2011Node Deployment Strategy for a Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks

2011Node Deployment Strategy for a Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks
2011Node Deployment Strategy for a Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks

Node Deployment Strategy for a Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks

Huiyong Yuan

Department of Computer Science

Hunan Institute of Humanities, Science and Technology

Loudi Hunan, China;

hnldyhy@https://www.360docs.net/doc/247436701.html,

Jiansheng Xie

Network Center

Loudi Vocational & Technical College Loudi Hunan, China;

hn_xjs@https://www.360docs.net/doc/247436701.html,

Abstract—In mu lti-hop wireless sensor networks, the nodes closest to the sink tend to deplete their energy faster than other nodes, which is known as energy-hole problem. To address this problem, we first stu dy the mobile sink model, and conclu de the best mobility strategy. We then consider jointly sink mobility and node deployment, and formu late optimization problems that maximize the network lifetime subject to energy depletion balance. Finally, we propose a non-u niform node deployment strategy for periodical data gathering in sensor networks. Simu lation experiments show that the proposed deployment strategy ou tperforms random deployment better scalability and longer network lifetime.

Keywords—sensor network, node deployment, mobile sink, network lifetime

I.I NTRODUCTION

Wireless sensor networks are expected to be intensively utilized in the future since they can greatly enhance our capability of monitoring and controlling the physical environment [1]. The typical application for wireless sensor networks is to sense the environment and transmit the acquired information to the sink for further processing.

Concerning the unique features, wireless sensor networks are inherently different from existing systems and networks. Normally, packets are transmitted by multi-hop forwarding due to the limited transmission range of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes that are closer to the sink have to act as relays for data packets from all other nodes in the network. Sensor nodes have limited power supply based on battery. As a consequence, their energy is soon depleted and the sink becomes unable to receive any further data packet (energy-hole problem) [2] .

Deployment of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network is a critical task as deployment should be optimum to increase network lifetime [3]. In most current designs, random and uniform deployment are popular proposed schemes due to their simplicity. However, the traditional random and uniform deployment are not suitable because of the energy-hole problem.

Although the sink is usually assumed to be static, it can become mobile thanks to the advance made in the field of robotics. The load of sensor nodes can be more balanced if the sink changes its position from time to time. Due to the sink mobility, the sensor nodes in the network can take turns to become the neighbors of mobile sink so the energy can be consumed evenly among the sensor nodes, and consequently the lifetime of the entire network can be prolonged [4].

In this paper, taking both node deployment and mobile sink into account, we investigate the energy-hole problem of data gathering in wireless sensor networks, and proposed a non-uniform node deployment strategy for multi-hop wireless sensor networks. Simulation experiments show that the proposed strategy can effectively increase the network lifetime.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II discusses the most related work. Section III gives the model and assumeptions. Section IV proposes the non-uniform deployment strategy. Section V presents the simulation results to evaluate network performance. Finally section VI concludes this paper.

II.R ELATED W ORK

Node deployment has received considerable attention recently. Most of these work assume that wireless sensor networks are modeled with only static sink, i.e., sink node do not have mobility.

In [2], the non-uniform node deployment strategy can be used to mitigate the energy-hole problem in wireless sensor networks. The authors propose a node deployment strategy in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. The authors prove that in a circular wireless sensor network with non-uniform node deployment and constant data reporting, the unbalanced energy depletion among sensor nodes in the whole network is unavoidable.

The authors of [3] propose power-aware deployment scheme based on a general sensor application model. The power-aware deployment scheme is optimized to maintain a continuous connectivity-coverage instead of that for some particular snapshots of the network.

In [5], the authors investigate the theoretical aspects of the non-uniform node deployment strategy used to mitigate the energy hole problem in wireless sensor networks. The authors propose a non-uniform node deployment strategy to achieve the near balanced energy consumption in the network and regulate the number of nodes in each ring and derive the ratio between the node densities in the adjacent (i+1)-th and i-th rings.

The sink energy-hole problem is discussed in a general form for a rectangular sensing area with multiple data sinks at different locations [6]. The maximum progress concept for multi-hop transmission is adopted to exploit the average hop length for the balance of energy consumption in each sub-region.

___________________________________ 978-1-61284-486-2/11/$26.00 ?2011 IEEE

All these proposals are developed for data gathering without considerations of sink mobility. However recent studies [7], [8] have proposed sink mobility as an efficient solution for data collect problem. In such networks the sink changes its position from time to time, traverses the network, and collects sensed data from nearby sensor nodes while

moving. Therefore, employing a mobile sink to collect data can balance energy consumption, and thereby prolong the network lifetime to a great extent [9],[10]. However, all these proposals

are developed for other purposes without considerations of the energy-hole problem.

III. S YSTEM M ODEL AND A SSUMPTIONS

A. Energy Consumption Model

We assume there is an energy-efficient MAC protocol in the underlying MAC layer, energy will be consumed only when performing sensing task, processing raw data, and transmitting and receiving data for itself and other sensors. The radio model discussed in [2] can be used to evaluate energy consumption of data transmission. In this model, a radio dissipates E elec (50 nJ/bit ), defined for the transmitter or receiver circuitry, and E amp (100 pJ/bit/m 2), defined for the transmitter amplifier.

We assume that the radio channel is symmetric, which means the cost of transmitting a message from A to B is the same as the cost of transmitting a message from B to A. We also assume all sensor nodes have power control and can use the minimum required energy to send information to the recipients.

The energy consumption for transmitting sensor:

2(,)TX elec amp E len d E len E len d u u u (1) The energy consumption for receiving sensor:

(,)RX elec E len d E len u (2) Here d is the distance between two sensor nodes, len is the number of bits of information sent, and E elec and E amp are the constants as previously defined.

B. Network Model and Assumptions

In this section, we will describe our network models and basic assumptions. We assume that sensor nodes are deployed in a circular region of radius R . We assume that each source node generates a raw data packet with the same size len . We also assume that the transmission radius of all sensor nodes is equal to r , all sensor nodes have the same initial energy E init and the energy of the sink node is unlimited.

To facilitate our discussion, we divide senor nodes to different sets according to their distance to the circular region center O . The set P i contains all sensor nodes which can reach the center O with minimal hop count i. The sensor node S n will be in the set P k if (1)(,)n k r dist S O k r u d u , where (,)n dist S O is the Euclidean distance between sensor node S n and the center O . Thus, the sensor nodes in P k will be in the k -th rings around the center O .

C. Data Aggregation Model

The information of the sensor network is obtained by a large number of sensor nodes. The redundant information from the different sensor nodes will require more hardware resources and communication bandwidth.

We make the following assumptions: each sensor node in i -th ring aggregates the data packets from (i -1)-th ring and by local sensing so that it results in a reduced size data packet

that is dependent on an aggregation factor [0,1][ . F or

simplicity, Let n denote the number of data packets, and L denote the amount of output data after aggregation. Intuitively, low correlations among data make L close to n len u , while high correlations make L close to len .

We use the above aggregation factor [, to indicate the degree of correlations among data with 1[ meaning the highest correlations and 0[ , the lowest. Based on the above intuition, we abstract the relationship between len and n len u using equation (3). It can be verified that L =len when 1[ and L n len u when 0[ . ,1

n len

L n n [[[u

u (3)

IV. N ON -UNIFORM N ODE D EPLOYMENT

A. Mobile Sink Model

We believe that the movement on concentric circles in annuli, because it is the only symmetric strategy that we can have within the network region. Thus, we assume that the optimum symmetric strategy is the one whose trajectory is circle of radius R opt and in i -th ring .

Since the sink can only receive data from the sensor nodes in i -th ring, both the packet generated by nodes in i -th ring and not in i -th ring must pass through nodes in i -th ring at least once. This means that the sensor nodes around the sink use up their energy much faster than other nodes. Hence, the network lifetime is upper bounded by the lifetime of these nodes.

The total energy consumption of all sensor nodes in i -th ring is given by

22222___ () ()opt opt elec elec amp m EX m TX

total m E E E N R R R r E len R

N E E r len

S S S S (4)

The average energy consumption of sensor nodes in i -th ring can be expressed as

2222

__()opt opt total m

aver m R E E N R R R r S S S S

(5) It is easy to see that minimizing E total is equivalent to maximizing

22

222()2opt opt opt R R R r R r rR S S S S S S

Thus, the optimum symmetric strategy is the one whose trajectory is circle of radius R opt =R . The network model as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. Mobile sink network model

B. Maximizing Lifetime Problem

In our network model, the sensor nodes at the same ring will die at almost the same time. Maximizing the network lifetime is equivalent to minimizing the average energy consumption of the sensor nodes. We also know that an optimal deployment should have an equal lifetime for all sensor nodes in the network.

The lifetime T i of sensor nodes in set P i is defined as the expected time for the battery energy E init to be exhausted, that is, T i =E init /E i , where E i is the average energy consumption per round. We define network lifetime T net of a sensor network as the minimum lifetime of all sensor nodes in the network, that is

^`net i T min T (6) Based on equations (6), the maximum network lifetime problem can be writen as follows

^`

1net i init i i to

Maximize

T min E Subject T min ,i E T R r { d d

-?

ao??????

ˉ?

(7) C. Deployment Strategy

Bhardwaj and Rosenberg in [11] define characteristic distance as that distance which when used as the inter-node distance, minimizes the energy consumption for sending a data packet from a source node to a destination node. This characteristic distance, d char , is

12

2elec

char

amp E d E

§·

¨?¨??1

(8) We set transmission radius r=d char . Hence, the optimal width of each ring is d char . Note that such a optimal width is independent of region radius R . Only with /char R d ao?? rings of identical rings width d char can the energy consumption rate be minimized.

The solution comes from the expectation that at all the sets P i , 1/char i R d d d ao?? almost simultaneously deplete their energy and lose their coverage and connectivity. For each set P i , 2/char i R d d d ao??, it must have enough energy to relay the data packets for the set P i-1 and transmit its own sensing data. We assume that N 1 denotes the number of nodes in set P 1 , the number of nodes in set P 2 can be expressed as

2

2

2112

23r r N N N r S S S u (9)

To determine the number of nodes in set P 3 , we first analyze the energy consumption of set P 2. The energy consumption for receiving data is given by

21RX _elec E N len E u u (10) The energy consumption for transmitting data to P 3 is given by

2212TX _elec amp E L N N ,E E r [ u u (11)

Thus, the average energy of nodes in set P 2 can be expressed as

2222AVER _RX _TX _E E E /N (12) Let us analyze the energy consumption of set P 3. The energy depletion for receiving data is given by

312RX _elec E L N N ,E [ u (13) The energy consumption for transmitting data to P 4 is given by

23123TX _elec amp E L N N N ,E E r [ u u (14) The average energy consumption of nodes in set P 3 can be formulated

3333AVER _RX _TX _E E E /N (15) To fully utilize total energy allocated to all nodes in the deployment region and avoid energy waste, we want to ensure that all nodes have the same lifetime, which is equal to the network lifetime, T net . Consequently, the number of nodes that resides in P 3, denoted by N 3 , can calculated by solving E AVER_2= E AVER_3 .

Similar to previous analysis, we can calculate the number of nodes in set P i , 4/i R r d d ao??. The total number of nodes deployed in the network is given by

1

R/r i

i N N

ao??

| (16)

V.

S IMULATION AND R ESULTS

In this section, we conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performances of our proposed deployment strategy and compared it with random deployment. We consider the networks of nodes arranged in a circular observation region.

We assume that the initial energy of nodes is 1J and the size of raw data generated by any node equals 2000 bits. In simulation experiments, every result shown below is the average of 50 independent experiments.

We first compare lifetime of our proposed strategy and random deployment. We plot the avergae lifetime of our proposed strategy and random deployment in F ig.2. In random deployment, the lifetime of a sensor decreases sharply with the increasing distance between the center of observation region and sensor. This means that the sensors around the mobile sink use up their energy much faster than other sensors, because they have to forward heavy traffic load. On the other hand, our proposed strategy could better

F ig. 3 shows the network lifetimes of two deployment schemes with varied aggregation factor from 0 to 1.0, where the network lifetime is the number of rounds until the first node dies (A node is considered “died” if it has lost 99 percent of its initial energy). The results indicate that, the

Scalability of the proposed deployment strategy is also investigated. In this experiment, we compare the network lifetime with varied region size of radius from 50 to 400 meters. To deploy sensors with relatively high density, there are 25 to 1600 sensors. Fig. 4 presents the network lifetime of two schemes. It can be seen that region size does not have great impact to the network lifetime of the proposed VI. C ONCLUSION A ND F UTURE W ORK

In this paper, we have studied the energy-hole problem in wireless sensor networks by exploring node deployment. We first study mobile sink model, and conclude the best mobility strategy. We then consider jointly sink mobility and node deployment, and propose a non-uniform node deployment strategy for periodical data gathering in sensor networks. Simulation experiments show that the proposed deployment strategy outperforms random deployment better scalability and longer network life time.

In the future, we shall investigate optimal deployment strategies for other sensor network models, including the observation fields having irregular shapes and multiple mobile sinks in the network.

R EFERENCES

[1] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, “Wireless

sensor networks: A survey,” Computer Networks, Vol. 38, pp. 393-422, March 2002.

[2] X. Wu, G. Chen and S. K. Das, “On the energy hole problem of node

distribution in wireless sensor networks,” In proceedings of MASS 2006, pp. 180-187, Oct. 2006.

[3] Y. Liu, H. Ngan and L. M. Ni, “ Power-aware node deployment in

wireless sensor networks.” In proceedings of IJDSN 2007, pp. 225-241.

[4] S. R. Gandham, M. Dawande, R. Prakash and S. Venkatesan, “Energy

efficient schemes for wireless sensor networks with multiple mobile base stations,” In proceedings of GLOBECOM 2003, pp. 377–381, 2003.

[5] G. Chen, S. K.Das and X. Wu. “Avoiding energy holes in wireless

sensor networks with nonuniform node distribution.” IEEE Trans. On Parallel and Distributed System, vol.19, no.5 pp.710-720, 2008.

[6] J. Lian, K. Naik, and G. Agnew, “Data capacity improvement of

wireless sensor networks using non-uniform sensor distribution, ” International. Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 121-145, 2006.

[7] Y. Bi, L. Sun, J. Ma, N. Li, I. Khan, and C. Chen, “Hums: An

autonomous moving strategy in data gathering sensor networks,” Journal On Wireless Communication and Networking, 2007.

[8] M. Ma, and Y. Y Yang, “SenCar: An energy-efficient data gathering

mechanism for large-scale multihop sensor networks”, IEEE Trans. On Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol.18, no.10, pp.1476-1488, 2007.

[9] Y. Gu, D. Bozdag, E. Ekici, F.Ozguner, and C.Lee, “Partitioning

based mobile element scheduling in wireless sensor networks,” In proceedings of SECON 2005, pp.386-395, 2005.

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networks: communication, clustering and aggregation,” Ad Hoc Networks Journal, vol.2, no.1, pp.45-63, 2004.

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张掖丹霞文化旅游股份有限公司 讲解员接待服务管理办法 为加强公司的规范化管理,加强讲解员队伍建设,为游客提供优质、快捷、高效的旅游讲解服务,维护和提高景区文明服务形象,促进公司发展,特制定本办法。 一、讲解员应热爱讲解工作,树立良好的责任意识,统一着装,佩戴工作证、文明用语、礼貌待人,做到热情、主动、周到服务,自觉维护景区形象。 二、做好上车前的一切准备工作:包括观光车上的麦克风、音响设施等的调试检查。 三、在游客进入景区后,讲解员应在观光车门前等待迎接,并致欢迎词,引导游客有序乘车。 四、耐心解答在讲解服务过程中游客提出的各种问题,不断提高应变能力及服务水平。 五、讲解员应针对游客的特点和需求,因人施讲,调动游客的游览兴趣,提高参观的效果。要注意收集游客各方面意见和建议并及时做好信息的反馈工作。 六、讲解内容应规范准确、语言应风趣幽默。在游览过程中,及时将景区卫生间分布状况和到达时间告知游客。 七、讲解员不得以任何方式向游客兜售物品和索要小费、礼品,不得串通摊主、店主、车主欺骗、胁迫、敲诈游客消费。

八、讲解员讲解费由售票处统一收取,月底结算,严禁讲解员擅自违规收费。 九、讲解员在服务过程中要主动做好地貌保护的宣传和现场维护工作。 十、在讲解结束后应送游客到景区门口,并致欢送词。 十一、讲解员不得与游客发生争执,遇到特殊情况沉着应对并及时向领导反映,避免与游客发生冲突。 十二、讲解员违反本管理办法的,将给予每次20元—100元罚款;脱岗1次,罚款20元;因讲解员失误发生投诉案件的,每次处100元罚款;同时责令其限期改正,对逾期不改正或情节严重的,建议调整岗位。 十三、本办法由景区运营部负责解释。 十四、本办法自颁布之日起执行。

ARoseforEmily英文分析及简评

“A Rose for Emily” is divided into five sections. The first section opens with a description of the Grierson house in Jefferson. The narrator mentions that over the past 100 years, Miss Emily Grierson’s home has fall into disrepair and become “an eyesore among eyesores.” The first sentence of the story sets the tone of how the citizens of Jefferson felt about Emily: “When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to the funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old manservant – a combined gardener and cook – had seen in at least ten years.” It is known around town that Emily Grierson has not had guests in her home for the past decade, except her black servant who runs errands for her to and from the market. When a new city council takes over, however, they begin to tax her once again. She refuses to pay the taxes and appear before the sheriff, so the city authorities invite themselves into her house. When confronted on her tax evasion, Emily reminds them that she doesn't have to pay taxes in Jefferson and to speak to Colonel Sartoris, although he had died 10 years before. In section two, the narrator explains that the Griersons had always been a very proud Southern family. Mr. Grierson, Emily’s father, believes no man is suitable for his daughter and doesn't allow her to date. Emily is largely dependent upon her father, and is left foundering when he dies. After Mr. Grierson's death, Emily does not allow the authorities to remove his body for three days, claiming he is still alive. She breaks down and allows authorities to take the body away for a quick burial. Section three introduces Emily’s beau, Homer Barron, a foreman from the north. Homer comes to Jefferson with a crew of men to build sidewalks outside the Grierson home. After Emily and Homer are seen driving through town several times, Emily visits a druggist. There, she asks to purchase arsenic. The druggist asks what the arsenic is for since it was required of him to ask by law. Emily does not respond and coldly stares him down until he looks away and gives her the arsenic. When Emily opens the package, underneath the skull and bones sign is written, "For Rats." Citizens of Jefferson believe that Miss Emily is going to commit suicide since Homer has not yet proposed in the beginning of section four. The townspeople contact and invite Emily's two cousins to comfort her. Shortly after their arrival, Homer leaves and then returns after the cousins leave Jefferson. After staying in Jefferson for one night, Homer is never seen again. After Homer’s disappearance, Emily begins to age, gain weight, and is rarely seen outside of her home. Soon, Miss Emily passes away.

景区讲解员的服务流程

景区讲解员的服务流程-标准化文件发布号:(9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

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旅游景区讲解员讲解服务标准 1范围 本标准规定了XX风景名胜区随车讲解员服务应达到的目的和要求。 本标准适用于XX风景名胜区随车讲解员讲解工作。 2 服务目的 为游客提供随车讲解服务,方便游客游览。 3 服务要求 3.1 时效性讲解人员应提前10分钟到岗,做好各项准备工作。 3.2 准确性 3.2.1 车辆出发前简单告知游客乘车注意事项,待游客坐稳后告知司机发车。 3.2.2 讲解员在讲解过程中要详细讲解景区的总体概况、沿途风光及景区各服务区基本情况,不得擅自减少或变更讲解内容。 3.2.3 在游客乘车过程中,告知游客景区投诉电话、游览注意事项等信息,当车辆快到站时,应提前准确报站。 3.3 文明性 3.3.1 在车辆启动的同时,致欢迎词:“尊敬的游客朋友,你们好,欢迎您来到XX世界地质公园观光游览”,介绍本人和司机师傅,公布景区投诉电话号码,表示诚挚服务的愿望,告知门票及安全注意事项。

3.3.2 讲解员举止大方得体,讲解内容生动形象,在沿途讲解中,不能随意减少讲解内容,严禁掺杂庸俗下流的内容,更不能接听电话,与人闲谈打闹。 3.3.3 讲解员处理各种事情要以大局为重,时刻维护景区利益与游客合法权益。耐心细致地解答游客提出的问题,想游客所想,急游客所急,主动为游客排忧解难。 3.4 着装要求讲解员须统一着装、佩戴工牌,保持良好的仪容仪表,穿着朴素大方,严禁穿奇装异服、浓妆艳抹,任何时候不得在游客面前整理衣裤。 3.5 行为要求讲解时要面对游客,站立服务,表情要自然、诚恳、和蔼,语言准确、生动、富有表达力,同时注意使用礼貌用语。严禁掺杂庸俗下流的内容,不得私自接听或拨打与工作无关的电话。 3.6 功能性告知游客使用门票的注意事项,建议游客合理安排旅游线路,介绍沿途风光及各服务区状况,提前报站,下车时提醒游客携带好随身物品。

景区讲解员的含义

景区讲解员的含义:景点讲解员是在博物馆或重要景区为游客提供导游讲解服务的人员,通常由所在景区景点统一培训和管理,具有较丰富的相关专业知识。 景区讲解员的岗位职责:1.认真做好旅游者在的接待服务; 2.热情做好导游讲解工作,积极向游客介绍和传播公司文化; 3.妥善处理好旅游相关服务各方面的协作关系,认真处理旅游者发生的各类问题; 4.维护旅游者的人身和财物安全,做好事故防范和安全提示工作。 5.做好导游讲解团队登记工作; 6.完成主管领导安排的其他工作。 景区讲解员应具备的设备:1、必须要一个袖珍的笔记本,将你所有的东西记下来,以防记不起来,这一点非常重点,在外面好多突发事情,不可能想得太多; 2、一支笔,在特殊情况之下,能帮你避免法律纠纷,能将你所有的经历记录来,大家能签名确认的,最好。 3、旅行社的标旗,带队时使用; 4、能录音的、收音的、拍摄、照相的手机,最好就是相机。将旅途上的纠纷、突发事情拍下来,有据可依。 5、扩音器,这个不说了。 景区讲解员的职业素养:1、迎客走在前,送客走在后;全程讲解,讲解词熟练,知识面广,做到游客有问必答,满足游客的合理要求。

2、结合景点自然景观传播科普知识。及时有效地讲解景区线路中有关注意事项和旅游知识,随时解答游客提问,不得敷衍。 3、做到站姿标准,讲解生动,语言文明规范,仪表整洁,举止端庄。 4、接待热情耐心,微笑服务;对有残疾智障的游客主动帮助,给予特别关照。听取游客批评意见时,态度诚恳,虚心接受。 5、使用普通话接待观众,使用文明礼貌用语,说话得体,语言亲切。 6、不得迎合个别游客的低级趣味,在讲解、介绍中掺杂庸俗下流的内容。 7、不得欺骗、胁迫游客消费。不得向游客索取小费及提出其他要求。

ARoseforEmily英文分析及简评

is divided into five secti ons. A Rose for Emily The first sect ion ope ns with a descripti on of the Griers on house in Jeffers on. The n arrator men ti ons that over the past 100 years, Miss Emily Griers on ' s home has fall into disrepair and become “ an eyesore among eyesores. ” The first sentence of the story sets the tone of how the citize ns of Jeffers on felt about Emily: “ When Miss Emily Griers on died, our whole town went to the funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the wome n mostly out of curiosity to see the in side of her house, which no one save an old man serva nt -a comb ined garde ner and cook - had see n in at least ten years. It is known around tow n that Emily Griers on has not had guests in her home for the past decade, except her black serva nt who runs errands for her to and from the market. When a new city council takes over, however, they begi n to tax her once aga in. She refuses to pay the taxes and appear before the sheriff, so the city authorities invite themselves into her house. When confron ted on her tax evasi on, Emily reminds them that she does n't have to pay taxes in Jeffers on and to speak to Colonel Sartoris, although he had died 10 years before. In section two, the narrator explains that the Griersons had always been a very proud Souther n family. Mr. Griers on, Emily ' s father, believes no man is suitable for his daughter and does n't allow her to date. Emily is largely depe nden t upon her father, and is left foun deri ng whe n he dies. After Mr. Griers on's death, Emily does not allow the authorities to remove his body for three days, claiming he is still alive. She breaks down and allows authorities to take the body away for a quick burial. Section three introduces Emily ' s beau, Homer Barron, a foreman fronthe north. Homer comes to Jeffers on with a crew of men to build sidewalks outside the Griers on home. After Emily and Homer are seen driving through town several times, Emily visits a druggist. There, she asks to purchase arse nic. The druggist asks what the arse nic is for since it was required of him to ask by law. Emily does not respond and coldly stares him down un til he looks away and gives her the arse nic. When Emily ope ns the package, underneath the skull and bones sign is written, "For Rats." Citize ns of Jeffers on believe that Miss Emily is going to commit suicide si nce Homer has not yet proposed in the beg inning of sect ion four. The tow nspeople con tact and in vite Emily's two cousins to comfort her. Shortly after their arrival, Homer leaves and then retur ns after the cous ins leave Jeffers on. After stay ing in Jeffers on for one ni ght, Homer is never seen again. After Homer ' s disappearance, Emily begins to age, gain weight, and is rarely see n outside of her home. Soon, Miss Emily passes away.

景区讲解员的服务流程

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讲解员工作流程与公司工作人员服务标准讲解员服务流程如下: 讲解员统一于游客服务中心验票出口处随观光车一起候客 (标准讲解时间:约1.5分钟) 观光车行驶途中讲解员介绍奥园概况、龙形水系介绍 (标准讲解时间:约10分钟) 观光车行至鸟巢东北口游客下车后讲解员做简短游览注意事项说明 (标准讲解时间:约1.5分钟) 引领客人至火炬广场参观讲解、拍照,给予客人片刻自由活动时间 (标准讲解时间:约10分钟) 火炬广场参观结束后引领游客到鸟巢KL参观入口检票进入鸟巢参观 (标准讲解时间:约2分钟) 鸟巢内部展厅讲解 (标准讲解时间:约20-25分钟)

鸟巢内部参观结束后,讲解员引领游客至鸟巢BC口出,组织游客参观景观大道并做景观大道概况及大道两旁建筑物的讲解,给予游客适当的拍照与自由活动时间 (标准讲解时间:约10分钟) 游客景观大道拍照结束后讲解员集合游客步行至水立方入口验票参观 (标准讲解时间:约10分钟) 讲解员水立方内部讲解 (标准讲解时间:约20分钟) 参观结束后讲解员引领游客至水立方出口处配合观光车站点人员组织游客有序候车 (标准讲解时间:约3-5分钟) 乘观光车至娘娘庙参观,讲解员做娘娘庙的讲解 (标准讲解时间:约15分钟) 参观完娘娘庙后,讲解员组织客人至候车点乘车 (标准讲解时间:约3-5分钟) 乘车返回游客服务中心,沿途致欢送词,结束愉快的游览行程 (标准讲解时间:约2分钟)

工作人员服务规范标准: 1、职业道德 爱国爱企自尊自强 遵纪守法敬业爱岗 公私分明诚实善良 克勤克俭宾客至上 热情大度清洁端庄 一视同仁不卑不亢 耐心细致文明礼貌 团结服从大局不忘 优质服务好学向上 2、职业形象 精神饱满佩证上岗 着装整洁仪态大方 站姿挺拔行姿稳重 微笑服务细致周详 语言标准言词得当 3、职业纪律 遵守职业纪律,做到“四不”:不擅自离岗、不嘻笑打闹、在岗时不吸烟、不酗酒、不用电话聊天。 4、公司园区主要岗位服务规范 (一)园区接待服务规范 园区接待服务的主要工作包括售票服务、入门接待服务(包括验票及咨询)和投诉受理服务。 1、售票服务: (1)积极开展优质服务,礼貌待客,热情周到,售票处应公示门票价格及优惠办法。(2)主动解答游客的提问,做到百忙不厌,杜绝与游客发生口角,能熟练使用普通话。(3)主动向游客解释优惠票价的享受条件,售票时做到热情礼貌、唱收唱付。 (4)向闭园前一小时内购票的游客提醒景区的闭园时间及景区内仍有的主要活动。 (5)游客购错票或多购票,在售票处办理退票手续,售票员应按景区有关规定办理,如确不能办理退票的,应耐心向游客解释。 (6)热情待客,耐心回答游客的提问,游客出现冲动或失礼时,应保持克制态度,不能恶语相向。 (9)耐心听取游客批评,注意收集游客的建议,及时向上一级领导反映。 2、验票服务: (1)验票岗位工作人员,应保持良好的工作状态,精神饱满,面带微笑。 (2)游客入景区时,应使用标准普通话及礼貌用语。

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