催化类可发表的文章
催化类可发表的期刊目录向导
★★★
ratio(金币+0,VIP+0):好！整理完毕后一并奖励！4-1 21:02
催化大师(金币+3,VIP+0):呵呵，谢谢推荐，欢迎常来催化版讨论！4-2 09:24待继续补充后，按首字母排序
1. Applied Catalysis A: General
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/0926860X
2. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/09263373
3. Catalysis Letters
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/content/101742/
4. CATTECH
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/content/101765/
5. Chinese Journal of Catalysis
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/18722067
6. Focus on Catalysts
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/13514180
7. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/content/105739/
8. Catalysis Surveys from Asia
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/content/111625/
9. Topics in Catalysis
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/content/101754/
10. Advances in Catalysis
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/bookseries/03600564 11. Journal of Catalysis
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/00219517
12. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/13811169 13. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/13811177 14. Catalysis Communications
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/15667367 15. Catalysis Today
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/09205861 16. Catalysis Reviews Science and Engineering https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/content/1520-5703/
17. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/wps/find ... tion?navopenmenu=-2 18. The Open Catalysis Journal
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/open/tocatj/openaccess2.htm
19. ChemCatChem
http://www3.interscience.wiley.c ... ETRY=1&SRETRY=0 20. Kinetics and Catalysis
http://www.maik.rssi.ru/cgi-perl ... incat&page=main
21. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A:
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/journal/jpcafh/
22. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B:
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/journal/jpcbfk/
23. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C:
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/journal/jpccck/
24. Chemical Engineering Science
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/00092509 25. Chemical Engineering Research and Design https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/02638762 26. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process
Intensification
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/02552701 27. Chemical Engineering Journal
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/13858947 28. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/10049541 29. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering http://www.scielo.br/revistas/bjce/iaboutj.htm
30. Korean Journal OF Chemical Engineering http://www.kiche.or.kr/suite/review/
31. Applied Surface Science
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/01694332 32. Chemical Physics Letters
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/00092614 33. Fuel Processing Technology
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/03783820 34. Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/10039953 35. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/13871811 36. Solid State Sciences
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/12932558 37. Fuel
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/00162361 38. Fuel Processing Technology
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/03783820 39. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/18725813
40. The Journal of Chemical Physics
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/jcp/top.jsp
41. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/journal/iecred
42. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/1226086X
43. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/science/journal/09204105
44. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/journal/iechad
45. Journal of the American Chemical Society https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/journal/jacsat
46. Langmuir
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/journal/langd5
47. Chemistry Letters
[url][/url]
48. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute
[url][/url]
49. Chemical Communications
[url][/url]
50. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
[url][/url]
51. Green Chemistry
[url][/url]
52. Energy Environ. Sci.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1313942439.html,/Publishing/Journals/EE/Index.asp
53. Russian Chemical Bulletin
[url][/url]
54. Angewandte Chemie International Edition [url][/url]
55. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
[url][/url]
经济类文章英汉翻译
China's economy, one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and the biggest contributor to global growth, grew 9.9 percent year-on-year in the first three quarters of this year, according to official figures released on Monday, showing a trend of a slowdown amid the current global financial crisis. In the third quarter, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate slowed down to 9 percent, the lowest in five years, from 10.6 percent in the first quarter, 10.1 percent for the second quarter and 10.4 percent in the first half of 2008. China's economic growth has been on a steady decline since peaking in the second quarter of 2007. The slowing world economy pummeled by the global financial crisis and weaker demand for Chinese exports on international markets heavily weighted on the Chinese economy, according to Li Xiaochao, spokesperson for the National Bureau of Statistics. Another widely watched indicator, the consumer price index (CPI) -- an important measure of inflation -- rose 4.6 percent in September, over the same period last year. The figure, coupled with 7.1 percent in June, 6.3 percent in July, 4.9 percent in August and a nearly 12-year-high of 8.7 percent in February, shows the CPI in a downward spiral. Analysts mainly attribute the decline in the CPI to ample grain supply and lower-than-expected income growth of Chinese residents, as the housing and stock markets take heavy toll, which dented residents' desire to consume. Chinese stocks have shed nearly 70 percent of their value from the last year's peak at 6,124 points due to weak investor confidence. The stock market rose more than two percent on Monday amid expectation the government would unveil more measures to stimulate economy. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index gained 43.36 points to close at 1,974.01 points. Exports, one of the three major drivers of the Chinese economy along with investment and consumption, are taking hit from the global financial turmoil and economic slowdown. In the first three quarters exports grew 22.3 percent, 4.8 percent points lower than the same period last year. Fixed assets investment totaled 11.6246 trillion yuan ($1.66 trillion) in the first three
经济学人经济类文章精选3
What went wrong IN RECENT months many economists and policymakers, including such unlikely bedfellows as Paul Krugman, an economist and New York Times columnist, and Hank Paulson, a former American treasury secretary, have put “global imbalances”—the huge current-account surpluses run by countries like China, alongside America’s huge deficit—at the root of the financial crisis. But the IMF disagrees. It argues, in new papers released on Friday March 6th, that the “main culprit” was deficient regulation of t he financial system, together with a failure of market discipline. Olivier Blanchard, the IMF's chief economist, said this week that global imbalances contributed only “indirectly” to the crisis. This may sound like buck-passing by the world’s main interna tional macroeconomic organisation. But the distinction has important consequences for whether macroeconomic policy or more regulation of financial markets will provide the solutions to the mess. In broad strokes, the global imbalances view of the crisis argues that a glut of money from countries with high savings rates, such as China and the oil-producing states, came flooding into America. This kept interest rates low and fuelled the credit boom and the related boom in the prices of assets, such as houses and equity, whose collapse precipitated the financial crisis. A workable long-term fix for the problems of the world economy would, therefore, involve figuring out what to do about these imbalances. But the IMF argues that imbalances could not have caused the crisis without the creative ability of financial institutions to develop new structures and instruments to cater to investors’ demand for higher yields. These instruments turned out to be more risky than they appeared. Investors, overly optimistic about continued rises in asset prices, did not look closely into the nature of the assets that they bought, preferring to rely on the analysis of credit-rating agencies which were, in some cases, also selling advice on how to game the ratings system. This “failure of market discipline”, the fund argues, played a big role in the crisis. As big a problem, according to the IMF, was that financial regulation was flawed, ineffective and too limited in scope. What it calls the “shadow banking system”—the loosely regulated but highly interconnected network of investment banks, hedge funds, mortgage originators, and the like—was not subject to the sorts of prudential regulation (capital-adequacy norms, for example) that applied to banks. In part, the fund argues, this was because they were not thought to be systemically important, in the sense that banks were understood to be. But their being unregulated made it more attractive for banks (whose affiliates the non-banks often were) to evade capital requirements by pushing risk into these entities. In time, this network of institutions grew so large that they were indeed systemically important: in the now-familiar phrase, they were “too big” or “too interconnected” to fail. By late 2007, some estimates of the assets of the bank-like institutions in America outside the scope of existing prudential regulation, was around $10 trillion, as large as the assets of the regulated American banking system itself. Given this interpretation, it is not surprising that the IMF has thrown its weight strongly behind an enormous increase in the scale and scope of financial regulation in a series of papers leading up to the G20 meetings. Among many other proposals, it wants the shadow banking system to be subjected to the same sorts of prudential requirements that banks must follow. Sensibly, it is calling for regulation to concentrate on what an institution does, not what it is called (that is, the basis of regulation should be activities, not entities). It also wants regulators to focus more broadly on
经济类核心期刊
经济类核心期刊投稿指南和攻略，自己之前搜的一个好东西，感觉非常有用、非常好用，其中50%以上说的很对，供大家参考，免费给大家了，求大家的好评哦! 1. 《经济研究》论文质量不太差，对于没有名气的作者会找多个审稿人，如果陆续收到4-6个审稿意见，别担心，这说明编辑在担心。名作者稿件审过一次就可以发。还有些稿件是不匿名审稿的（特约，呵呵）。所以只能说是半匿名审稿。学生单独发表有可能，但很难，而且越来越难。说明编辑看名气和地位，对学生独发不放心。 2. 《经济学季刊》匿名审稿，注重论文质量。是否刊登主要看编辑。季刊编辑水平比经济研究高多了。一旦有刊号，一定会把经济研究甩到二区。学生独发常见。 3. 《世界经济》对普通学生很公平，不会以名气定夺，是匿名审稿。学生单独发表常见。 4. 《中国社会科学》经济类论文良莠不齐，水准方差大，有些太差。明显不是完全匿名审稿，人情避免不了。学生一般不建议投，除非牛老板推荐。 5. 《经济学报》匿名审稿，不求数量，只求质量。最近一段时间一直没有看到出版，说明稿件宁缺毋滥。宁缺毋滥的刊物，一定不是看名气和地位，所以学生占优势，毕竟知识结构比老一代新。 6. 《金融研究》金融类的，没有投过，看似质量可以。在该领域算是一流。 7. 《世界经济文汇》最近几年上升很快，注重研究方法的规范化。不规范的大话西游文章不要投。编辑都很年轻，思维活跃。学生单独发表常见。 8. 《经济科学》拒稿不给意见，没有职业素养，不向国际一流看起，反而向国内三流看起，但学生单独有发。 9. 《数量经济技术经济研究》不知道什么审稿标准，拒稿也不给意见。但学生单独有发。 10. 《南开经济研究》做的不错，时间太长，审稿严谨。但学生单独有发。 11. 《南方经济》具有真才实学的学生，发表首选，该杂志审稿严谨周到，仅以质量取胜，以后可能会进入一区，但是现在杂志名声不大，稿源不如一区。学生单独常发。 12. 《管理世界》靠国研中心成为著名期刊，但是办刊选稿的宗旨居然是三流层次。AER、JPE、ECONOMETRICA上的论文在管理世界不可能发，因为不符合它的三流标准。在封面上放企业家头像，短论卖钱，这品位好不到哪里去。学生独发不常见，但有，估计天时地利人和比较好。 13. 《中国工业经济》论文质量不咋地，但引用率挺高，可能和领域有关。创新论文不一定能发。公开标准是“顶天立地”，但首先得对编辑的口味，才能过第一关。不好意思直接说匿名审稿，只好说外审。有学生独发。 14. 《财经研究》以前默默无名，现在财大也崛起了，刊物水平也越来越高，有点像南方经济，看以后发展吧。学生有独发。 15. 《广西财经学院学报》双月，审稿20天不到，对硕士和专科学校的教师没有歧视，文章比较大气，我发了七个页码13000字，没要一分钱，编辑们也比较客气，适合硕士和讲师们发。 16. 《经济评论》武大经管院，双月。初审时间根据照稿件密集程度在1周到2周时间，外审规定2周。但根据外审专家配合程度在1周到4周时间；然后是返修、视情况再给外审专家评判，这个时间可能有弹性，还有可能有数个反复；录用后在下期或者下下期见刊，这个比较快。文章质量有较大提升。投稿前最好能按照规定的格式排好版，选题要有新意，格式要规范。质量见上条。 17. 《中国农村观察中国社科院，双月，初审大概3个月，通过初审后就是第一次修改，修改后如果通过审稿，发表的希望很大。一般编辑和你联系时会告诉你在哪一期刊登。文章
催化剂的失活与再生
催化剂的失活与再生 [摘要]:本文重点论述了近年来国外对催化剂失活的研究成果，并阐述了经使用失活及再生后的催化剂在物化性质、孔结构、活性及选择性方面均有不同程度的改变。 [关键词]：催化剂；失活；再生；加氢 催化剂在使用过程中催化剂活性会逐渐降低即催化剂失活,失活的速度与原料的性质、操作条件、产品的要求以及催化剂本身的特性均有密切的关系。 关于催化剂的失活,归纳起来失活的原因一般分为结焦失活(造成催化剂孔堵塞)、中毒失活(造成催化剂酸性中心中毒)和烧结失活(造成催化剂晶相的改变)等。工业加氢催化剂失活的主要原因是焦炭生成和金属堵塞,造成催化剂孔结构堵塞和覆盖活性中心。同时伴随着活性中心吸附原料中的毒物,活性金属组分迁移或聚集、相组成的变化、活性中心数减少、载体烧结、沸石结构塌陷与崩溃等。 不同用途的催化剂失活的主要原因有所不同,重油加氢处理催化剂失活,是因结焦、金属聚集、活性中心数减少;渣油加氢催化剂失活是因重金属硫化物沉积和结焦。而分子筛型加氢裂化催化剂失活,主要是因结焦,焦炭覆盖活性中心和堵塞孔道, S/N杂质和重金属有机物化学吸附,使酸性中心中毒或沸石结构破坏,金属迁移和聚集等[1]。
1 催化剂失活的原因 影响催化剂失活的原因很多。Camaxob等把它们基本归纳为两类: 一是化学变化引起的失活; 二是结构改变引起的失活。Hegedus等归纳为三类: 即化学失活、热失活和机械失活。Hughes则归纳为中毒、堵塞、烧结和热失活[2]。本文将它们划分为中毒、烧结和热失活、结焦和堵塞三大类来进行讨论。 1.1中毒引起的失活 1.1.1毒物分析 催化剂的活性由于某些有害杂质的影响而下降称为催化剂中毒, 这些物质称为毒物。在大部分情况下, 毒物来自进料中的杂质, 如润滑油中含有的杂质[3], 也有因反应产物(如平行反应或连串反应的毒产物)强烈吸附于活性位而导致的催化剂中毒[4,5]。 通常所说的毒物都是相对于特定的催化剂和特定的催化反应而言的, 表1列出了一些催化剂上进行反应的毒物[6]。 1.1.2中毒类型 既然中毒是由于毒物和催化剂活性组份之间发生了某种相互作用, 则可以根据这种相互作用的性质和强弱程度将毒物分成两类: (1)暂时中毒(可逆中毒) 毒物在活性中心上吸附或化合时, 生成的键强度相对较弱可以
经济类文章的读书报告
以中国财政、金融危机为主题的读书报告 李超杰金融二班136330943 通过对郭杰的《关于经济复苏背景下我国财政政策的思考》、甄炳禧的《金融危机下的世界经济走势及对中国的影响》以及孙亦军的《后金融危机时期中国经济战略选择》三篇文章的仔细研读，我发现这些文章在选题时都会不自觉地加上时代背景，然后将特定的时代背景与自己想要写的主题相结合，起到抓人眼球、开门见山的作用。 或许是PDF的关系，三篇文章都是通过一级标题下引出二级标题在引出一下标题，与写文章列提纲有着异曲同工之妙。举个简单的例子：在甄炳禧的《金融危机下的世界经济走势及对中国的影响》中，一级标题有当前经济形势的主要特点；近期世界经济的基本走势；中国的挑战、机遇、贡献及对策建议；而当前经济形势的主要特点下又有美国次贷危机转为全球金融危机；全球股市、汇市的剧烈动荡；全球商品价格波动，全球贸易和资金流动下滑；世界经济增速普遍明显放慢；主要经济体联合救市等子标题。而其中世界经济增速普遍明显放慢又有全球经济下滑；主要发达国家经济陷入衰退；新兴市场和其他发展中国家经济减速等下属标题。这样的结构布局使得整篇文章脉络十分清晰，即使不细看文章内容，光通过标题，读者也能了解作者要表达的内容，具有完整性、合理性、系统系、连续性等多种特点。再次，通篇分析这三篇文章，不难看出他们在写作上都有统一的纵向
写作结构：写作背景—该背景下特定对象所存在的现象或特点—通过分析现象发现不合理的问题—对问题进行深入剖析—提出政策建议或解决方案。 纵观三篇文章的写作方法，可以发现作者除了使用多级标题外还是用总分的写作结构，便于读者查找和浏览。比如：在郭杰的《关于经济复苏背景下我国财政政策的思考》中，当介绍中国经济特点时，某一段的开头是“在经济迅速复苏的同时，我国房地产价格迅速上涨。”而下面是对于该价格如何上涨的具体说明和数据统计。它的下一段的第一句是“净出口依然负增长”。而这一段的具体内容是对负增长的介绍。其次三篇文章中都使用了实证分析和数据统计、展现，使得文章颇具说服力。再次，甄炳禧的《金融危机下的世界经济走势及对中国的影响》中还运用了纵横分析的方法——将中国现在的经济与过去的经济作比较；将中国的经济与当前美国经济作比较。 郭杰通过对解保华《美国“金融海啸”背景下中国经济政策取向的冷静思考》以及王学东《金融危机下的宏观经济政策反思》等文献的参考在《关于经济复苏背景下我国财政政策的思考》一文中提出了“我国以政府投资为核心的积极财政政策以达到其增长的短期目标；财政政策调整是现阶段国情的客观要求”的建议。 甄炳禧通过对2009年1月14日的《华尔街日报》和世界银行的相关文献资料的解读，在《金融危机下的世界经济走势及对中国的影响》一文中提出了：“在近期稳住国内经济和金融形势的同时，促进经济长期可持续发展”；“加强金融机构和监管机构的建设，强化风险
催化剂的失活原因
催化剂的失活原因 催化剂的失活原因一般分为中毒、烧结和热失活、结焦和堵塞三大类。 1、中毒引起的失活 (1)暂时中毒(可逆中毒) 毒物在活性中心上吸附或化合时,生成的键强度相对较弱可以采取适当的方法除去毒物,使催化剂活性恢复而不会影响催化剂的性质,这种中毒叫做可逆中毒或暂时中毒。 (2)永久中毒(不可逆中毒) 毒物与催化剂活性组份相互作用,形成很强的的化学键,难以用一般的方法将毒物除去以使催化剂活性恢复,这种中毒叫做不可逆中毒或永久中毒。 (3)选择性中毒 催化剂中毒之后可能失去对某一反应的催化能力,但对别的反应仍有催化活性,这种现象称为选择中毒。在连串反应中,如果毒物仅使导致后继反应的活性位中毒,则可使反应停留在中间阶段,获得高产率的中间产物。 2、结焦和堵塞引起的失活 催化剂表面上的含碳沉积物称为结焦。以有机物为原料以固体为催化剂的多相催化反应过程几乎都可能发生结焦[7]。由于含碳物质和/或其它物质在催化剂孔中沉积,造成孔径减小(或孔口缩小),使反应物分子不能扩散进入孔中,这种现象称为堵塞。所以常把堵塞归并为结焦中,总的活性衰退称为结焦失活,它是催化剂失活中最普遍和常见的失活形式。通常含碳沉积物可与水蒸气或氢气作用经气化除去,所以结焦失活是个可逆过程。与催化剂中毒相比,引起催化剂结焦和堵塞的物质要比催化剂毒物多得多。 在实际的结焦研究中,人们发现催化剂结焦存在一个很快的初期失活,然后是在活性方面的一个准平稳态,有报道称结焦沉积主要发生在最初阶段(在0.15s内),也有人发现大约有50%形成的碳在前20s内沉积。结焦失活又是可逆的,通过控
制反应前期的结焦,可以极大改善催化剂的活性,这也正是结焦失活研究日益活跃的重要因素。 3、烧结和热失活(固态转变) 催化剂的烧结和热失活是指由高温引起的催化剂结构和性能的变化。高温除了引起催化剂的烧结外,还会引起其它变化,主要包括: 化学组成和相组成的变化,半熔,晶粒长大,活性组分被载体包埋,活性组分由于生成挥发性物质或可升华的物质而流失等。事实上,在高温下所有的催化剂都将逐渐发生不可逆的结构变化,只是这种变化的快慢程度随着催化剂不同而异。 烧结和热失活与多种因素有关,如与催化剂的预处理、还原和再生过程以及所加的促进剂和载体等有关。 当然催化剂失活的原因是错综复杂的,每一种催化剂失活并不仅仅按上述分类的某一种进行,而往往是由两种或两种以上的原因引起的。
经济学人文章10篇
Dominant and dangerous As America's economic supremacy fades, the primacy of the dollar looks unsustainable IF HEGEMONS are good for anything, it is for conferring stability on the systems they dominate. For 70 years the dollar has been the superpower of the financial and monetary system. Despite talk of the yuan's rise, the primacy of the greenback is unchallenged. As a means of payment, a store of value and a reserve asset, nothing can touch it. Yet the dollar's rule has brittle foundations, and the system it underpins is unstable. Worse, the alternative reserve currencies are flawed. A transition to a more secure order will be devilishly hard. When the buck stops For decades, America's economic might legitimised the dollar's claims to reign supreme. But, as our special report this week explains, a faultline has opened between America's economic clout and its financial muscle. The United States accounts for 23% of global GDP and 12% of merchandise trade. Yet about 60% of the world's output, and a similar share of the planet's people, lie within a de facto dollar zone, in which currencies are pegged to the dollar or move in some sympathy with it. American firms' share of the stock of international corporate investment has fallen from 39% in 1999 to 24% today. But Wall Street sets the rhythm of markets globally more than it ever did. American fund managers run 55% of the world's assets under management, up from 44% a decade ago. The widening gap between America's economic and financial power creates problems for other countries, in the dollar zone and beyond. That is because the costs of dollar dominance are starting to outweigh the benefits. First, economies must endure wild gyrations. In recent months the prospect of even a tiny rate rise in America has sucked capital from emerging markets, battering currencies and share prices. Decisions of the Federal Reserve affect offshore dollar debts and deposits worth about $9 trillion. Because some countries link their currencies to the dollar, their central banks must react to the Fed. Foreigners own 20-50% of local-currency government bonds in places like Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey: they are more likely to abandon emerging markets when American rates rise. At one time the pain from capital outflows would have been mitigated by the stronger demand—including for imports—that prompted the Fed to raise rates in the first place. However, in the past decade America's share of global merchandise imports has dropped from 16% to 13%. America is the biggest export market for only 32
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41104012 魏雨明 1. China's economy, one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and the biggest contributor to global growth, grew 9.9 percent year-on-year in the first three quarters of this year, according to official figures released on Monday, showing a trend of a slowdown amid the current global financial crisis. In the third quarter, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate slowed down to 9 percent, the lowest in five years, from 10.6 percent in the first quarter, 10.1 percent for the second quarter and 10.4 percent in the first half of 2008. China's economic growth has been on a steady decline since peaking in the second quarter of 2007. The slowing world economy pummeled by the global financial crisis and weaker demand for Chinese exports on international markets heavily weighted on the Chinese economy, according to Li Xiaochao, spokesperson for the National Bureau of Statistics. Another widely watched indicator, the consumer price index (CPI) -- an important measure of inflation -- rose 4.6 percent in September, over the same period last year. The figure, coupled with 7.1 percent in June, 6.3 percent in July, 4.9 percent in August and a nearly 12-year-high of 8.7 percent in February, shows the CPI in a downward spiral. Analysts mainly attribute the decline in the CPI to ample grain supply and lower-than-expected income growth of Chinese residents, as the housing and stock markets take heavy toll, which dented residents' desire to consume. Chinese stocks have shed nearly 70 percent of their value from the last year's peak at 6,124 points due to weak investor confidence. The stock market rose more than two percent on Monday amid expectation the government would unveil more measures to stimulate economy. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index gained 43.36 points to close at 1,974.01 points. Exports, one of the three major drivers of the Chinese economy along with investment and consumption, are taking hit from the global financial turmoil and economic slowdown. In the first three quarters exports grew 22.3 percent, 4.8 percent points lower than the same period last year. Fixed assets investment totaled 11.6246 trillion yuan ($1.66 trillion) in the first three
工业催化剂的失活与再生大作业
工业催化剂的失活 题目：工业催化剂的失活 学院：求是学部 专业： 2010级化学工程与工艺 姓名：刘妍君 学号： 3010207414
工业催化剂的失活 刘妍君 （天津大学求是学部，3010207414） 摘要：工业催化剂在其使用过程中，其活性和选择性皆会逐渐下降，甚至会失去继续使用的价值，这就是催化剂的失活过程。通常将失活过程划分为以下三种类型：催化剂积炭等堵塞失活、催化剂中毒失活、催化剂的热失活和烧结失活。这里将对各类催化剂失活的含义、特征、类型、主要失活机理和影响因素逐一进行阐述。 关键词：催化剂失活 1 积碳失活 催化剂在使用过程中，因表面逐渐形成炭的沉积物从而使催化剂活性下降的过程称为积炭失活。 积炭一定程度上可延缓催化剂的中毒作用，但催化剂的中毒却会加剧积炭的发生。与单纯的因物理沉积物堵塞而导致的催化剂失活相比，积炭失活还涉及反应物分子在气相和催化剂表面上一系列的化学反应问题。 积炭的同时往往伴随着金属硫化物及金属杂质的沉积。单纯的金属硫化物或金属杂质在催化剂表面的沉积也与单纯的积炭一样同样会因覆盖催化剂表面活性位，或限制反应物的扩散等而使催化剂失活。故通常将积尘、积硫及金属沉积物引起的失活，都归属积炭失活一类。 1.1催化剂积炭形成机理 在大多数涉及烃类的反应中，反应物分子、产物分子和反应中间物都有可能成为生炭的母体，它们或者相互结合，或者相互缩合成一类高分子量的碳化物沉积在催化剂上。积炭既可以通过平行反应、连串反应产生，也可以通过复杂反应的顺序产生。 催化剂上的积炭按形成方式可分为非催化积炭和催化积炭两大类。 1.1.1非催化积炭 非催化积炭指的是气相结炭或非催化表面上生成炭质物的焦油和固体炭质物的过程。气相结炭一般认为是烃类按自由基聚合反应或缩合反应机理进行的，在气相中生成的炭通常统称为烟炱。 非催化表面上的焦油，是烃类在热裂化中凝聚缩合的高分子芳烃化合物，主要是一些高沸点的多环芳烃，有的还含有杂原子；芳烃中既有液体物质，又有固体物质。非催化形成的表面炭，是气相生成的烟炱和焦油产物的延伸，它是在无催化活性表面上形成的焦炭，无论是随原料加入或由气相反应所生成的高分子中间物，都会在反应器内的任何表面凝聚；非催化表面起着收集凝固焦油和烟炱的作用，并促进这些物质的浓缩，从而进一步发生非催化反应。由于高温下高分子量的中间物在任何表面上都会缩合，因此通过控制气相焦油和烟炱的生成可使非催化积炭减小。 此外非催化结炭还包括烃类原料中的残炭，它们通常是沥青质、多环芳烃，会直接沉积
经济类毕业论文范文
经济类毕业论文范文 经济学专业（含一、二学位） xx届毕业论文 选题要求及参考选题范围 由于xx届毕业论文实行“学术论文不端行为检测”和匿名评审制，因此经济学专业毕业论文选题需做到以下要求： ? 经济学专业毕业论文要求理论联系实际。实际可以是假期调研、实习及长期生活所了解的数据及情况。尽可能选择自己熟悉的领域撰写论文。 ? 选题必须具体。尽可能研究某旗县及其以下辖区某产业的发展或剖析某经济现象的问题、成因与对策等。切忌大而空的题目。 ? 不能以其他专业的题目（如属于人力资源管理等管理学领域的题目）申请经济学的学位。 ? 本选题指南适用范围：申请经济学学士学位的一学位和二学位学生 ? 以下选题范围仅供参考，学生也可选自己实习单位的经济现象或其他经济现象为研究对象，但须征得指导老师同意。
1. （某旗县）某特色产业发展现状、问题与对策 2. 某地产业集群发展现状、问题与对策 3. 某工业园区发展现状、问题与对策 4. 某地循环经济发展现状、问题与对策 5. 某地产业布局优化问题及其对策 6. 呼包鄂产业协调发展研究 7. 锡赤通产业协调发展研究 8. 某地区农民收入现状、问题与对策 9. 某地区农民消费结构现状、问题与对策 10. 某地区农业合作社经营机制研究 11. 某地区畜牧业经营现状、问题与对策
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经济类论文开题报告
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