流行文化符号

Confucius Institute

Confucius Instituteis a non-profit public educational organization affiliated with the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China,[1] whose aim is to promote Chinese language and culture, support local Chinese teaching internationally, and facilitate cultural exchanges.The Confucius Institute is sometimes compared to language and culture promotion organizations such as Britain's British Council, France's Alliance Fran?aise and Germany's Goethe-Institut. Unlike these organizations, however, Confucius Institutes operate within established universities, colleges, and secondary schools around the world, providing funding, teachers and educational materials. This has raised concerns over their influence on academic freedom, the possibility of industrial espionage,[4] and concerns that the institutes present a selective and politicized view of China as a means of advancing the country's soft power internationally.The Confucius Institute program began in 2004 and is overseen by Hanban (officially the Office of Chinese Language Council International). The program is governed by a council whose top-level members are drawn from the Communist Party of China leadership and various state ministries.[1][6] The institutes operate in co-operation with local affiliate colleges and universities around the world, and financing is shared between Hanban and the host institutions. The related Confucius Classroom program partners with local secondary schools or school districts to provide teachers and instructional materials.

History

The first Confucius Institute opened on 21 November 2004 in Seoul, South Korea, after establishing建立a pilot institute in Tashkent, Uzbekistan in June 2004. Hundreds more have opened since in dozens of countries around the world, with the highest concentration of Institutes in the United States, Japan, and South Korea.[9] In April 2007, the first research-based Confucius Institute opened in Waseda University in Japan. In partnership with Peking University, the program promotes research activities of graduate students studying Chinese.[10] As of 2014, there were over 480 Confucius Institutes in dozens of countries in six continents.[11][12] The Ministry of Education estimates that 100 million people overseas海外may be learning Chinese by 2010 and the program is expanding rapidly in order to keep up.[13] Hanban aims to establish 1,000 Confucius Institutes by 2020.[14] The rapid expansion of Confucius Institutes has led to a backlash, especially in the United States and other Western countries.

Name[edit]

Confucius Institute is named after the noted Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BC). Throughout the 20th century, Communist Party of China (CPC) leaders criticized and denounced Confucius as the personification of China's "feudal" traditions, with anti-Confucianism ranging from the 1912 New Culture Movement to the 1973 Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign during the Cultural

Revolution.[15] However, in recent decades, interest in pre-modern Chinese culture has grown in the country, and Confucius in particular has seen a resurgence in popularity.[16] Outside of China, Confucius is a universally recognizable symbol of Chinese culture, free from the controversies surrounding other prominent Chinese figures such as Mao Zedong.[17] Kerry Brown, Professor of Chinese Politics at the University of Sydney, notes the irony that the CPC now lionizing Confucius had vilified him just four decades previously for his association with patriarchal, hierarchical, and conservative values保守的价值观.[18]

"Confucius Institute" is a trademarked brand name, which according to a spokesman for the organisation, "Those who enjoy more brand names will enjoy higher popularity, reputation, more social in?uence, and will therefore be able to generate more support from local communities."[19] A 2011 crackdown protected "Confucius Institute" from preregistration infringement预先登记侵权in Costa Rica.[20]

A China Post article reported in 2014 that "Certainly, China would have made little headway if it had named these Mao Institutes, or even Deng Xiaoping Institutes. But by borrowing the name Confucius, it created a brand that was instantly recognized as a symbol of Chinese culture, radically different from the image of the Communist Party.[21]

孔子学院是一个非营利性的公共教育机构隶属于教育部的中华人民共和国,[1],其目的是促进中国语言和文化,支持当地的国际汉语教学,促进文化交流。孔子学院有时比语言和文化推广机构,如英国的英国文化协会、法国的法语联盟和德国的歌德学院。与这些组织,然而,孔子学院在成立大学,大学和中学在世界各地,提供资金、教师和教育材料。这引发了担忧他们对学术自由的影响,工业间谍的可能性,[4]和担心机构目前的选择性和政治化的观点作为一种推进中国在国际上的软实力。孔子学院项目始于2004年,是由汉办(正式中文委员会国际办公室)。顶级的程序是由一个委员会成员来自中国共产党领导和各政府部门。[1][6]与当地附属机构在合作院校在世界各地,汉办和主机之间共享和融资机构。相关与当地中学孔子课堂项目合作伙伴或学区提供教师和教学材料。

历史

第一个孔子学院于2004年11月21日在首尔,韩国,在塔什干建立试点学院后,乌兹别克斯坦于2004年6月。数百人了因为在世界各地几十个国家,浓度最高的机构在美国,日本和韩国。[9]2007年4月,第一个研究孔子学院在日本早稻田大学开幕。与北京大学合作项目开展研究活动的研究生学习汉语。[10]截至2014年,有超过480所孔子学院在六大洲的几十个国家。[11][12]教育部海外估计有1亿人可能在2010年学习中文和程序迅速扩张为了跟上。[13]汉办的目标是到

1000年建立1000所孔子学院。[14]孔子学院的迅速扩张导致了反弹,尤其是在美国和其他西方国家。

名字

孔子学院是指出命名的中国哲学家孔子(公元前551 - 479)。在整个20世纪,中国共产党(中共)领导人批评和谴责孔子是中国“封建”传统的化

身,anti-Confucianism从1912年新文化运动1973年林批评,批评孔子活动在文化大革命期间。[15]然而,近几十年来,前现代中国文化的兴趣也生长在这个国家,特别是孔子曾一度被受欢迎。[16]中国以外的,孔子是中国文化的一个普遍认可的象征,自由的争论围绕毛泽东等中国知名人物。[17]克里布朗,悉尼大学中国政治教授指出,具有讽刺意味的是中国共产党现在上孔子诋毁他四十年之前与父权,分层,保守的价值观。[18]

“孔子学院”是一个商标品牌名称,根据该组织的发言人,“那些享受更多的品牌将享受更高的人气,名声,更多的社会影响,并因此能够产生更多的当地社区的支持。”[19]2011年镇压保护“孔子学院”在哥斯达黎加预先登记侵权。[20]

2014年中国邮政的一篇文章报道,“毫无疑问,中国将几乎没有取得任何进展如果命名这些毛泽东研究院,甚至邓小平研究院。但借孔子的名字,它创造了一个品牌,立即就被认为是中国文化的象征,从共产党的形象完全不同。

题记：孔子学院( 英文：Confucius Institute )，是中国国家对外汉语教学领导小组办公室在世界各地设立的推广汉语和传播中国文化与国学教育的文化交流机构。孔子学院最重要的一项工作就是给世界各地的汉语学习者提供规范、权威的现代汉语教材；提供最正规、最主要的汉语教学渠道。全球首家孔子学院2004年6月15日在乌兹别克斯坦塔什干正式设立，截至2014年12月7日，全球126个国家（地区）建立475所孔子学院和851个孔子课堂为增进世界人民对中国语言文化的了解，发展中国与各国的友好关系，为全世界汉语学习者提供方便、优良的学习条件，中国教育部在北京设立孔子学院总部，并通过总部授权在国内外设立以开展汉语教学为主要活动内容的孔子学院