70道选择(0174)欧洲文化入门复习思考题
（0174）《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题
I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.
1. Two major elements in European culture are __D__.
A. the Greek and Roman
B. the Judaism and Christianity
C. the Greco-Roman
D. A and B
2. _B___ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).
A. The Odyssey
B. The Iliad
C. Prometheus Bound
D. Persians
3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by ___A__.
A. Aeschylus
B. Aristophanes
C. Euripides
D. Sophocles
4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was __B__ , who is Father of Comedy.
A. Euripides
B. Aristophanes
C. Sophocles
D. Aeschylus
5. __C__ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.
A. Home
B. Heracleitue
C. Democritus
D. Socrates
6, __C__by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.
A. Dialogues
B. The Apology
C. The Republic
D. Symposium
7. Dante called __A__ “ the master of those who know”.
A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes
8. Euclid is even now well-known for his __A__.
A. Elements
B. Poetics
C. Ethics
D. Politics
9. __C__ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.
A, Discus Throwe r B, Venus de Milo
C, Laocoon group D, Parthenon
10. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between __D__ .
A. Athens and Sparta
B. Athens and Syracuse
C. Athens and Persians
D. Greeks and Persians
11. It is __D__ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.
A. Heracleitus
B. Aristotle
C. Socrates
D. Pythagoras
12.Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of _B___ in 27 B. C..
A.Rome
B. Augustus
C. The Roman Empire
D. Pax Romana
13. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by __B___.
A. Lucretius
B. V irgil
C. Julius Caesar
D. Cicero
14. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called __C__.
A. Deuteronomy
B. Exodus
C. the Pentateuch
D. Genesis
15. In ___B_ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).
A. 169
B.
C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B.C.
16. The most important and influential of English Bible is __B__, first published in 1611.
A. The Septuagint
B. The Vulgate
C. Wycliff’s version
D. Authorized version
17. _A___ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.
A. The Septuagint
B. The Vulgate
C. Wycliff’s version
D. Authorized version
18. It is generally accepted that __B__ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.
A. the Bible
B. the English Bible
C. the New Testament
D. the Old Testament
19. The Middle Ages is a period in which ___D__ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.
A. Greco-Roman, Christianity
B. classical, Christian
C. Greek, Roman
D. classical, Hebrew
20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _B____.
A. knighthood
B. the manor
C. the Church
D. polis
21. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into __C__ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
A. Christianity
B. the Roman Church
C. the Roman Catholic Church
D. the Western Catholic
22. ___A__ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.
A. Summa Theologica
B. Summa Contra Gentiles
C. Opus maius
D. Beowulf
23. The Anglo-Saxon epic __C__ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.
A. Song of Roland
B. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
C. Beowulf
D. the Divine Comedy
24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between _B___.
A. the 13th and 15th centuries
B. the 14th and mid-17th century
C. the 15th and 16th centuries
D. the 14th and 16th centuries
25. __D__ is the essence of the Renaissance.
A.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture
B.Attempts to get rid of conservatism
C.The flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture
D.Humanism
26. Fracesco Petrarch, the author of __B__, is known as Father of Humanism.
A. the Decameron
B.Canzoniers
C. David
D. Sleeping Venus
27. After Reformation, ___D__ came into being.
A. Christianity
B. Calvinism
C. Lutheranism
D. Protestantism
28. Which was NOT true about Durer?C
A, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany B, A master of woodcut
C, Never being to Italy D, A follower of Martin Luther
29. Father of modern astronomy is __C__.
A. Da V inci
B. Amerigo V espucci
C. Nicolaus Copernicus
D. Marchiavelli
30. V asari was best known for his entertaining biographies of __D__.
A. Fabrica
B. Prince
C. the Divine Comedy
D. Lives of the Artist s
31. ___B__’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.
A. Galileo Galilei
B. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
C. Sir Isaac Newton
D. Johannes Kepler
32. In the first ___D__ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.
A. the Advancement of Learning
B. the New Atlantis
C. Essay Concerning human Understanding
D. Treatise of Civil Government
33. Thomas Hobbes’s ___A__ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.
A. Leviathan
B. the Advancement of Learning
C. Essay Concerning human Understanding
D. Treatise of Civil Government
34. The theme of ___D__ is the fall of men.
A. New Method
B. Treatise of Civil Government
C. Essay Concerning human Understanding
D. Paradise Lost
35. ____C_ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.
A. Corneille
B. Racine
C. Molière
D. Descartes
36. Which of the following artists helped to gring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?
A. Rubens
B. Bernini
C. Borromini
D. Caravaggio
37. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S.constitution? ____D__
A. John Locke
B. Rousseau
C. V oltaire
D. Montesquieu
38. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? __C____
A. Philosophical Thoughts
B. Rameau’s Neph ew
C. Elements of Physiology
D. Encyclopedie
39. ___D__ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.
A. Walter Scott
B. Henry Fielding
C. Samuel Johnson
D. Samuel Richardson
40. Which of the Lessing’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama? ___A__
A. Minna Von Barnhelm
B. Laocoon
C. Hamburgische Dramaturgie
D. Nathan the Wise
41. In ___B__ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.
A. the Sorrow of Young Werther
B. Faust
C. Wilhelm Meister’s Travels
D. Poetry and Truth
42. Among Schiller’s works, ___C__ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.
A. The Robbers
B. Wallenstein
C. Cabal and Love
D. Wilhelm Tell
43.Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystalized in three difficult books; among them ,__D___ was the most important single book by any modern pholosopher.
A.General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens
B.Critique of Practical Reason
C. Critiquue of Judgement
D. Critique of Pure Reason
44. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for __C___ and he was only to remain here a moment”.
A. Beethoven
B. Haydn
C. Mozart
D. Bach
45. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? ______D.
A. Goethe
B. Victor Hugo
C. Daniel Defoe
D. Walter Scott
46. In 1798, __B_____, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.
A. Songs of Experience
B. Lyrical Ballads
C. Isles of Greece
D. Ode to the West Wind
47. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? __A___
A. George Sand
B. Victor Hugo
C. Daniel Defoe
D. Henry Fielding
48. ___D___ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.
A. Lermontov, A Hero of Our Time
B. Pushkin, Luslan and Liudmila
C. Pushkin, Boris Godunov
D. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin
49. The publication of Mickiewicz’s __C___ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.
A. Sonnets from the Crimea
B. Konrad Wallenrod
C. Ballads and Ramances
D. Pan Tadeusz
50. Beethoven’s ___D__ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for t he finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.
A. Symphony No. 3
B. Symphony No. 5
C. Symphony No. 6
D. Symphony No. 9
51. ____C_ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.
A. Berlioz
B. Chopin
C. Wagner
D. V erdi
52. Based on ___A__ , Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.
A.the German classical philosophy
B. the English classical political economy
C.the Utopian Socialism
D. the Manifesto of the Communist Party
53. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of __C___.
A.the survival of the fittest, the communist party
B.the natural selection, the scientific socialism
https://www.360docs.net/doc/211950213.html,anic nature, human history
D. natural species, historical societies
54. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from ___D__, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.
A. John Stevens Henslow
B. Charles Lyell
C. Thomas Huxley
D. Alfred Russel Wallace
55. Zola defined the theory of __A___ and illustrated it in his great work entitled _____.
A.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquarts
B. naturalism, Madame Bovary
C. realism, the Human Comedy
D. realism, the Charterhouse of Parma
56. ___A_ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.
A. Nikolai Gogol
B. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev
C. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
D. Count Leo Tolstoy
57. ___D__ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.
A. Nikolai Gogol
B. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev
C. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
D. Count Leo Tolstoy
58. Among Ibsen’s masterpieces, __B___ is a plea for the emancipation of women.
A. Ghosts
B. A Doll’s House
C. the Wild Duck
D. Hedda Gabler
59. Among Charles Dickens’s works, __D___ has the most intricate, complicated plot.
A. Oliver Twist
B. Hard Times
C. David Copperfield
D. Bleak House
60. ___A__, George Eliot’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest Engl ish novel of the 19th century.
A. Middlemarch
B. The Mill on the Floss
C. Adam Bede
D. Silas Marner
61. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of __D___ Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).
A. Renoir’s
B. Pissarro’s
C. Manet’s
D. Monet’s
62. ____B_ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.
A. Renoir
B. Degas
C. Monet
D. Pissarro
63. ____C__ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emoyion and temperament.
A. Paul Cézanne
B. Paul Gauguin
C. V incent van Gogh
D. Auguste Rodin
64. In Freudian system, __A___ is the container of the instrinctual urges.
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Oedipus Comlex
65. T.S. Eliot’s long poem _C____ is his major contibution to English poetry.
A.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
B. Four Quartets
C. the Waste Land
D. imagism
66. __D___ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.
A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
B. Dubliners
C. Finnegans Wake
D. Ulysses
67. The term “ Angry Y oung Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of _A____ play Look Back in Anger (1956).
A. John Osborne’s
B. Kingsley Amis’s
C. Allen Ginsberg’s
D. Jack Kerouac’s
68. __C___ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regardedas an important development in American
poetry.
A. John Osborne’s
B. Kingsley Amis’s
C. Allen Ginsberg’s
D. Jack Kerouac’s
69. ___D__ is known as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral descr iption of things, registered with a camera’s eye.
A. Samuel Beckett
B. Nathalie Sarraute
C. Jean-Paul Sartre
D. Alain Robbe-Grillet
70. ____B_ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was rememdered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.
A. Nathalie Sarraute’s
B. Samuel Beckett’s
C. Jean-Paul Sartre’s
D. Alain Robbe-Grillet’s
II．Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B. Column A Column B
1. Sophocles g a. the founder of the inductive method
2. Democritus c b. Don Giovanni
3. V irgil h c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory
4. Thomas Aquinas p d. a universal genius
5. Da V inci d e. The Execution of the Third of May
6. John Calvin o f. Eugene Onegin
7. Andreas V esalius i g. the Oedipus complex
8. Giorgio V asari n h. The Aeneid
9. Goya e i. Fabrica
10. Percy Bysshe Shelley j j. Prometheus Unbound
11. Alessandro Manzoni q k. Critique of Pure Reason
12. Aleksander Pushkin f l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs
13. Immanuel Kant k m. Encyclopédie
14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau r n. the first to use the term Renaissance
15. RenéDescartes t o. Institutes of the Christian Religion
16. Francis Bacon a p. the supreme figure in scholasticism
17. Nicolaus Copernicus l q. The Betrothed
18. Jean Racin s r. The Social Contract
19. Diderot m s. Phaèdra
20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart b t. the founder of analytical geometry
III. Decide the following statements true or false.
1. Homer’s epics described the events of Homer’s own time. ( F )
2. Sappho was considered the most important lyric peot of ancient Greece. ( T )
3. V enus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. ( F )
4. Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries. ( T)
5. The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopaedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds. ( T )
6. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in apopular form of
Latin. ( F ) 7. Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox. ( T ) 8. Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. ( F ) 9. The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th . ( F ) 10. In the period of Renaissance, where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama. ( T ) 11. Chritopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent was named after him.
( F)
12. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England and with RenéDescartes in France. ( T ) 13. Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by Dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. ( F ) 14. Throughout his life, Peter Paul Rubens did 1,204 paitings and 300 drawings, something that is unprecedented in the history of art. ( T ) 15. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were tw o 17th century Englishmen Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. ( F ) 16. The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the Viennese School. ( F ) 17. Marxism was linked to a great intellectual tradition extending into the 18th century French Enlightenment, german post-Kantian philosophy, English classical political economy, and early 18th century European socialism. ( F ) 18. As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governingthe bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolutionof man himself. ( F ) 19. Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man’s fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. ( F ) 20. Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to communicate one’s inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colors to bring out their pessimistic views on life.
( T)
IV. Explain the following.
1.Renaissance
2.Reformation
3.French Classicism
4.Baroque Art
5.Enlightenment
6.Romanticism
7.Realism
8.Dadaism
9.The Human Comedy
10.The Bible
最新欧洲文化入门复习资料
Part I Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. ****** 1 ****** 1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________ A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. Leonardo Da Vinci 6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West. A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
自考《欧洲文化入门试卷及答案练习题》
课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日姓名学号学院班级 Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each) 1. ———— was the founder of scientific mathematics. A. Pythagoras B. Democritus C. Aristotle D. Diogenes 2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”by Dante A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Cicero 3.
________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay. A. Thucydides B. Herodotus C. Socrates D. Aristotle 4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ . A. Moses B. Joshua C. Saul D. David 5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal A. Domitian B. Valerian C. Constantine D. Theodosius 6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ . A. wanderers B. travelers C. traders D. merchants 7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from central Asia. A. Turkish B. Huns
四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考
四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考研全套资料真题答案辅导笔记模拟卷 2015年弘毅考研川大分部研究生团队已达50多人，涵盖经济、法学、文学、新传、外国语、艺术、历史、旅游、数学、化学、生物、电子、材料、机械、电气、计算机、环境、水土、水利、化工、发酵、行管、教经、社保、商院、体育、马克思、护理、口腔、公卫、预防、药学等30多个院系专业，是目前专业课考研最权威的专业团队，以“弘毅川大考研论坛”为基石，各个专业的学长学姐给您答疑解惑。为您全程护航。 2015年四川大学考研的成功与否，不仅仅取决于自己是否足够努力，更多在于自己能否拿到真正有价值的川大专业课备考复习资料和获得内部考研信息，这将极大地决定着自己一年的辛苦努力是否能划上圆满的句号。 鉴于此，弘毅考研根据自己多年考研专业课成功辅导经验，联合川大高分研究生团队，同时和高分研究生团队一起将最有价值的考研复习资料通过科学的排版，荣誉推出了2015版《弘毅胜卷系列——完备复习指南、历年真题解析、高分辅导讲义、最后三套模拟卷》专业精品复习资料，该辅导系统从根本上解决了广大考研学子考研专业课信息不对称、考研专业课复习难度大等问题，三年来倍受好评，每年考取我校的大部分同学来自我们川大考研论坛的全程辅导，“弘毅胜卷”也成为每一个报考四川大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业的考生人手一册、不可或缺的考研专业课复习备考资料。 《弘毅胜卷》的特点： 1.“全”：本资料把参考书可能考到的知识点都全部列出，并做了详细的讲解，并对历年真题进行透彻的解析； 2.“简”：为不增加考生负担，对考点的讲解，尽量做到精简，除去了教材繁琐臃肿的语言，直击要害； 3.“具实用性”：各高校考题的重复率非常高。针对此规律，本资料将专业涉及到的真题举例附在每个考点后面，方便大家查阅。 4.“具时效性”：本资料会根据最新的招生简章和目录、最新的参考书目和考试大纲对资料进行及时调整、更新，让弘毅胜卷臻于完善！ 提醒：为保证产品质量，我们在反盗版技术上投入了很大人力物力，首先在阅读体验上远远超越盗版资料（加了水印和红白页，复印基本看不清楚），同时弘毅考研每年均根据当年最新考试要求进行改版升级并提供超值的售后服务，并将后续重要资料分期发送，盗版将丢失这些重要资料，请考生务必谨慎辨别，不要为了省一点小钱购买其他机构或个人销售的盗版材料而耽误备考，甚至影响前途的大事情。同时也请大家支持正版，你们一如既往的支持，是我们一直大力度的投入开发的动力。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the
2014年10月北京自考欧洲文化入门模拟试题和答案
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欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分 2006-4-28 16:6自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】 第七章 1、Romanticism名词解释 Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement （狂飙运动）in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations （灵感）above those of society. As a reaction （反应）to the industrial revolution （工业革命），it looked to （承上启下）the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature （与大自然的直接接触）for inspiration （灵感）。Romanticism gave impetus （动力支持）to the national liberation movement （民族解放运动） in 19th century Europe. 2、The literary and philosophical trend （倾向）in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.（先验论） 3、the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism was Adam Smith…s the wealth of Nations. 4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到 5、French revolution with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equality and universal brotherhood. 6、Blake —→Songs of Innocence （清白之歌）happy world —→Songs of Experience （经验之歌）bitter world （苦涩） 7、The Laker poets （The Lakers） ①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads （抒情民谣）与Coleridge 合写 —→The Prelude （序曲） ②Coleridge —→Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）exotic culture （外来文化） —→The Rime of the ancient Mariner （古舟船泳） 8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature. 9、Coleridge…s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. （外来文 化） 10、Byron —→Isles of Greece （希腊诸岛）
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欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结 1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas