品公司正常 2 高中对面正常 3 医院大门左侧正常 4 医院大门右侧对面正常 5 广场西面路口正常 6 饮食服务公司北面正常 7 小红帽对面(新华书店)正常 8 方圆宾馆右侧正常 9 武装部小食街对面正常 10 城关所-解放路口1 正常 11 城关所-解放路口2 正常 12 林业局(巷口对面)正常 13 计生服务站黑屏枪机故障配件在返修中 14 西门桥正常 15 矿务局路口正常 16 妇保站巷口正常 17 供电小区四巷正常 18 工矿公司与洗车路口正常 19 市场肉行正常 20 进城三角地(星艺广告)正常

天网监控系统运行报告

天网监控系统运行报告 --------------------------可以编辑的精品文档~你值得拥有~下载后想怎么改就怎么改 --------------------------- ========================================================== 2013年3月罗城县天网监控系统运行 报告 天网电子视频监控系统一期建设41个标清视频监控摄像头,正常维护的摄像头41个,二期建设90个高清视频监控摄像头,正常维护90个。综上所述,天网共建设监控点131个,正常维护监控点131个。 3月天网故障数为14个,处理好4个故障,目前运行正常的有121个监控点。 3月一期监控点运行情况如下表, 序运行情备注 监控点名称 号况 1 十字路口前无法控制光端机问题,待备件返修后处理 2 德山路口正常 3 小食街正常 4 城关派出所正常 5 武装部前正常 6 城中商场球罩模糊球杆下面盖有夜宵篷无法清洗 7 大酒店前正常 8 城南柳城路口正常

9 二运正常 10 商贸广场正常 设备箱装在农机局楼顶,长期被雨日11 政府前故障晒已腐烂,尾纤被老鼠咬断,正在申 请将支臂和设备箱移走 12 步行街中正常 --------------------------可以编辑的精品文档~你值得拥有~下载后想怎么改就怎么改--------------------------- ==================================================================== ====== --------------------------可以编辑的精品文档~你值得拥有~下载后想怎么改就怎么改 --------------------------- ========================================================== 13 党校长春路口正常 14 新大都KTV前正常 15 城东工业园区正常 16 医院路口正常 17 高中路口正常 18 朝阳天宝路口正常 19 市场口正常 20 市场中正常 21 公安局前正常22 白马路中正常 23 工商路口正常 24 步行街西正常 25 步行街东正常 26 物资局门口正常 27 政务大厅正常 光端机坏,机房测看不到设备,备件28 公园门口黑屏 在申请当中 29 桥头路口正常 30 铁路段路口正常 31 一小路口正常 32 西门桥头正常 33 电业路口正常 34 小花园三角地花圃正常 35 矿务局招待所路口正常 36 水库路口正常 37 汽车站正常 38 朝阳路西正常 39 广场路口黑屏防雷器故障,备件在申请当中 40 农行前正常 41 职高对面无法控制外端可以控制,机房端不可控制,

天网各部分功能简介

视频监控系统功能: 1、动态录像回放功能:对监视区域内的道路违法事件、突发事故、可疑事件,可疑人员或可疑车辆的活动和可疑物体的移动进行录像存储。可根据需求对存储的录像资料实时回放。 2球形激光摄像机:采用专业一体化智能激光夜视变速云台,左右旋转范围:360°连续旋。上下旋转范围 +90°~-90°。激光转照射距离:夜间 200米,昼间400米。手动调整,可实时监控路面细节动态信息。 3可视报警系统:市民如果遇到紧急情况,按下报警按钮,指挥监控中心软件平台系统便自动报警,市民即可以与值班民警取得联系。值班民警通过摄像头直接看到报警者,与报警者通话。通话录音录像存储于指挥指挥中心,存储60天。 4、中心电视墙系统:中心电视墙由12块46寸超窄边液晶拼接屏组成,拼接屏两侧共安装12台42寸液晶电视。任一路图像信号可以放大到整个屏幕墙或在液晶电视上显示。 高清卡口系统功能: 1、系统采用线圈触发为主,视频检测为辅助的触发技术,在连续15分钟检 测到没有车辆触发线圈,判断为线圈故障,则转换为视频触发;如果视 频触发后,又有线圈触发,则马上转换为线圈触发。 2、速度测量和超速抓拍 系统应能够进行速度检测,对超速车辆(限速值可以设定)进行抓拍、标记和报警提示,当机动车速度小于100km/h时,实测误差不超过-6km/h~0km/h;当机动车速度大于或等于100km/h时,实测误差不超过机动车速度的-6%~0%km/h,并应具有手动抓拍功能。 3、车辆号牌自动识别 4、断点续传功能 系统应支持多种方式的数据传输,实时自动上传图片、车辆通过信息(时间、地点、车牌号码等)、设备监测数据、流量统计数据等到中心管理系统,如因网络中断或其它故障,信息备份存储于前端设备中,待故障恢复后自动上传。 5、数据查询功能 系统应能对车辆通行信息、车辆违法信息、布控/撤控信息、系统运行日志信息、系统操作日志等信息按不同条件进行查询统计。包括通行车辆的实时监控、车辆精确查询、模糊查询、布控查询、报警查询、通行车辆流量统计等功能 6、系统可根据需要,按时段、车型、车道、方向进行查询,并进行车流量统计 7、可设置布控/撤控时间,布控时间内当通过车辆与用户事先录入的被盗抢车辆或交通肇事逃逸等黑名单车辆的牌照号码及车型等信息特征相符合时,系统立即进行现场声光报警并在监控中心报警,并将报警信息(卡口名称、布控车辆信息、前进方向、通过时间、通过车速等)通过短息发送到布控人员的手机上。

天网道路监控系统故障及维修方法

天网道路监控系统故障及维修方法 城市道路监控系统在治安防控中发挥着重要的作用,进一步优化监控系统、拓展它的各项功能,不仅可以降低其建设和维护成本,而且可以为交通、治安等各类案件的侦破提供技术支持,大大提高公安机关执法办案的水平和效率。 城市道路是城市的基本骨架,从某种意义上讲,城市道路监控网络就是城市治安监控系统的骨架。作为道路交通管理的主力军,交警承担了城市道路交通监控、机动车交通违法监测抓拍、智能卡口等系统建设,这三个系统的监控范围都是机动车道,监控对象都是机动车辆,是城市道路监控网络系统的重要组成部分,对构建城市治安防控网络系统都有着十分重要的作用。 为改善交通拥挤局面,各城市正在逐步推广实施各重要交通道口区域实时交通状况图像监控系统计划,即在城市各重要交通道口安装一套智能型道路监控系统,通过图像传输通道将路面交通情况实时上传到道路监控指挥中心,中心值班人员可以据此及时了解各区域路面状况,以便调整各路口车辆流量,确保交通通畅。对监控路面车辆的违章情况,能及时发现并安排处理道路交通事等。无论是

闯红灯,还是逆向行驶,只要机动车在通过市区主要路口时违反《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》,都会被电子警察和摄像监控设备记录下来,违法车辆的信息在公安交通指挥控制中心被及时打印。利用高科技来管理交通,提高了工作效率,也方便了驾驶员。 道路交通电视监控以快球监控为主,监控点分布在车流、人流比较集中的城市道路交叉口、重点路段,这些监控点都是城市路网和街面的主要节点,要实现对整个城市或者某个区域的交通治安监控,首先就要控制住这些节点。不论是从交通管理需要出发还是从城市治安防控需要考虑,这些监控点的规划布局都必须力求科学合理。总的设想是:依托路网结构,逐步建成点、线、面三级监控。点控,就是要实现对所有道路交叉口和重点路段的逐点监控。线控,就是要在点控基础上逐步实现点与点之间的衔接,尽可能做到全程监控、无缝覆盖。面控,就是要在点控和线控基础上实现对某一区域的围控,从中心区域向外围依次形成一、二、三、四、五……多级监控环网。 在高速公路、城市快速路、过境公路、省际市际出入口、城区组团之间、城乡结合部位采用智能卡口监控系统,更有利于实现对所有过往机动车辆的全天候自动记录、智能识别和布控查缉,这是快球式监控所不能及的。综观国内道路交通管理实际,很多城市的公路卡口监控网络布点“漏洞百出”,系统设备老旧不堪,已经远远不能适应需要,急需进行改造和完善。我们认为,必须逐步建成城市交通治安防控的三级“电子围栏”。 一级围栏:与周边相邻省、市相连的高速公路、国道、省道、快速路的交界附近,监控的重点对象是进城车辆(同时监控出城车辆),应采用高清成像和号牌识别技术,并接入省、市两级监控大网联网布控。

天网工程维护方案

一、系统概况 天网视频监控报警系统维保,是天网系统发挥正常功能的前提保障。我公司依照国家《安全防范工程程序与要求》GA/T 75—1994、《建筑电气设计技术规程》JGJ/T 16—1992、《安全防范工程技术规范》GB50348-2004等文件规定的内容,结合用户的设备实际和管理要求,以使整个维保工作系统化、规范化、档案化,使整个系统正常运行,以达到用户实际使用要求。 1、监控系统 该系统由监控系统软件、监控主机、前端摄像机、摄像机控制器、防雷系统五部分组成,传输线路分为光纤线路传输、供电系统传输、控制线路传输。 维保设备概况:

二、维保服务情况 维保内容包含线路维护、设备维护、监控软件维护、系统主机设备及其附属设备维护。维保服务内容如下: 1、光纤线路、摄像机控制线路的检测、故障排除、隐患排查。 1、所有接口、线路接口的检测、摄像机的更换等。 2、监控系统前端摄像机的镜头清理、设备除尘、位置调整、设备维修 及更换、故障排除等。 3、系统主机设备检测、设备除尘、系统维护、设备维护、系统扩容、 故障排除等。 4、系统软件检测、软件升级、软件维护、数据备份、故障排除等。 设备保养内容: 1、摄像机保养:每天下午擦拭保养摄像头,擦拭数量按平均每两个月1 次对摄像机表面进行清洁、除垢,对遮挡“视线”的物体进行清除,特殊部分可以一月或更短时间清洁保养一次(按20%总数计算),时间为每季度第一个月15号内,雨天等顺延。 2、防雷设施保养:防雷设施乙方必须在每年4月的第一个星期(雷雨季 节到来前)进行检测保养; 3、系统保养:至少每年进行1次对系统进行全面的检测保养,时间为每 年4月的第一个星期。 4、网络应用终端:系统软件故障排除及恢复、病毒防范及消除、硬盘垃 圾清理、外设安装调试、系统安装调试与维护、应急、系统恢复及日常

治安视频监控天网工程设计方案

治安视频监控天网工程设计方案 第一章项目背景 建设“天网”工程是事关我省久安、社会和谐稳定的在需求。目前,我国社会大局继续保持稳定,但受国际金融危机的影响,一些企业生产经营比较困难,下岗职工、失业农民工有所增多,整个社会治安环境依旧复杂严峻,稍有不慎,较易引发不稳定因素。 建设“天网”工程是服务“保增长、保民生、保稳定,弘扬井冈山精神”大局的重要体现。通过“天网”工程建设,实现社会治安技术防措施智能化、视频监控网络化、城乡监控一体化,可为“三保一弘扬”营造良好的外部环境。一方面可以改善投资环境,促进经济发展。另一方面,可以让广大群众在工作生活中感受到和谐、平安、稳定,为我省经济平稳较快发展、迈出富民兴赣新步伐注入新的动力。 建设“天网”工程是充分利用现代科技手段加强社会治安管理,有效预防、快速应对突发事件的有效途径。全新的社会治安综合治理形势需要好的技术手段和应用加以保障。通过该工程的实施,将有助于对重点单位、治安卡口、交通要道、各大商场超市、宾馆、住宅小区,车站、医院、学校等重点区域预防各类突发事件,有效的降低发案率、提高案件侦破率,提高公众安全感指数,提升政府服务形象。 ××市“天网”工程建设项目是全省社会治安视频监控“天网”工程建设的重要组成部分。××市“天网”工程将按照“综治牵头组织、电信建设维护、公安管理使用、政府分级投资”的总体思路,遵循“统一标准、统设、统一管理、统一维护”的建设原则,并参照相关标准规,结合本地实际情况制定××市“天网”工程项目建设方案。

第二章地市“天网”工程技术方案 2.1 需求分析 新建或改建市、县(区)监控中心,实现对前端监控点的动态视频信息的实时控制、监看、历史图像回放等综合管理功能。 新建或改建前端监控点,按照前端摄像机分布的位置和所监控的对象,可将前端监控点分为以下七大类: 1、城市出入口、县(区)城区出入口监控点; 2、重点部位监控点; 3、单位监控点; 4、道路监控点; 5、特种行业监控点; 6、社区监控点; 7、城区、城郊和农村监控点。 建设“天网”工程专用视频监控网络,前端监控点信号通过模拟视频传输设备或数字编码设备,将信号汇接入监控中心。 各监控点信号接入各地市“天网”工程视频专用平台,做到统一监控、统一传输,彻底解决地域监控联网和资源共享问题。 2.2 指导思想 ?坚持向科技要警力的指导思想。 ?严格遵循《视频安防监控系统工程设计规》(GB 50395-2007)和公安部有关3111工程的指导性文件。 ?实用、稳定、维护简单。 ?充分利用现有设备减轻财政负担。

天网 工程系统实现功能要求

“天网工程”系统功能要求 针对我县实际情况,经过缜密地设计,确立以充分考虑系统的先进、实用、节省、科学、规范、易扩展为设计原则。以先进适用、功能完备、安全可靠、造价合理为建设目标,结合地区市政设施建设的基础条件,逐步建立起一套视频全覆盖地域、功能完备的视频监控应用及管理平台。 以下为系统实现功能要求: 系统应能实现不同设备及系统的互联、互通、互控,实现视音频及报警信息的采集、传输/转换、显示/存储、控制;进行身份认证和权限管理,保证信息的安全;应能与报警系统联动,并提供与其他业务系统的数据接口。主要包括: 一、系统的总体架构 1、级别划分 县公安局主控中心为一级监控平台,对城区主要出入口、主要街道路口、党政机关、要害部位、公共复杂场所、治安检查站及卡点进行监控,并与派出所、交警监控平台互连互通,实现资源共享;交警监控平台、派出所监控平台为二级监控平台,派出所监控平台对辖区重要部位、企事业单位进行监控;交警监控平台对国道、省道、县乡道进行监控;社区、村庄、村居、浮桥监控属于派出所下的三级单位,列为三级监控,对所属辖区内重要部位进行监控。 2、联网要求 要求县公安局主控中心能随时与市局、公安厅、公安部各级机关

进行联网;派出所二级监控平台硬盘录像机现均采用德加拉视频采集卡,要求使用视频服务器与一级监控平台通过公安网络建立二级联网,三级监控与二级监控平台间通过公网联网,并与县公安局主控中心通过公网建立三级联网。 注:派出所平台只做与县公安局一级平台的对接,其他设备安装不在此次工程范围内。 3、控制权限 各控制中心对本中心直接接入设备进行控制,主控中心对下级控制平台设备不进行控制。 4、访问权限 要求一级主控平台可随时对二、三级中心图像进行实时点播下载,二级、三级监控平台只对所属辖区监控进行点播浏览。 二、实时图像点播 应能按照指定设备、指定通道进行图像的实时点播,支持点播图像的显示、缩放、抓拍和录像,支持多用户对同一图像资源的同时点播,支持IP组播技术。 三、远程控制 应能通过手动或自动操作,对前端设备的各种动作进行摇控;应能设定控制优先级,对级别高的用户请求应有相应措施保证优先响应。 四、存储和备份 监控控制平台的数据库在记录图像信息的同时还应记录与图像

天网工程视频监控系统施工工艺

一、天网工程视频监控系统施工工艺: 天网工程视频监控系统的施工步骤主要包括基础开挖、安装地笼地线及浇灌、立杆、布线、接连接、设备安装和调试,现就以上分项工作施工工艺说明如下: 一、基础开挖施工工艺 、确定基础开挖的具体位置。 开挖时注意避让其它地下设施,选择合适的方位;注意弃土的堆放,及时清运; 、确定基础坑的尺寸大小。 六棱杆基础坑的形状为长方体结构,其尺寸大小为1M*1M*1.5M,即基础坑深1.5米,上口为长1M的正方形;四棱杆基础坑的形状为正方体结构,其尺寸大小为0.8M*0.8M*0.8M。二、地笼的安装。 六棱杆地笼的规格为法兰中心距400mm,M24,6孔*1.8m,边长800mm;四棱杆地笼的规格为兰中心距400mm,M20,4孔*0.8m,边长600mm,如图所示(待画);地笼单个螺母的方向为杆横臂的方向,安装地笼时要确保地笼安装的方向正确,从地笼法兰中心处沿布线方向预埋一¢40PE管,预埋管口预先用塑料纸或其它材料封口,以防止混凝土浇捣时混凝土漏入预埋管,造成预埋管堵塞;地笼上平面应低于地面10cm,以便于花砖或草坪的恢复;确保钢筋笼的础顶板平面水平,即用水平尺在基础顶板垂直两个方向测量,观察其气泡必须居中;监控立杆埋件基础混凝土采用C20水泥浇灌,浇灌时浇捣必须密实,禁止混凝土有空鼓。

三、地线的安装。 地线的安装应在地笼安装前进行;基础坑地线采用长1米,规格为50×50×5mm角钢作为垂直地极,砸入基础坑地下,角钢上面焊接镀锌扁钢,扁钢部分通过地笼法兰中心伸出20cm,用线导体与防雷模块连接;使用原水泥杆的杆子引线选用Φ12的镀锌圆钢,金属立杆或引线与接系统良好连接,使雷电流更好的泄放入地;地线的测量可使用接地摇表测量接地电阻值,前端备的接地电阻应不大于4欧姆。 四、立杆的安装。 立杆安装前务必确保基础混凝土凝固完好;备好地笼螺栓上的螺母、垫片,横臂与法兰连接使的螺栓和螺母,设备箱和固定设备箱的螺栓、螺母,备好所使用的扳手等工具;六棱杆安装需用吊车一部;立杆前首先把设备箱和横臂安装牢固;布放好摄像机至设备箱之间的连线,摄像布放一根室内网线、一根RVV2*0.5电源线和一根4mm接地线,使用补光灯的需另布一根V2*1.0电源线;立杆时要使立杆中心线与水平面垂直,立杆的横臂所指的方向与原先设计的方保持一致;吊装立杆要有专人负责实施,确保安全。 五、布线施工。 .供电电缆应沿道路路边或建筑物边缘埋设,并宜沿直线敷设;转弯处和直线段每隔20m处设电缆走向标志;电缆两头应做好标签,用透明胶带包扎。 .电缆直埋时,其表面距地面的距离不宜小于0.5~0.7m;电线上下应铺以软土或砂土,其厚不得小于100mm,并应盖砖保护。

天网工程建设项目设计

天网工程建设项目设计 第一章项目背景 建设“天网”工程是事关我省长治久安、社会和谐稳定的内在需求。目前,我国社会大局继续保持稳定,但受国际金融危机的影响,一些企业生产经营比较困难,下岗职工、失业农民工有所增多,整个社会治安环境依旧复杂严峻,稍有不慎,较易引发不稳定因素。 建设“天网”工程是服务“保增长、保民生、保稳定,弘扬井冈山精神”大局的重要体现。通过“天网”工程建设,实现社会治安技术防范措施智能化、视频监控网络化、城乡监控一体化,可为“三保一弘扬”营造良好的内外部环境。一方面可以改善投资环境,促进经济发展。另一方面,可以让广大群众在工作生活中感受到和谐、平安、稳定,为我省经济平稳较快发展、迈出富民兴赣新步伐注入新的动力。 建设“天网”工程是充分利用现代科技手段加强社会治安管理,有效预防、快速应对突发事件的有效途径。全新的社会治安综合治理形势需要好的技术手段和应用加以保障。通过该工程的实施,将有助于对重点单位、治安卡口、交通要道、各大商场超市、宾馆、住宅小区,车站、医院、学校等重点区域预防各类突发事件,有效的降低发案率、提高案件侦破率,提高公众安全感指数,提升政府服务形象。 XX市“天网”工程建设项目是全省社会治安视频监控“天网”工程建设的重要组成部分°XX 市“天网”工程将按照“综治牵头组织、电信建设维护、公安管理使用、政府分级投资”的总体思路,遵循“统一标准、统一建设、统一管理、统一维护” 的建设原则,并参照相关标准规范,结合本地实际情况制定XX市“天网”工程项目建设方案。

第二章地市“天网”工程技术方案 2.1需求分析 新建或改建市、县(区)监控中心,实现对前端监控点的动态视频信息的实时控制、监看、历史图像回放等综合管理功能。 新建或改建前端监控点,按照前端摄像机分布的位置和所监控的对象,可将前端监控点分为以下七大类: 1、城市出入口、县(区)城区出入口监控点; 2、重点部位监控点; 3、单位监控点; 4、道路监控点; 5、特种行业监控点; 6社区监控点; 7、城区、城郊和农村监控点。 建设“天网”工程专用视频监控网络,前端监控点信号通过模拟视频传输设备或数字编码设备,将信号汇接入监控中心。 各监控点信号接入各地市“天网”工程视频专用平台,做到统一监控、统一传 输,彻底解决地域监控联网和资源共享问题。 2.2指导思想 坚持向科技要警力的指导思想。 严格遵循《视频安防监控系统工程设计规范》(GB 50395-2007)和公安部有 关3111工程的指导性文件。 实用、稳定、维护简单。 充分利用现有设备减轻财政负担。

天网工程传输方案

篇一:天网工程实施方案 为全面整合应用社会监控资源,进一步织密城市视频监控网络,提升城市治安防控能力和公共安全水平,经市政府同意,决定自20XX年至20XX年,在全市范围内实施“天网”工程,特制定本方案。(] 一、指导思想 以打造平安哈尔滨、服务新战略、保障人民群众根本利益为目的,按照“政府领导、公安主导、社会参与、统筹兼顾”的原则和“统一规划、统一标准,突出重点、分步实施”的思路,全力推进“天网”工程建设,切实发挥安全技术防范设施在预防、发现、制止、打击刑事犯罪和社会管理中的作用,为全市经济社会更好更快发展创良好的社会治安环境。 二、建设目标 通过建设全市视频综合应用系统、全市视频监控系统平台扩容、公共部位监控设施补点及高清视频监控系统、居民区智能电子抓拍系统和社会部位视频监控补点,将视频监控设施覆盖全市每个重点角落;进一步完善“一个系统、三道防线、三张防控网”城市视频监控体系,实现全方位、全天候、立体化的视频监控覆盖。通过开展全市视频监控系统联网工程建设,有重点、分层次地整合社会监控资源,使视频监控点联成片、形成面、织成网,把“天眼”联结成“天网”,进而实现信息高度共享和视频监控资源的网络化管理与应用,有效提高政府应对突发事件和社会管理能力,进一步夯实城市社会治安防控基础体系。 三、建设任务

(一)全市视频综合应用系统建设。开展以视频研判应用、电子防控管理、系统运维管理等为主要内容的视频综合应用系统建设,搭建一个全方位、一体化的视频应用作业平台,为开展视频智能管控提供多维度的分析工具,充分发挥视频监控资源效能,全面实现视频监控系统的深度应用。此项工作于20XX年底全部完成。 (二)全市视频监控联网平台扩容建设。对现有全市综合视频监控系统平台进行联网扩容,即对已建成的“天眼”工程三级监控平台部署联网及高清系统扩容设备,使其具备20万个视频图像联网和3000个以上高清监控摄像机的接入能力。此项工作于20XX年底完成。 (三)公共部位监控设施补点及高清监控设施建设。重点解决各区、县(市)在街道、路口、繁华地段、广场等公共部位由于拆迁、道路改造、施工困难等原因尚未实现视频监控覆盖问题,在未覆盖部位安装1076个标清监控摄像机;以党政机关、重点单位、要害部位为重点,逐步开展前端高清监控设施建设;在各区、县(市)公共部位安装1593个高清监控摄像机。20XX年底,至少完成359个标清监控设施补点建设和531个高清监控设施建设,20XX年底完成全部建设。(四)居民区智能电子抓拍系统建设。继续加大全市居民区安全技术防范投入,在未封闭或半封闭式居民区和易发案居民区完成安装智能电子抓拍设施600套,在各区、县(市)公安局和派出所建设接入平台,并联网运行,实现对出入居民区车辆轨迹信息的实时掌握,进一步强化全市居民区的治安防控能力,构建“平安社区”。20XX年底,至少完成200套居民区智能电子抓拍系统建设,20XX年末完成全部建设。

XXXXXX天网数字百万高清监控系统方案

“天网”工程 解 决 方 案 项目名称: XXXXX“天网”工程 设计单位:XXXXXX电子设备有限公司日期: 20XX年XX月XX日

第一章百万高清监控系统行业引导高清数字监控系统是监控报警业界的新型产品,它将数字化视频图像记录与多画面图像显示功能和监视报警功能结合在一起,将逐步取代传统模拟式监控系统。 1)、数字高清已成视频监控必然趋势 由于压缩算法、光学、图像处理、网络等技术的革新,数字高清摄像机已经从概念成为现实。一年一度的安博会是安防行业的风向标,从2008年和2009年安博会不难看出,各路厂家商家谈论的焦点已经从D1画质转移到720P (1280X720,逐行扫描图像)、1080i(1920X1080,隔行扫描图像)高清影像。 此外,随着我国“平安城市”天网工程的建设力度逐渐加大,村镇技防建设已在国内部分省区悄然铺开,数字监控产品进入家庭等民用化市场的苗头已经呈现。2010年1月10日,沈阳市公安局召开新闻发布会,要求凡申请办理停车场的,必须安装高清晰电视监控设备,对原有停车场,各市镇等原有“天网”监控系统要求立即组织安装高清晰电视监控设备。 由此可见,无论是从技术条件,还是市场诉求,监控摄像机进入高清晰度数字时代的条件已经成熟,且来势汹汹。 2)、模拟摄像机面临被终结命运 模拟摄像机时代走向终结,实质上是技术革新、市场优胜劣汰的必然结果。 传统模拟摄像机原本分辨率就不高,加之要受到反复的A/D转换、电磁传输干扰、隔行扫描、D1画面的合成反交错等视频损伤的影响,所以无论是D1还是4CIF等只不过是理论数值,实际到达人眼时已经非常的模糊不清了。关于公交、机场等公共安全场所的监控形同虚设的报道不断见诸报端,媒体更是称此类摄像机为“睁眼瞎”。 从性能而言,数字百万高清摄像机可以说是全面超越了传统的模拟摄像机。模拟摄像机技术在发展中出现了各种瓶颈与限制,而数字百万高清产品的突出特点则克服了这些限制,在画质方面实现了飞跃。

天网监控合同书

天网监控合同书 订立合同双方: 甲方: 乙方: 依据《中华人民共和国合同法》之规定,为了明确双方的权利与义务关系,经友好协商,现就乙方承接甲方天网监控工程事宜达成如下条款,以便共同遵照执行。 第一条合同概要 双方同意由乙方承接甲方的天网监控工程,由乙方提供系统所需的相关设备及部件,并由乙方负责系统的安装、调试以及开通后系统运行的技术服务。 第二条设备要求及设备清单 乙方向甲方所提供的设备应当是全新的且是合同指定的产品。 设备清单(详见本合同的附件1)该设备清单由双方在签订本合同时一并予以确认。 第三条工程款及支付方式 本合同项下的工程款总额为¥元整,大写:人民币整。工程款支付方式为:

本合同签定后 2日内,甲方支付乙方总工程款的 20%作为预付款,即¥元整,大写:人民币整。 2、本合同附件一所载明的设备到位并经甲、乙双方验收确认后,甲方应支付乙方总工程款的60%,即¥元整,大写:人民币整。 3、乙方对工程安装调试完毕后,由甲、乙双方相关人员组建验收小组负责工程的验收,验收合格后,经双方签字确认,甲方应在 3日内支付乙方总工程款的17%,剩余工程款总额的3%做质保金,保修期一年届满后 5 日内支付给乙方。 上述工程款包括工程设备、部件及其运输、安装、调试和一年期的设备保修、维护费用,但不包括经甲方同意所增加的预算外工料费用。 经甲方同意所增加的预算外工料费用,双方应在工程完工后另行一次性结清。 第四条工程设备的验收 1、甲方付清预付款后,乙方应及时将工程设备及其部件运送到甲方指定的地方,甲方验收后应予确认并负责保管。 2、乙方依合同所订时间将工程设备及其部件运至指定地点时,甲方应即时接收并妥善保管全部货物。 第五条工程安装、调试

平安城市天网工程视频监控系统建设解决方案

平安城市天网工程视频监控系统建设解决方案(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)

?第一章:系统概述 ?建设背景 当前社会可以说是一个人、财、物大流动的动态社会,社会面的信息千变万换,这极大地增加了某某县公安机关对社会治安管理的难度,传统治安管理和社会防控的工作方法已经难以满足当前的工作要求。平安城市系统的建设已成为治安防范的重要手段和社会治安防控体系建设的重要组成部分,在预防、发现、控制和打击违法犯罪,提供破案线索,固定违法犯罪证据等方面发挥着人防、物防所不可替代的重要作用。建立一套覆盖全县的“打、防、管、控”一体化的治安防控体系,它对维护城市社会治安稳定、保障经济发展起着关键性作用。 在社会经济飞速发展的今天,城市居民的生活水平不断提高,机动车已经成为人们出行不可或缺的交通工具,某某县机动车的保有量飞速增长。如何对机动车进行行之有效的管理、如何处罚和减少交通违章行为、如何快速侦破交通事故逃逸和机动车盗抢案件,已经成为了政府、交管部门越来越重视的一个问题。提高对现有路网的科学有效管理,可以提高车辆通行率30%。而要提高科学管理能力,就必须实现交通的智能化管理,即建设智能交通系统,它对对智能交通的发展起着决定性的作用。 ?建设目标、规模、内容、周期 ?建设目标 某某县平安城市系统是提升社会公共安全保障和服务能力,落实某某县平安建设以及智能交通建设的重要项目。建成具有国内领先水平、符合我县实际的“一体化、全方位”的城市视频监控系统和城市道路交通管理系统,促进社会和谐发展。 以创建”平安某某”、构建“智慧某某”为目标,以建设城市视频监控资源为基础,密切联系公安实战的应用需求,通过运用高清监控技术、智能分析技术、业务系统集成技术、物联网技术等先进安防技术,最大程度地实现平安城市视频监控系统的实战意义。

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