不规则动词表
不规则动词表
现在式过去式过去分词am, is was been
are were been
baby-sit babysat babysat become became become bend bent bent
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt / burned burnt / burned buy bought bought
can could -
catch caught caught choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do, does did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen forgive forgave forgiven
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
has, have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
leap leapt / leaped leapt / leaped learn learnt / learned learnt / learned leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lighted lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
may might -
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
retell retold retold
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shall should -
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt smelt
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt spelt
spend spent spent
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought throw threw thrown
tread trod trod / trodden understand understood understood upset upset upset
wake woke / waked woken / waked wear wore worn
will would -
win won won
write wrote written
常用介词的固定搭配1.介词与动词搭配
arrive in/at 到达
ask for 请求
do well in 在……方面做得很好
give up 放弃
go on 继续
hear from 收到……来信
hear of 听说
help…with 帮助……
agree with 同意
decide on 决定
hand in 交上来
pay for (sth.) 付（……）钱，支付费用drop off (防下某物)；（让某人）下车regard…as…把……看做……prefer…to…宁愿选择……，更喜欢……think about 考虑
try on 试穿（衣服、鞋等）
laugh at 嘲笑
learn from 向……学习
leave for 出发去某地
talk to 与……谈话
go in for 从事，致力于
put on 穿上
take down 拿下，取下
look at （有意识地）看
speak to 对……说
send for 派人去叫，遣人去拿
shout at 吼叫
take away 拿走，带走
think of 考虑，关心turn…into…把……变成……
wait for 等候，等待
take off 脱下，起飞
turn on(off) 打开（关上）
listen to 听……
look after 照顾，照看
look for 寻找
look like 看上去像……
get to 到达
point to 指着
fill with 充满，装满
begin with 以……开始
deal (do) with 处置，对待
meet with 偶尔遇见，遭遇
pass to 传递
belong to 属于write to 写信给
call on 号召，访问，邀请
die of (from) 死于
depend on 依靠，依赖
smile at 向……微笑
believe in 信任
look about 四下看，到处看
2.介词与名词搭配
in time 及时
in bed 卧床
in life 一生中
on time 准时，按时
in front of 在……前面
on foot 步行
by bus 乘公共汽车
at home 在家
in English 用英语
in the middle of 在中间
at night 在晚上
at noon 在中午
at hospital 在医院
with a smile 带着微笑
of course 当然（可以）
in a hurry 匆忙，急忙
in a minute 一会儿
by the way 顺便说说（问问）
at first 首先，起初
at last 最后，终于
at the meeting 在会上
at least 至少
on one’s way to 在某人去……的路上in the sun 在阳光下
in the tree 在树上（不属于树）
in surprise 惊奇地
at once 立刻，马上
at the foot of 在……脚下
at all 根本，全然
at dinner 在吃正餐
at the table 在桌子旁（用餐）
at work 在工作
at school 在学校
at the back of 在……后面
at the end of 在……结尾
at the same time 同时；然而
by hand 亲手，用手，手工
by the end of 到……结束时
by train 乘火车
day by day 日复一日
one by one 一个接一个
on the earth 在地球上
on show 展出
in this way 用这种方法
on display 陈列，展览
by the time…到……时候
in the air 在空中
at the age of 在……岁时
at sea 在大海上
in a low voice 小声地
in a word 总而言之，一句话
in trouble 处于困境
in fact 事实上
in the street 在街上
in the end 最后，终于
in space 在空间
in no time 立刻，很快
in order 按顺序，整齐，正常
in order to 为了，以便
in the day 在白天
in line 成直线
in a short time 不久
in all 总共，总计
in town 在城里
in silence 不做声
out of breath 上气不接下气
out of sight 消失，看不见
on duty 值日
on the left (right) 在左（右）边
in the distance 在远处
on top of…在……顶上
in public 当众，公开地
out of work 失业
on the radio 通过无线电广播
to this day 直到今天
to one’s surprise (joy) 使某人吃惊（高兴）的是3．介词与形容词、过去分词和动词等搭配be born in…出生于……
be good at…擅长……
be made of…由……制成（能看出原料）be angry with sb. 跟某人生气
be angry at sth. 为某事生气
be pleased with sb. 对某人感到满意
be satisfied with sth. 为某事感到满意
be surprised at 对……感到惊奇（诧异）be used to…习惯于……
be tired of…讨厌……，厌倦……
be interested in 对……感兴趣
be proud of…以……为自豪（骄傲）
be full of…充满……
take （catch）hold of 抓住
be sure of…确信……
take part in 参加
break into (in) 闯入
take care of 照顾，关心，保管
be busy with…忙于……
be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求
catch up with 跟上，赶上
have nothing to do with…与……无关
go to school 去上学
keep out of 不让进入
go to bed (sleep) 去睡觉
look forward to 期望，期待
go to the cinema 去看电影
say hello to 向……问好
一、名词
关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。
单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a
一、名词的复数
可数名词
1. man --men, woman-- women, tooth-- teeth, foot-- feet, mouse --mice, child --children等。
2. 单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish等，
由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.
3. 表示“某国人”的名词遵循以下原则:
中日不变，如Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese
英法变，如Englishman-Englishmen，Frenchman-Frenchmen
其他s加后面，如American-Americans，German-Germans
4.复合名词的复数形式：
(1) 在词末加-(e)s，如：afternoons, housewives等。
(2) 把主体名词变成复数形式。如：lookers-on (旁观者)，passers-by (过路人)等。
注意：有man或woman的复数名词，两个皆变为复数。Eg：man driver --men drivers, woman doctor-- women doctors 等。
3) 几种特殊的复数形式的名词
1.部分学科的名词。如：，mathematics (数学)，physics (物理学)，politics (政治学)等。
2.表示特别的意义。如：papers (文件)，manners (礼貌)，goods (货物)，times (时代)，conditions (环境；情况)等。
不可数名词（un）
1. 注意：在表示量时用量词，复数时，量变复。如：a piece of advice(一条建议)-- five pieces of advice (五条建议)，
a bag of rice (一袋大米)-- three bags of rice (三袋大米)。
2. 不可数变可数：抽象名词具体化
如：beauty (美丽)-- a beauty (一个美人)，youth (青春)-- a youth (一个青年)，glass (玻璃)-- a glass (一个玻璃杯)，tea (茶)-- two teas (两杯茶)，ice (冰)-- three ices (三个冰淇淋)。
二．修饰名词的词
1.修饰可数名词复数: many，(a) few, several，a (large)number of，
如：two apples两个苹果，a large number of students 许多学生，several books几本书
2.修饰un. 的：much，（a）little，a great deal of，
如much water 许多水，a little time一点儿时间
3.修饰可数复+un. 的：no + n. = not + a / an + n.;
any, some, a lot of，lots of，plenty of
eg. a lot of books 许多书，a lot of milk 许多牛奶
三、名词的所有格
1. ’s所有格的构成
(1). 有生命的加's，如：my brother's book，Jack's cat，the girl's pen等。
(2) 以-s结尾加“'”。如：girl's，teachers'等。
(3) 复合名词，词尾加’s。如：the President of the United States's car美国总统的汽车。
注意：当出现同位语时，'s一般加在同位语后。
Eg：This is my sister Mary's bag. 这是我妹妹玛丽的包。
(4)一样东西为两人共有，只在后一个名词词尾加's，如不共有，两个都要加's.
如：Tom and Peter's room汤姆和彼得的房间(共有)
Tom's and Peter's rooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间(不共有)
(6) 表示某人家，店铺等生活，工作处所的所有格后的名词常省略：
如：at Mr Wang’s(在王先生家)；at the tailor’s(在裁缝店)；at the barber’s(在理发店)
(7) 在one及one / body和some，any，no，every结合起来的复合词后。如：someone's book.这些代词和else 连用，'s应加在else后。如：somebody else's pencil.
(8). 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾后加's或“'”以构成所有格。如：today's news，ten minutes' drive，China's industry等。
2. of +名词
(1).无生命。如：the windows of the room（房间的窗户），the cover of the dictionary（词典的封面）。
(2)双重所有格
名词前有修饰词，如冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词，a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等，
如：a friend of my father’s=one of my father’s friends(我父亲的一位朋友)
注意：双重所有格与of所有格的不同。
如：He is a friend of your father's. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)
He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好)
二、冠词
冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点：
1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the
2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour,an English car. 请区别：a useful machine
3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the
4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth
5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first,the best ,in the south
6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。
如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair
8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：
(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August
请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.
9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：
in front of 在…前面in the hospital 在医院里
in the front of 在…范围内的前部in hospital (生病)住院
三、数词
首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。
星期二Tuesday
星期三Wednesday
星期四Thursday
星期五Friday
星期六Saturday
summer 夏季
autumn (英)/fall (美) 秋季
winter 冬季
1日)-----New Year's Day
情人节(2月14日)-----St.Valentine's Day (Valentine's Day)
狂欢节（巴西，二月中、下旬)-----Carnival
国际妇女节(3月8日)-----International Women's Day
愚人节(4月1日)-----Fool's Day
复活节(春分月圆后第一个星期日)-----Easter
国际劳动节(5月1日)-----International Labour Day
母亲节(5月的第二个星期日)-----Mothers’ Day
国际儿童节(6月1日)-----International Children's Day
父亲节(6月的第三个星期日)-----Fathers’ Day
啤酒节(德国十月节，10月10日)-----Oktoberfest
鬼节(万圣节除夕，10月31日夜)-----Halloween
万圣节(11月1日)-----Hallowmas
感恩节(美国，11月最后一个星期4)-----Thanksgiving
圣诞除夕(12月24日)-----Christmas Eve
圣诞节(12月25日)-----Christmas Dad
新年除夕(12月31日)-----New Year's Eve(a bank holiday in many countries)
中国主要节日
春节(农历一月一日) --------------- Spring Festival (Chinese New Year)
元宵节(农历一月十五日) -----------the Lantern Festival
植树节(3月12日)------------------ Arbor Day
清明节(4月5日) ------------------- Ching Ming Festival; Tomb-sweeping Festival 中国青年节(5月4日)----------------Chinese Youth Day
端午节(农历五月初五) --------------the Dragon Boat Festival
中国共产党成立纪念日(7月1日) ---the Party’s Birthday
建军节(8月1日) --------------------the Army’s Day
中秋节(农历八月十五) --------------Mid-autumn (Moon) Festival
教师节(9月10日)------------------- Teachers’Day
重阳节(农历九月九日)-------------- Double-ninth Day
国庆节(10月1日)------------------- National Day
除夕(农历十二月三十日) ------------New Year’s Eve
结构:名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词= the +序数词+名词
Lesson One = the first lesson
注：有些编号，一般仅用第一种表达法。
Room 101 101号房间
2.序数词前一般加定冠词the 但序数词前与不定冠词a /an 连用时,表示“又一,再一”
You’ve done it three times .Why not try ____fourth time ?
A.a
B.an
C.the
D./
3.数词前加every ,表示每……/每隔…… .
every ten days =every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天)
注:every +基数词+复数名词= every + (序数词-1) +单数名词
4.基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄
1)表示年代: in the + 年份的复数在几世纪几十年代.
在十九世纪七十年代. _________________________.
2)表年龄: in one’s + 整十的复数表示在某人几十岁时
在他四十岁时: ___________________.
5.hundred / thousand /million /billion
1).若hundred / thousand /million /billion 前有基数词时,其后不加s,也不加of .若没有时,既加s 也要带of . Every year _______ visitors come to China .
There are two _______ students in our school .
A.thousand
B.thousands
C.thousands of
D.thousand of
2).若其前有a few 、many、several 修饰时，通常用复数，后接of.
3).若名词前有the修饰时，用单数，后接of
Two ______the students in our school are from the countryside .
A.hundred
B. hundred of
C.hundreds of
D.hundreds
6.几个半的表达法:
基数词+ and + a half +名词复数= 基数词+名词(单数/复数) +and +a half
two and a half hours = two hours and a half
7.时刻表达法:
1)整点: 基数词+ o’clock
2)几点几分:
A).直接读法: 先读小时,后读分钟
3:25 ---- three twenty-five
B).间接读法:
a)≤30分钟. 分钟+ past + 小时
3：25 ----twenty-five past three
b)＞30分钟. ( 60-分钟)+ to + (小时数+1)
3:55 ----- five to four
c) 30 分钟= half 15分钟=a quarter 45分钟= three quarters
3:30 ---half past three 3:15----a quarter past three
3:45 ----a quarter to four
8.日期表达法:
结构: 1).月日,年(日用序数词,年用基数词)
注:年份的读法: 先读前两位数,再读后两位数. 读日时要加the.
1900---nineteen hundred 1807----eight and seven (eight o seven)
2008---two thousand eight
2007年3月21日.--- March the twenty-first ,two thousand and seven.
2).日月年(the +序数词+of +月, 年)
2007年3月21日---the twenty-first of March ,two thousand and seven.
9.分数词的表达法:
1).结构: a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词.
b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数.
3/4--- three fourths (three-fourths)
2).注意:
a).分数词的几种特殊形式.
1/3—one third = a third
1/4—one fourth = a quarter
1/2—one second = a half
3/4—three fourths = three quarters
b).分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.
Two fifths of the milk ______(be ) drunk by Tom .
One third of the students _______(be )girls .
四、代词
（一）①人称代词:
主格: 单数I 、you 、he 、she 、it 复数we 、you 、they
宾格: 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、it 复数us 、you 、them
⑵物主代词:
形容词性my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their
名词性mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours、theirs
③反身代词:
myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。
2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。
如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)
⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)
3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。
如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.
5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：
enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)
help oneself to… (随便吃/喝些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)
练习题
1.-Whose trousers are these? -_____, I think.
A.They
B.Their
C.Theirs
D.Them
2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his
（二）修饰可数名词many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义
修饰不数名词much little 表否定意义a little 表肯定意义few 和little 与quite 或only 连用时，常加不定冠词a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=
用little, a little, few, a few填空:
1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.
2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.
3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.
4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.
（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.
当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。如：something new
There's __________ in today's newspaper. 中考题
A.important anything
B.important something
C.anything important
D.something important
(四) some, every, all, both, either, another
1.some（一些，某）一般用于肯定句中注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。
any（任何）多用于疑问句和否定句
① Will you give me some water? ② Woul d you like some meat?
③ May I ask some questions? ④ Could I have some apples?
2.every＋单数名词“每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。
each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。
如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.
Every child likes playing games.
3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of
如：We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.
None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）
4.both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。
either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。
neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。
如：①They both swim well. ＝Both of them swim well.
②There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.
③Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.
④Neither answer is right.
5. another +单数名词, “另一个”
one … the other “一个……，另一个……”
the other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）others “别人” (五)疑问代词5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which
这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which. 例如: I like the red shirt. ___________ ___________ do you like ?
五、形容词副词
大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级：比较...，更...一些最高级：最...
（A）
1.构成：(规则情况)情况变化方法例词
规则变化：
●单音节和部分双音节的形容词一般在词尾加-er
calm →calmer smart →smarter
●以字母e结尾的，加-r
nice →nicer fine →finer
●以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i ，再加-er
early →earlier happy →happier
●以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的，双写该辅音字母，再加-er
big →bigger thin →thinner
●多音节和部分双音节的形容词在原级前加more
outgoing →more outgoing popular →more popular
(B)常见的使用情况
1.as … as … 和...一样（中间用原级）
2.not as(so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级）
3… than …. ..比...（用比较级）
4.有范围修饰的用最高级如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的
eg.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year. ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .
5.比较级+and+比较级意为“越来越….eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful
6. The+比较级，the+比较级越…...就越…... eg:The more, the better. 越多越好
(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。
2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。
3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。
eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.
(D)掌握三种同义句转换：
1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.
2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.
=That film is more interesting than this one.
3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.
Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and
此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：
1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。
2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词
例如;She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。
3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也too用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句
不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲
如此这样such 修饰名词eg: such a big box
so 修饰形容词、副词eg: so big 单独、独自alone 作表语=by oneself 孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)
六、介词
1．与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of （怕）be angry with （生某人的气）
be away from （不在某地）be different from （与…不同）
be good at （善于）be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害) be interested in （对…感兴趣）be late for （迟到）be/get ready for （为作好准备）be sure of (对…有把握)
be worried about （为…感到担忧）
2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式
1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well.
3．几组易混淆的介词
A．“在...之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）
after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）
如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday.
B．for +一段时间since +过去的一点时间
这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。
C．be made of "用……制成" be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”
D．in, on, at表时间in “在某月(季节、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer
固定词组：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end
on "用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等"
eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16
at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”
固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词。如:不能说in tomorrow ,只能说tomorrow 在明天
E. except +宾格/doing something "除…之外” （不包括本身）
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换) =Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.
F．“用” 通过交通工具by plane
用语言in English 通过媒介on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV
用工具手段with a pen, with one's hands
G．between “在~和~（两者）之间”
between...and..., between the two... among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)
eg.Sue spent over two hours ___ her homework yesterday evening. A.on B.with C.at D.over
七、连词
1．并列连词both…and 既~又~谓语用复数动词
neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。either…or… “或者…或者…”“不是…就是…”
and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。
but “但是” 表转折，不能与though 同时出现在句中。
or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用or，而不用and。Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否) I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.
2．引导宾语从句的连词
陈述句：that 可省略一般疑问句：if /whether “是否” 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词
3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)
4．引导时间状语从句的连词：
A. when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。Eg: I won't leave until he comes back.
B. since（自从…以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.
C. while（当…时候，一边…一边…）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。
Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.
5．引导条件状语从句的连词：if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定
eg:1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿(rain) tomorrow.
2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.
3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.
A.as
B.before
C.after
D.since
1. get on/off(the bus) 上/下车get up 起床get ready for 为...作准备
get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服get well (better) 身体好get in 进入，收集
get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb. 为某人买某物
get on well with sb/sth. 与某人相处很好，...进展顺利
2. have an accident 出事故have a good time =enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴
have a cold wet day 天气又冷又湿have a cough 咳嗽have a drink(of)... 喝一杯...
have a talk 听报告have lunch 吃午饭have...for lunch 午饭吃...
have a meeting 开会have no idea 不知道have a rest 休息一下
3. make a mistake 犯错误mistake A for B 把A错认为B
take sth. by mistake 错拿某物
4. make friends with 与...交朋友
make faces 做鬼脸make a fire 生火make an excuse 找籍口
make a...sound 发...音make tea 沏茶make room for... 为...找出空间
make it 如期赴约make a team 组成一个队
eg.Let's make it half past one. 注意：时间前不用介词at
5. turn sth. on/off 打开/关掉... turn sth. up/down 把...音量开大/小
注意：当sth 是代词时，常放中间
6. try sth. on 试穿（衣、鞋、帽）注意：当sth 为it或them, 常放中间try out 试验、尝试
try one's best to do sth. 尽力干某事=do one's best to do sth.
7. send sb. away 开除、解雇某人send for sb. 派人去请某人send up 发射
8. hear from sb 收到...的来信hear of 听说
9. hurry off 匆匆离去，赶快去hurry up 赶快
10. get to +名词get +副词(不用to) reach+名词/副词arrive in/at +大/小地点（后接副词，不用at/in）
eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai到达上海
eg. reach home、get home、arrive home 到家
11. teach sb. English 教某人英语teach oneself=learn sth.by oneself 自学
12.到...末为止by the end of +过去时间（用于过去完成时）
by the end of +将来时间（用于一般将来时）
at the end of+地点在...尽头in the end= at last 最后，终于
13. hundreds of 成百上千thousands of 成千上万的millions of 成百万的
14. be pleased to do sth 很高兴地干某事be pleased with sth. 为某事而高兴
15. be used for 被用来be used as 被当作be used by 被...所使用
16. so far 到目前为止，用于现在完成时
17. on a Tuesday morning 一个星期二的早上
on the morning of June 15th.1998 在1998年6月15日早上
18. keep sb.doing sth. 让某人一直干某事keep doing sth. 继续做某事
keep on doing sth. 持续不断地做某事
19. much too+形容词／副词原级实在太...
too much+不可数名词相当多的... eg. It's _______ expensive. I can't buy it.
There's ___________ rain this year.
20. thanks to...由于，多亏
thanks to one's help=because of one's help 由于某人的帮忙thanks for one's help 谢谢某人的帮助
21. be far away from＋a place/sb 远离某地
22. wear out 穿坏、穿旧、用尽常用于被动语态。其P.P为worn
sell out 售完卖完
23. two-month holiday=two months' holiday 二个月的假期
24. fall asleep 入睡（进入状态）get to sleep 入睡（还没睡着）
25. stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事eg. She stopped the child from listening. stop doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事stop to do sth. 停止下来干另一件事。
26. hardly any +n. 几乎没有...
27. quite a/an+形容词＋名词一个相当...eg. Two months is quite a long time.
a very ＋形容词+名词eg. English is a very useful language.
28. be afraid of+名词害怕... be afraid to+动词担心、害怕... be afraid that+从句恐怕...
29. so+形容词so strong so beautiful such+形容词+名词(复数或不可数)
such beautiful pictures such nice smell such + a/an+形容词+名词（单数）
such an interesting story
30. feel like doing 想干某事
31. be made/grown/produced
三个词的被动语态都可解释为“生产”
归类: 机器一类→make(制造)
盐.糖.丝绸→produce (经机器加工生产) 农作物、水果→grow (人工种出来的)
32. finish doing sth. 做完某事be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事
go on doing sth. 继续干某事be always doing 老是干某事
33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事...hope that...希望某人干某事,不可用hope sb.to do sth.
34. in surprise 惊奇地（作状语）be surprised at sb. 对某人的举动感到诧异
be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶
35. no space(room) to stand in 没有站的地方、空间
36. be angry with sb. 生某人的气agree with sb. 同意某人的观点with one's help 在某人的帮助下
1.There be 结构
a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。
eg.There are twenty girls in our class.have也解释为“有”但是与there be有区别，它的含义是“所有，属有”，其主语为某人。eg.I have a nice watch.
b.There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。
c.There is a river near our school.否：There is not a river near our school.
问：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isn't.
划⑴How many rivers are there near our school? ⑵What's near our school?
d.there be 结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be
e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass, is there?
①There is going to _____ a football match this afternoon. A.have B.watch C.be D.play
②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest. A.be B.have C.be on D.on
2.so,neither引导的倒装句,为了避免和前一句话的内容重复，英语中习惯用so,neither引导的倒装句。
a.So+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。
eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.
b.Neither+be(助动词，情态动词)＋主语，表示某人也不。
eg.Mother has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either.
c.So＋主语＋be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同), 请同学们与a.区别。
eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room.
3.It's+时间+since动词过去式。自从...起已有...时间了。
⑴It's two weeks since we met last.(自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了)
⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有多久了
4.祈使句+and (那么)...
eg.Go straight on and you'll see a school.=If you go straight on, you'll see a school.
5.祈使句+or...否则...eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. =If you don't work hard, you'll fall behind the other
6. The+比较级...，the+比较级... 越...越...
eg.⑴The more, the better. 越多越好。
⑵The harder you work on it, the better you'll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。)
7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？)
8.What...do with...?怎样对付...?怎样处理...?
虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how.
eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:I've just returned it to the library.
9.I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？I don't know how to do. ×
10.What...be like?...是什么样的？
eg.⑴What's the weather like? 天气如何？⑵What's your school like? 你们学校是什么样的？
11.What...for?为何目的？为什么？
eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab?
12.one of +最高级＋复数最...之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers.
13.find it +形容词+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我发觉学好英语是很有用的)
find +宾语+名词eg.I find him a good boy. (我发现他是个好男孩.)
find +宾语+形容词
eg.I find the door open/closed. (我发现门开/关着) I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我发现我们的包装满了礼物)
14.I don't think+肯定句我想...不eg.I don't think I'll take it. (我想我不买它了)
请注意:中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。
15.prefer A to B=like A better than B 更喜欢A不怎么喜欢B.
eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken
16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.
特别注意:had better后面跟be动词词组,不可漏掉be.eg.You'd better catch a train.
You'd better not talk in class.You'd better not be late for the class.
17.It is good (nice)of+宾格+to do sth.
eg.It is very good of you to teach me English. (你教我英语真是太好了)
18.It takes sb. some time to do sth.(干某事化费某人多少时间)
=sb.spend some time on sth. (in) doing sth.eg.It took me half an hour to do the work.
=I spent half anhourin doing the work.
19.sb.pay 钱for 物某物化费了某人多少钱=sb.spend 钱on 物=物cost sb.钱, pay的过去式为paid 而不是payed. eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat. =I spent thirty yuan on the coat.
=The coat cost me thirty yuan.
20.have been to 某人曾去过某地,现在人不在那儿
sb.have been in +地点某人呆在某地(一段时间)
have gone to 某人已去某地,人不在这儿
21.⑴ too…形容词(副词)+to…"太…而不能""太…以致于不"
eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 这篮子太重我拿不动。
②This colour TV is too expensive for us to buy. 这台彩电对我们来说太贵了，买不起。
⑵so...that 如此...以致于...上面的too...to结构的句子，可以换成so...that 引导的句子转换。①The basket is so
heavy that I can't carry it.
②This colour TV is so expensive that we can't afford it.
22.What's the population of ...? ...人口有多少？不说How much population in...?形容人口数量的大用large eg.The population of China is ten times as large as that of the USA
23.I've come to return your pan. (我跑来是还你锅的) →Why have you come? 而不用What
24.not...until (连词)方才，才
eg.He says that he won't be free until tomorrow.他说他需到明天方才有空。
肯定句＋until 到
eg.You'd better wait until tomorrow. (你最好等到明天)
25.neither...nor... 既不...也不... either...or... 或者...或者...
eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word "hundred".
Either you or she is right. (谓语动词就近原则)
both...and... 两者都... eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One (主语看作复数)
26. Have 的两种特殊句型
have是英语中最活跃的动词之一，它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting（开会），have a rest（休息），have a class（上课）等。你可知道have构成的两种特殊句型吗？不看不知道，一看就明了。
1．have＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式
该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”去做某事。此时的宾语与省略to的不定式（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I would have you buy a new bike．我想让你买辆新自行车。We can＇t have the car stop．我们无法让汽车停下来。
2．have＋宾语＋过去分词
该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”被……。此时的宾语与过去分词（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：I＇ll have my hair cut tomorrow．
我明天要理发。They have just had their car repaired．他们刚找人把车修理了一下。
注意：大多数情况下，这两种句型之间可以互换。如：
1）He had me wash the table cloth．→He had the table cloth washed．
2) The man had the bike mended．→ The man had someone mend the bike．
1.问候：⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ?
Nice to meet you. B:回答相同⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you. 2.介绍：⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student. 3.告别
A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.
B:回答相同
4.感谢和应答表示感谢通常回答
Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. Many thanks. That's all right.
Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.
5.祝愿、祝贺和应答
⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you.
⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you.
⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.
6.道歉和应答A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you. B:It doesn't matter.
It's not important. That's nothing.
7.遗憾和同情What a pity!I'm sorry to hear that.
8.邀请和应答A:Would you like to … ? B:Yes, I'd love to.
9.提供帮助和应答
A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike.
Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks.
That's very kind of you.
10.请求允许⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right.
⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.
11.表示同意和不同意
(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK.
That's a good idea. I agree with you.
(2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.
12.表示肯定和不肯定
1: I'm sure. I'm sure that... 2: I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.
13.喜欢和厌恶1: I like /love...(very much) I like /love to... 2: I don't like to... I hate to ...
14. 问时间、日期的应答A:What day is it?
B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.
A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...
15.请求(1): Can/could you...for me? Will/would you please do sth.? May I have...?
(2): Please give/pass me... Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.
16.劝告和建议1:You'd better... You should... You need to...
2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . What/How about doing sth. ? 回答: OK. Good idea.
17.禁止和警告
1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... you'll ...
2:Take care.=Be careful.
18.表示感情A:喜悦Great!That's nice.
I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦虑What's wrong? What's the matter with you?I'm/He's/She's worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:惊奇Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?
19.约会A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?
Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate?
B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All right.See you then.
20.语言困难Pardon?Please say that more slowly again.
What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English.
21.表示称赞：A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.
22.常见的标志和说明
BUSINESS HOURS NO PHOTOS OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP OPEN CLOSED PULL PUSH EXIT ENTRANCE
营业时间禁止拍照办公时间这边向上开关
动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。
有一顺口溜体现了它的用法：我是am你是are ，is跟着他她它, 复数都用are
肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他
疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语+ am/ is /are
(否) No,主语+ am /is/are not缩写形式: I'm == I am That's ==That is
We're ==We are What's== What is You're == You are Who's == Who is
They're ==They are Where's ==Where is He's ==He is isn't==is not
She's ==She is aren't==are not It's == It is
2）行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加-s或-es 肯定式:主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数，否定式:主语+助动词don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't == do not doesn't ==does not
注意：have的第三人称单数为has
用法：1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用, eg. He has a brother. 2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun.
3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作. eg. Here comes the train.
4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时. eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow.
B:一般过去时棗表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。
结构： 1.动词的第一、三有称单数用,其他人称用,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。
2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加或,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。
肯定式:主语+动词的过去式+ 其他eg. I got up at six this morning.
否定式:主语+ did not + 动词原形+ 其他eg.John didn't live here last year. 疑问式:Did + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他eg.Did you see him a moment ago?
简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语+did (否)No , 主语+ didn't.
用法：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态. eg.My father was at work yesterday.
2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用.
eg.He always went to work by bus last summer.
3.和when等连词引导的状语从句连用. eg.When she reached home, she had a short rest.
4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如… ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用. eg.They began the work two months ago.
Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.
C:一般将来时棗表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态
结构：助动词shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will 肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他
否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他.
疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shall/will .
(否)No,主语+shall/will+not … 缩写形式: 'll ==shall/will
shan't== shall not won't == will not
用法: 1.表示将要发生的动作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等. eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year.
Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005.
2.表示某种必然的趋势eg. Fish will die without water.
解析：1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求. eg. Where shall we have the meeting?
Will you please lend me your pen?
2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等.
eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.
3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时. eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there.
4.be going to +动词原形也可表示将来时.
(1).表示主观意愿.打算等. eg. He's going to learn English next term.
(2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况eg. Look at the black clouds! ----It is going to rain.
D:现在进行时棗表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。
结构：am/is/are + 动词的-ing形式
用法：1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now,at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与look, listen连用.
eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next room.
2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. eg. They are planting trees these days.
3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.
注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行时. eg. Lucy prefers art to science.
G:现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。