Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.3 [Information Storage and Retrieval] Information Se

Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.3 [Information Storage and Retrieval] Information Se
Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.3 [Information Storage and Retrieval] Information Se

MetaCrystal:

Visualizing the Degree of Overlap between Different Search Engines

Anselm Spoerri

School of Communication, Information & Library Studies, Rutgers University

4 Huntington Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA

aspoerri@https://www.360docs.net/doc/2f9554611.html,

ABSTRACT

MetaCrystal enables users to visualize and control the degree of

overlap between the results returned by different search engines.

Several linked overview tools support rapid exploration, facilitate

complex filtering operations and guide users toward relevant

information. MetaCrystal addresses the problem of the effective

fusion of different search results by helping users to visually com-

bine and filter the top results returned by the different engines.

Users can apply weights to the search engines to create their own

ranking functions. They can control the degree of overlap by

modifying the URL directory depth used to match documents or

by changing the number of top documents being compared.

Categories and Subject Descriptors

H.3.3 [Information Storage and Retrieval] Information Search

and Retrieval - information filtering. H.5.2 [Information Inter-

faces and Presentation (e.g., HCI)] User Interfaces - graphical

user interfaces (GUI).

General Terms: Design

Keywords: Information visualization, meta searching.

1. INTRODUCTION

Users can choose from a multitude of Internet search engines,

which tend to return different results for the same query [4]. Meta

search engines address this limitation by combining the results by

different engines. While some meta search engines visually

organize the retrieved documents [1, 3, 4, 5], no meta search

interface provides users with an overview of the precise overlap

between the search engines. Meta searching can benefit from such

a visualization, because: a) it is difficult to predict the quality of

coverage for single search engines, which tend to index less than

20% of the Internet [6]; b) documents found by multiple retrieval

methods are more likely to be relevant [2]; c) some engines are

more effective than others, depending on the search domain; d)

users prefer or trust some engines more than others.

2. METACRYSTAL

MetaCrystal consists of several overview tools to enable rapid

exploration and complex filtering operations. The Category View

groups and shows the number of documents retrieved by different

search engine combinations. Modeled on the InfoCrystal layout

[7], the number of documents retrieved by all engines is shown in

the center (see Figure 1). Shape (size), color, proximity and orientation coding are used to visually organize the different Figure 1: (Top) The Category View shows the overlap between the top 100 items found by Google, Teoma, AltaVista, Lycos & MSN, when searching for ‘information visualization’. (Bottom) If a URL equal to the server address is used to match items, then the overlap increases. Icons for items retrieved by at least 3 engines are selected. Shape (size) coding is used for icons (not) selected.

Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).

WWW 2004, May 17–22, 2004, New York, New York, USA. ACM 1-58113-912-8/04/0005.

Google

Teoma

AltaVista Lycos

MSN

Google

Teoma

AltaVista Lycos

MSN

378

Figure 2: (Top) The Cluster Bulls-Eye View uses polar coordi-nates to place in close proximity documents with similar rankings by the different search engines. A document’s radius is a function of the number of engines that retrieved it and the average of its different ranking scores. A document’s angle reflects the relative ratio of its rankings by the different engines. (Bottom) Shows how all the documents cluster if the engines are assigned different weights of importance (1, 0.75, 0.5, 1, 0.25) and the radius is now equal to the weighted average of the rankings by the different engines. In both displays, the documents found by at least three engines are selected. Three documents are highlighted to show how their locations change when the weights are applied.

search engine combinations. The number of engines represented by a category icon decreases toward the periphery. Figure 1 (top) shows that 3 documents are found by all engines; 4 documents are found by Google, AltaVista, Lycos and MSN but not Teoma; and most of the documents are retrieved by only one engine. To improve the overlap, users can shorten the URL used to match documents. This reduces the number of unique documents in the result sets being compared, but it can increase the number of documents found by more than one engine (see Figure 1 (bot-tom)). The Cluster Bulls-Eye View shows all the retrieved docu-ments; documents found by the same number of engines cluster in the same concentric ring and those with high rankings by the different engines cluster toward the center (see Figure 2). Shape, color and orientation coding show which engines retrieved a document. Users can apply different weights to the search engines to create their own ranking functions. Figure 2 (bottom) shows the resulting clustering of the documents if Google, Teoma, Alta-Vista, Lycos, and MSN are assigned the weights of 1, 0.75, 0.5, 1, and 0.25, respectively. Search engines commonly display their results as ranked lists, which can only show a limited number of documents. The RankSpiral View overcomes this limitation by placing all documents along a spiral based on their total ranking scores. Details-on-demand gives users an immediate sense of a document’s content and how the rankings by the different engines contributed to its total ranking score. MetaCrystal is implemented in Flash using ActionScript. It enables users to perform complex filtering operations visually to create a short list of potentially relevant documents by: a) selecting only documents retrieved by a specific number of engines; b) specifying Boolean constraints (the Category View represents all possible Boolean queries in disjunc-tive normal form [6]); c) applying a threshold based on the total ranking score; d) selecting individual category icons or documents by clicking on them. Users can quickly scan the filtered results view, which shows a document’s title, total ranking score and how the different engines contributed to its total ranking score. In summary, MetaCrystal addresses the problem of the effective fusion of different search results by enabling users to visually combine and filter the top documents retrieved by different search engines. Its complementary overview tools help users identify documents found by different engine combinations and at the same time scan the top documents retrieved by a single engine.

3. REFERENCES

[1] Chen H., Fan H., Chau M. and Zeng D. MetaSpider: Meta-Searching and Categorization on the Web. JASIST, Volume 52, Number 13 (2001), 1134 - 1147.

[2] Foltz, P. and Dumais, S. (1992) Personalized information

delivery: An analysis of information-filtering methods. Comm. of the ACM, 35 (12):51-60. [3] Grokker – https://www.360docs.net/doc/2f9554611.html,

[4] Havre, S., Hetzler, E., Perrine K., Jurrus E., and Miller N.

(2001). Interactive Visualization of Multiple Query Results. Proc. IEEE Information Visualization Symp. 2001. [5] Kartoo – https://www.360docs.net/doc/2f9554611.html,

[6] Lawrence, S., & Giles, C.L. (1999). Accessibility of informa-tion on the Web. Nature , 400, 107–109.

[7] Spoerri, A. InfoCrystal: A Visual Tool for Information Re-trieval. Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think . Card S., Mackinlay J. and B. Shneiderman (eds.) Morgan Kaufmann (1999), 140 - 147. [also Proc. VIS’93].

Lycos Google

Teoma

MSN Teoma

(0.75)

MSN (0.25) AltaVista

(0.5)

Lycos (1)

379

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You mustn''t aim too high你不可好高骛远。 You''re really killing me!真是笑死我了! You''ve got a point there. 你说得挺有道理的。 Being criticized is awful !被人批评真是痛苦! 15 divided by 3 equals 5.15 除以3 等于5. All for one ,one for all.我为人人,人人为我。 East,west,home is best. 金窝,银窝,不如自己的草窝。 He grasped both my hands. 他紧握住我的双手。 He is physically mature.他身体已发育成熟。 I am so sorry about this. 对此我非常抱歉(遗憾)。 以上是三立在线老师带来的关于分享常用的雅思口语句型模版的详细内容,希望各位考生能从中受益,并不断改进自己的备考方法提升备考效率,从而获得理想的考试成绩。

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