毕业论文风力发电机技术参考文献外文、译文

Wind Power Generation Technology

Wind is very important and reserves of energy, it is safe, clean, and can provide abundant energy, stability of the stream. Now, use wind power has become the main form of wind, the world's attention, and the fastest.

Wind energy technology is a high-tech; it relates more than a dozen of subjects, including meteorology,aerodynamics, structural mechanics, computer technology, electronic control technology,material science,chemistry, electrical engineering, electrical engineering, so the difficulty of a system technology may beyond the difficulty of space technology. First, The division of wind energy technologies:

Wind energy technology is divided into large-scale wind power technology and small and medium sized wind power technology, although both are wind energy technology, working principles are the same, the two industries are completely different: specific performance of the "policy orientation is different in different markets, different applications, applied technology is different, totally belong to the same kinds of industries in the two sectors. Therefore, in China machinery industry meeting on the wind to large wind power and wind power to distinguish between small and medium treated separately. In addition, to meet different market needs, extending from the wind and solar technology has not only promoted the development of small wind power technology, but also for the small wind power opens up new markets.

1. Large-scale wind power technology:

The technology of large-scale wind power in China still has a certain gap between international.

The technology of large-scale wind power technology originated in Denmark and some other European countries, the wind power industry propelled by the government, because of the local wind resource-rich,large-scale wind power technology and equipment ahead of the international development. Our government has also started to boost the development of large-scale wind power technology, and a range of policies to guide industry development. Large-scale wind power technology are for the large-scale wind turbine design,wind turbine applications for large area on the very strict environmental requirements are applied to limited resources, wind energy resource-rich wind field, to accept a variety of perennial bad environment that something was the complex nature of the environment, high demands on the technology up on the line.Currently large-scale wind power technology in general is not yet ripe, the core technology of large-scale wind power still rely on foreign, national policy guidance to the domestic wind power project launched in various places, like crazy, all over

look forward to slice. Worthy of the name "mad electricity" through the wind began to Negative effect and Precaution policy. Although wind power projects have been started, but more as complementary type, complete with independent intellectual property rights of large-scale wind power systems technology and core technology few. The test environment needs to have been a large-scale wind power technology to mature. In addition, the large-scale wind power generation technology and network technology has also improved a number of issues still restrict the development of large-scale wind power technology.

2. The technology of small wind power:

The technology of small wind power in China could compare with the international technology.

In 1970s, the small wind power technology in China had been developed which has wind resources for a better situation, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang areas, the first small wind power technology is widely used in power transmission project to the Township for a one of farmers and herdsmen household power supply, continuously updated as the technology improvement and development, not only alone but also with the combination of complementary optical has been widely used in distributed independent power supply. These years as Chinese exports of small and medium wind steadily. Internationally, China's small and medium sized wind power technology and wind and solar technology have leapt to international leadership.

Small wind power technology is mature and relatively small by natural resource constraints, distributed independent power as a significant effect not only connected, but also the formation of more stable and reliable combination of optical complementary technologies scenery Moreover, technology is completely self-localization. Both from a technical or price in the international arena are very competitive; with international has now started a small wind power in China brand; "wall flower wall Hong" has intensified. In the country's most technical advantages and competitiveness of small and medium wind power has always been forgotten by the government and policy in a corner of reasons, in the early states has been to locate the small and medium sized wind power in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, farmers and herdsmen in remote areas to use and return into the agricultural class, low cost, shoddy, low-performance reliability, security, no security of land mostly sparsely populated areas, most of the domestic market are subject to loss of reliability of large price war; in people subconsciously form a poor understanding of So get national attention and development.

Domestic small wind power technology in the "low wind start, low wind speed generation, pitch moment, multiple protection, and a series of technical attention by the international market and international clients

unanimously approved, has a leading position. Moreover, the small and medium Wind power technology is ultimately distributed independent power supply to meet end-market, rather than large-scale wind power generation and network technologies to meet the domestic monopoly market, technology, update rate must be adapted to a broad and rapidly growing market.

3. wind and solar technology:

Wind is the integration of technical skills and the Small and Medium Wind Energy Solar Energy Technology, combines a variety of applications of new technology, and it covers many areas, the wide range of applications, technical differentiation is so great that a variety of techniques which can separate match.

Wind and solar power is currently the world in the use of new energy technology the most mature, most large-scale and industrial development of the industry, separate and individual solar wind has its drawbacks of development, but both wind and solar power complementary combined to realize the two new configuration of energy in natural resources, the technical programs of integration, performance and price compared to aspects of the new energy source for the most reasonable, not only reduces the demand to meet under the same unit cost and expand the scope of application of the market, also increases the reliability of the product.

In addition: solar and wind power are both new energy, solar energy than the wind started to be late more than 30 per solar PV / W by the general public about the price of recognition can be converted to a 15% rate;while the price of small wind power conversion rate is only 1/5-1/6 of the same 60% -80%, only the low price Worse still suppressed, photoelectric production of pollution on the environment greater than wind power, than substantial development in wind energy, this comparison contrast twist of meditation ......, if people use the energy from the point of view, our goal is to meet the electricity from wind power generating capacity to measure the cost of solar energy economy than many .

Wind, solar and wind power integration advantages, not only for the "energy saving, emission reduction,"opened up new horizons for the application of science to meet human needs, for the world to open a fourth

Revolution.

Second，Wind power has three kinds of operation mode:

one is independent operation mode, usually a small wind generators to one or a few families to provide power, storage battery energy, to ensure the electricity without wind, Second is the wind turbines and other power mode (such as engine power), combining to a

unit or an village or an island power supply, Three is wind power into conventional power operate and to provide electric power grid, is often a wind tens or hundreds of sets installed wind generators, this is the main development direction of wind power.

Wind power system in the two main parts is wind machine and generators. Wind turbines to change from adjusting technique, plasma generator toward VSCF technology, this is the development trend of wind power technology is the core technology nowadays wind turbines. The following simple introduction of this two respects.

1 the change of wind plasma from regulation

Wind turbines impeller, will capture the wind by converting wind effects on the mechanical wheel

torque.

Change is the change from adjustment with vertical axis wind leaf surface of Angle, thus affecting the force and the blade, when the wind resistance increases, the output power of the fan is kept constant power output. By regulating mode, fan from the output power curve is smooth. In the rated wind leaf Angle of attack,controller will be placed near zero, do not change, approximate distance equal to adjust for pulp. In the rated wind above, variable structure control function from pulp, adjust the blade Angle of attack, the output power control in near ratings. Change from the wind plasma starting from wind speed is set slurry machine downtime at low impact stress relative ease. The normal work, is mainly adopts power control, in practical applications, power and speed is directly proportional to the set. Small changes will cause the wind changes of wind.

Due to the change of wind from pulp by adjusting the impact than other wind from small, can reduce material utilization rate, reduce overall weight. And the change of wind from accommodation type at low speed, can make the blades, keep good Angle of attack than accommodation type stall wind turbines have better energy output, therefore is suitable for low average speed of the region.

Change from another advantage of regulation, when the winds reach a certain value, stall type of wind and downtime, must from type machine can gradually changes to the wind load without a blades of open mode, avoid wing, increase of wind turbine.

Change is to adjust the defect is sensitive response requires gusts. Because the wind accommodation type

stall fan vibration power pulse are small, and accommodation type from wind turbines is bigger, especially for the change from the constant speed windmills way, this kind of circumstance, this does not require more obvious change in the fan is the response speed of wind system to fast enough, can reduce this phenomenon.

Third, the development of wind energy technology requires constant innovation:

At present, China's wind energy development in technological innovation is still very weak, the lack of core technologies with independent intellectual property. Thus, much would import technology from abroad.Although the arrival of knowledge economy era, all countries take full advantage of global resources and international cooperation through the introduction of technology to bridge the gap and improve competitiveness. But if there is no capability of independent innovation, not know what the introduction of advanced technologies, are not able to absorb the future, can not carry out another record, which is on the one hand; on the other hand, the core technology is the introduction of foreign countries cannot, and must be rely on innovation to master the core technology; Moreover, the domestic policy of independent innovation of technology needs to supporting, guiding, supporting, with the core technology of wind energy products to be increasing support, such a "wall flower wall incense" situation can be change, innovation and power can come from constant innovation.

In short: the wind power industry continuing to creating in a single generation from wind energy technology to power the various areas of need ,its additional products have emerged such as: street, landscape, traffic control, communication, irrigation, planting, breeding, sea water desalination , fire, alarm, islands, mountains and so on. Shows the development of wind energy in this new industry can be brought about

numerous development and transformation of traditional industries, but the application of wind energy technology in various fields has become the industry's benchmark. World revolution will be caused by wind energy technology from the New Energy and Industrial revolution.

风力发电技术

风能是非常重要并储量巨大的能源，它安全、清洁、充裕，能提供源源不绝，稳定的能源。目前，利用风力发电已成为风能利用的主要形式，受到世界各国的高度重视，而且发展速度最快。风能技术是一项高新技术，它涉及到气象学、空气动力学、结构力学、计算机技术、电子控制技术、材料学、化学、机电工程、电气工程、环境科学等十几个学科和专业，因此是一项系统技术，其难度毫不逊色于航天技术。

一、风能技术的划分：

风能技术分为大型风电技术和中小型风电技术，虽然都属于风能技术，工作原理也相同，但是却属于完全不同的两个行业：具体表现在“政策导向不同、市场不同、应用领域不同、应用技术更是不同，完全属于同种产业中的两个行业。因此，在中国风力机械行业会议上已经把大型风电和中小型风电区分出来分别对待。此外，为满足市场不同需求，延伸出来的风光互补技术不仅推动了中小型风电技术的发展，还为中小型风电开辟了新的市场。

1、大型风电技术：

我国大型风电技术与国际还有一定差距。

大型风电技术起源于丹麦、荷兰等一些欧洲国家，由于当地风能资源丰富，风电产业受到政府的助推，大型风电技术和设备的发展在国际上遥遥领先。目前我国政府也开始助推大型风电技术的发展，并出台一系列政策引导产业发展。大型风电技术都是为大型风力发电机组设计的，而大型风力发电机组应用区域对环境的要求十分严格，都是应用在风能资源丰富的资源有限的风场上，常年接受各种各样恶劣的环境考研，环境的复杂多变性，对技术的高度要求就直线上升。目前国内大型风电技术普遍还不成熟，大型风电的核心技术仍然依靠国外，国家政策的引导使国内的风电项目发疯一样在各地上马，各地都期望能借此分得一杯羹。名副其实的“疯电”借着政策的东风开始燎原之势。虽然风电项目纷纷上马，但多为配套类型，完全拥有自主知识产权的大型风电系统技术和核心技术少之又少。还需经历几年环境考验的大型风电技术才能逐渐成熟。此外，大型风电技术中发电并网的技术还在完善，一系列的问题还在制约大型风电技术的发展。

2、中小型风电技术：

我国中小型风电技术可以与国际相媲美。

在本世纪 70 年代中小型风电技术在我国风况资源较好的内蒙、新疆一带就已经得到了发展，最初中小型风电技术被广泛应用在送电到乡的项目中为一家一户的农牧民家用供电，随着技术的更新不断的完善与发展，不仅能单独应用还能与光电组合互补已被广泛应用于分布式独立供电。这些年来随着我国中小型风电出口的稳步提升。在国际上，我国的中小型风电技术和风光互补技术已跃居国际领先地位。

中小型风电技术成熟受自然资源限制相对较小，作为分布式独立发电效果显著不仅可以并网，而且还能结合光电形成更稳定可靠的风光互补技术，况且技术完全自主国产化。无论从技术还是价格在国际上都十分具有竞争优势；加上现在在国际已打响了中小型风电的中国品牌；“墙内开花墙外香”已愈演愈烈。在国内最具技术优势和竞争力中小型风力发电一直是被政府和政策遗忘的一个角落，究其原因，在早期国家一直把中小型风力发电定位到内蒙、新疆等偏远地区农牧民使用且归入农机类，价格低廉、粗制滥造、性能可靠度低、安全无保障使用地多为人烟稀少区、国内市场大多都在丧失可靠性的前提下大打价格战；在人们潜意识里形成较差的认识，因此得不到国家的重视和发展。

目前国内中小型风电的技术中“低风速启动、低风速发电、变桨矩、多重保护等等一系列技术得到国际市场的瞩目和国际客户的一致认可，已处于国际领先地位。况且中小型风电技术最终是为满足分布式独立供电的终端市场，而非如大型风电技术是满足发电并网的国内垄断性市场，技术的更新速度必须适应广阔而快速发展的市场需求。

3、风光互补技术：

风光互补技术是整合了中小型风电技术和太阳能技术，综合了各种应用领域的新技术，其涉及的领域之多、应用范围之广、技术差异化之大，是各种单独技术所无法比拟的。

风能和太阳能是目前全球在新能源利用方面技术最成熟、最具规模化和产业化发展的行业，单独的风能和单独的太阳能都有其开发的弊端，而风力发电和太阳能发电两者互补性的结合实现了两种新能源在自然资源的配置方面、技术方案的整合方面、性能与价格的对比方面都达到了对新能源综合利用的最合理，不但降低了满足同等需求下的单位成本，而且扩大了市场的应用范围，还提高了产品的可靠性。

此外：太阳能和风能同属新能源，太阳能比风能起步要晚的多，太阳能光伏发电 30 元/瓦左右的价格受大众所认可，可转化率仅有 15%左右；而中小型风力发电的价格仅为同等的 1/5-1/6 转化率却有60%-80%，仅此低的价格更有甚者还在打压，光电生产过程中对环境造成的污染远大于风电，却比风电能得到长足的发展，这样的对比反差耐人沉思......，如果从人们用能的角度，最终是为了满足用电，从发电量来衡量风能的成本要比太阳能经济许多。

风光互补整合了太阳能和风能优势，不仅为“节能、减排”开辟了新的天地，以应用科学来满足人类需求，为世界进入第四次革命打开了一页。

二、风力发电有三种运行方式：

一是独立运行方式，通常是一台小型风力发电机向一户或几户提供电力，它用蓄电池蓄能，以保证无风时的用电；二是风力发电与其他发电方式（如柴油机发电）相结合，向一个单位或一个村庄或一个海岛供电；三是风力发电并入常规电网运行，向大电网提供电力，常常是一处风电场安装几十台甚至几百台风力发电机，这是风力发电的主

在风力发电系统中两个主要部件是风力机和发电机。风力机向着变浆距调节技术、发电机向着变速恒频发电技术，这是风力发电技术发展的趋势，也是当今风力发电的核心技术。下面简单介绍这两方面的情况。

1 风力机的变浆距调节

风力机通过叶轮捕获风能，将风能转换为作用在轮毂上的机械转矩。

变距调节方式是通过改变叶片迎风面与纵向旋转轴的夹角，从而影响叶片的受力和阻力，限制大风时风机输出功率的增加，保持输出功率恒定。采用变距调节方式，风机功率输出曲线平滑。在额定风速以下时，控制器将叶片攻角置于零度附近，不做变化，近似等同于定浆距调节。在额定风速以上时，变浆距控制结构发生作用，调节叶片攻角，将输出功率控制在额定值附近。变浆距风力机的起动速度较定浆距风力机低，停机时传递冲击应力相对缓和。正常工作时，主要是采用功率控制，在实际应用中，功率与风速的立方成正比。较小的风速变化会造成较大的风能变化。

由于变浆距调节风力机受到的冲击较之其它风力机要小得多，可减少材料使用率，降低整体重量。且变距调节型风力机在低风速时，可使桨叶保持良好的攻角，比失速调节型风力机有更好的能量输出，因此比较适合于平均风速较低的地区安装。

变距调节的另外一个优点是，当风速达到一定值时，失速型风力机必须停机，而变距型风力机可以逐步变化到一个桨叶无负载的全翼展开模式位置，避免停机，增加风力机发电量。

变距调节的缺点是对阵风反应要求灵敏。失速调节型风机由于风的振动引起的功率脉动比较小，而变距调节型风力机则比较大，尤其对于采用变距方式的恒速风力发电机，这种情况更明显，这样不要求风机的变距系统对阵风的响应速度要足够快，才可以减轻此现象。

2 变速恒频风力发电机

变速恒频风力发电机常采用交流励磁双馈型发电机，其结构如图 1 所示。它的结构类似绕线型感应电机，只是转子绕组上加有滑环和电刷，这样一来，转子的转速与励磁的频率有关，从而，使得双馈型发电机的内部电磁关系既不同于异步发电机又不同于同步发电机，但它却具有异步机和同步机的某些特性。

交流励磁双馈变速恒频风力发电机不仅可以通过控制交流励磁的幅值、相位、频率来实现变速恒频，还可以实现有功、无功功率控制，对电网而言还能起无功补偿的作用。

交流励磁变速恒频双馈发电机系统有如下优点:

允许原动机在一定范围内变速运行，简化了调整装置，减少了调速时的机械应力。同时使机组控制更加灵活、方便，提高了机组运行效率。

需要变频控制的功率仅是电机额定容量的一部分，使变频装置体积减小，成本降低，

调节励磁电流幅值，可调节发出的无功功率；调节励磁电流相位，可调节发出的有功功率。应用矢量控制可实现有、无功功率的独立调节。

三、风能技术的发展需要不断的创新：

目前，我国风能发展中技术创新还很薄弱，缺乏有自主知识产权的核心技术。因此，在很大程度上还要从国外引进技术。虽然，在知识经济到来的时代，所有国家都充分利用全球资源，通过技术引进和国际合作来缩小差距，提高竞争能力。但是，如果没有自主创新能力，就不知道引进什么先进技术，引进以后也没有能力消化吸收，更不能进行再创新，这是一方面；另一方面，国外的核心技术是引进不来的，必须靠自主创新来掌握核心技术；再者，国内的自主创新技术需要政策给予配套、引导、扶持，拥有核心技术的风能产品要加大扶持力度，这样“墙内开花墙外香”的局面才能得以改变，创新的动力才能来自不断的创新。

总之：风电产业中的风能技术已从单一发电向各个需要用电的领域不断的创新，其附加产品也应运而生如:路灯、景观、交通监控、通讯、灌溉、种植、养殖、海水淡化、防火、警报、海岛高山等。可见风能这个新兴产业的发展能带动了无数个传统产业的发展与转型，而风能在各个领域的应用技术成了这些产业发展的风向标。即将引发的世界革命必将来自于以风能技术等新能源产业的革命。