英国文学梳理
英国文学
The middle ages中古英语文学
449-1066 The Anglo-Saxon period(The Old English) 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期Northumbrain School&Wessex literature诺森伯兰和西撒克斯文学
Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf 贝奥武蒲
1066-1350 The Norman period: Middle English
Religious literature
The influence of French literature: Romance 骑士传奇
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士
Sir Thomas Malory（马洛礼） e Mort d’Arthur(The death of Arthu r)
Early English plays
The Renaissance period文艺复兴时期
1485-1558 The beginning of the English Renaissance:
Thomas More: Utopia
Wyatt and Haward
1558-1603 The Elizabethan Age(The Age of Shakespeare)
Poetry: Edmund Spencer:The Faerie Queene
John Lyly
Sir Philip Sidney
Drama: The “University Wits”&Christopher Marlowe:
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
The passionate Shepherd to His Love
Ben Jonson:Song to Celia
William Shakespeare:Sonnets(18,29,66,116)
Romeo&Juliet
The Merchant of Venice
Julius Caesar
Hamlet
Songs from the plays(1)Under the greenwood Tree
(2)Blow,Blow,Thou Winter Wind
Prose:Francis Bacon:Of Great place
Of Study
The 17th Century(1603-1688)
Historical background:The King James Bible of 1611
Metaphysical Poets & CavalierPoets:
John Donne:Song
The Canonization
A Valediction:Forbidding mouring
Meditation
George Herbert:Virtue
Ben Jonson:Song to Celia
Robert Herrick:To the Virgins,To Make Much of Time
John Milton:To Mr.Cyriack Skinner Upon his Blindness
Paradise Lost
Samson Agonistes
John Bunyan:The Pilgrim’s Progress
John Dryden:An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
The 18th Century & the Restoration(1660-1798)
Neoclassicism:1600-1700: The Age of Dryden(restoration literature)
John Dryden
1700-1745: The Age of Pope (The Augustan Age)
Alexander Pope: An Essay on Man
An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposal
Joseph Addison&Richard Steel:
The Royal Exchange
Sir Roger at Church
1745-1785: The Time of Johnson(The Neoclassical Decline)
Samuel Johnson etter to Lord
Chesterfield
The Preface to Shakespeare The Rise of the Realistic Novel
Daniel Defoe:Moll Flanders
Samuel Richardson
Henry Fielding:The History of Tom Jones,A Foundling
Joseph Andrews
Tobias Smollett & Laurence Sterne
Pre-Romanticism
Thomas Gray:Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
Richard Brinsey Sheridan:The School for Scandal
Robert Burns:Is There for Honest Poverty Scots,Wha Hae
Auld Lang Syne
A Red,Red Rose
William Blake:Songs of Innocence:The Lamb
Holy Thursday Songs of Experience:The Chimney Sweeper
Holy Thursday
The Tyger
London
The Age of Romanticism(1798-1832)
Poetry
The 1st Generation of Romatics:
William Wordsworth: Preface to Lyrical Ballads
Composed upon Westerminster Bridge
The Solitary Reaper
I Wandered Loney as a Cloud
Lines Composed a Few Miles
above Tintern Abbey
London,1802
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Robert Southey:
The Younger Generation of Romatics: George Gordon Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
Don Juan(The Isles of Greece)
When We Two Parted
She Walks in Beauty Percy Bysshe Shelley:Song to the Man of England
Ode to the West Wind
Ozymandias
John Keats: On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer
Ode to a Nightingale
To Autumn
Non-Poetic Literature of the Age:
The Familiar Essay: Charles Lamb:Old China
Thomas de Quincey:On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth
William Hazlitt: On Familiar Style
Leigh Hunt
Novel: Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice Sir Walter Scott: Ivanhoe
Rob Roy
Hunting Song
Lochinvar
The Victorian Age(1832-1901)
Novel:Charles Dickens ombey and Son
Bleak House
David Copperfield
A Tale of Twe Cities
William Makepeace Thackray: Vanity Fair
George Eliot:
Charlotte Bronte
Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights
Thomas Hardy:Tess of the D’Urbervilles
In Time of “The Breaking of Nations”
Afterwards
Poetry ord Alfred
Tennyson:Break,Break,Break
Ulysses
In Memoriam A.H.H.
Crossing the Bar
Robert Browing: My Last Duchess
Meeting at Night
Parting at Morning
Mathew Arnold: Dover Beach
Gerard Manley Hopkins:Spring and Fall
The Windhover:To Christ Our Lord
Non-Fictional Prose:Thomas Carlyle: Past and Present
John Ruskin:
The Aestheticism:Oscar Wilde:The picture of Dorian Gray
Preface to The picture of Dorian Gray
An Ideal Husband Drama:George Bernard Shaw: Major Barbara
Mrs.Warren’s Profession
The 20th Century(1901- ) Modernism Poetry:Thomas Hardy:Hap
Neutral Tones
The Darkening Thrush
The Man He Killed
A Plaint to Man
The V oice
In Time of “The Breaking of Nations”
A.E.Housman oveliest of Trees,the Cherry
Now
To an Athlete Dying Young
The Georgians
The 1st World War Poets:Rupert Brooke
Wilfred Owen ulce et
Decorum Est
Siegfried Sassoon Modernist Poets(Technical Revolution in Poetry):
William Butler Yeats:The Lake Isle of Innisfree
When You Are Old
The Second Coming
Sailing to Byzantium
Thomas Sterns Eliot:The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock
Wystan Hugh Auden:Spain 1937
Stephen Spender:The Landscape near an Aerodrome
Dylan Thomas o Not Go Gentle
into That Good Night
The Postwar Poets: Philip Larkin(“The Movement” Poet):Church Going
Ted Hughes: Hawk Roosting
Theology
The Group,Post-Movement,University Wits Fiction:Realistic Novel(at the beginning of the century):
John Galsworthy
Arnold Bennett
H.G.Wells
The Emergence of Modernism:
Henry James:
Joseph Conrad reface to The
Nigger of the “Narcissus”
E.M.Forster:The Road from Colonus
The Psychological Penetration of https://www.360docs.net/doc/287050564.html,wrence:
Stream of Consciousness:James Joyce: Ulysses
Virginia Woolf: Modern Fiction
Social Satires:Evelyn Waugh:
Aldous Huxley:
George Orwell:Some Thoughts on the
Common Toad
The Angry Young Men: Kingsley Amis ucky
Jim
John Wain:Hurry on Down
*John Osborne ook Back in
Anger
William Golding:
Graham Greene:
Short Stories:Katherian Mansfield:The Garden-Party
William Somerset Maugham:The Ant and the Grasshopper
Women Writers:Iris Murdock:
Muriel Spark:
Doris Lessing:A Road to the Big City
Elizabeth Bowen:
Drama: George Bernard Shaw: Mrs.Warren’s Profession
The Irish Literary Theater: William Butler Yeats:The Countess Cathleen
Lady Gregory
George Moore
Edward Martyn
Sean O’Casey
The Revival of the Verse Drama:
Theatre of the Absurd:Samuel Backett:Waiting for Godot
Dramatists of the Lower Classes: John Osborne & ArnoldWesker
Seamus Heaney eath of a Naturalist
Punishment
Martin Amis:Money:a Suicide Note
V.S.Naipaul:In a Free State
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英美文学重点整理
What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。
48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?
**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.
英国文学 整理
Term Definition： Alliteration（押头韵）: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend（亚瑟王传奇）: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet（十四行诗）: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit（夸张）: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）: A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance（传奇小说）: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the
英国文学名著整理
☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
莎士比亚对英国文学影响
T erm Paper for A History of English and American Literature (A) (June 2011) I. Write a paper of about 600 words on any one of the following topics: 1. Shakespeare’s contributions to literature and the English language 2. The general features of English critical realism 3. The influence of Puritanism on American literature II. Note your Microsoft W ord document should meet the following requirements: 1. The typeface is Times New Roman. 2. The title uses font size 16 and bold type. 3. The body uses font size 12 and normal font weight. 4. The entire document is single-spaced.
It is the East, Shakespeare is the Sun (June 2011) Name _陆雨婷Class_091__ Number __32__ Mark ________ Almost all of us know “Hamlet” “Romeo and Juliet”, but know very little about Shakespeare. Actually he did a lot to the English literature and English language. “The English literature is nothing without Shakespeare.”This is someone’s appraise to Shakespeare Maybe you think that this is too high to him, but actually, he worth it. Shakespeare is one of the most popular and respected writer in the history. Through his life, William Shakespeare published two long narrative poems, 154 sonnets and 37 plays. What’s more, almost all of his works are still loved by people after so many years. Shakespeare is the represent of English Renaissance. The best features of that time such as the feeling of freedom in thought and action, the excesses of energy and so on, are all reflected perfectly in his works. Shakespeare deal with love, life and death and these universal themes get beautiful touch by him. He is really knowledgeable. Therefore, his characters have become memorable in the field of literature. There are many popular sayings from Shakespeare’ works. Such as “A light heart lives long.” “Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.” Among all of these, “To be or not to be” is the most famous soliloquy in the history of the theater. Is it worth to fight with evil or is it better to ignore evil, endure the pain and live on? This discusses the attitude of a Renaissance humanist toward life and death. Also, this reflects in a modern man who is caught in the same situation. The characters of his works are all not that simple. Y ou can’t say that guy is good or bad. They all have several contract characters. Such as Hamlet, he is a hero in that play, but we all impressed by his procrastination. Sometimes, we are hard to understand why the young man does not take the immediate action. Shakespeare liked to use pun and the justapositation of the comic element alongside the serious. He respected the sense of certitude and justice. His works are full of wisdom and philoso phy. They touch the reader’s souls. He believes in the goodness of human nature and man’s potential for self-improvement. William Shakespeare is a monument in the history of English literature. Not only has Shakespeare contributed to the English literature, but also the English language. As the represent of the Early Modern English’s users. He contributed a lot to the English’s development. Early Modern English was unfixed in structure and vocabulary in comparison to Greek and Latin. Due to wars, exploration and other reasons, when Shakespeare began writing his works, the English language was rapidly absorbing words from other languages. By the age of Elizabeth, English had become widely used. But still, many writers expressed new ideas by inventing, borrowing or adopting words from another language. As someone’s research showed that between the year 1500 and
(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are