2012年度职称英语“卫生类”新增阅读理解和完形填空全文翻译(3月3日)

2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解

第八篇 Eat Healthy

"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.

According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.

Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.

Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;

23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.

It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.

词汇:

orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿

belly /'beli/ n.肚子

nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养

waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围

paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票

注释:

1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员

2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!

3. take too many bites 吃得太多

4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。

5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a

good deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。

第八篇翻译吃健康

“清洁你的盘子！”和“清洁板俱乐部的成员！”只是在美国的每个孩子听到父母，祖父母或外祖父母。通常情况下，它伴随着上诉：“试想想，在非洲的孤儿挨饿！”当然，我们应该感谢每一口食物。不幸的是，在美国的许多人采取太多的叮咬。而不是停留“清洁盘”，也许我们应该为明天保存一些食物。

据新闻报道，美国餐馆的部分原因归咎于日益增长的肚子。一位服务员把一盘食物，在每个客户面前，用两到四倍由政府建议的数额，根据今日美国的故事。美国人的传统与价值关联的数量和大多数餐馆尝试给他们。他们喜欢有客户抱怨比太少而对过多的食物。

在宾夕法尼亚州立大学营养学教授芭芭拉·罗尔斯，告诉美国今天餐厅份量开始增长，在20世纪70年代，美国人的腰围开始扩大的同时。

健康专家们试图让许多餐馆为较小的部分。显然，现在，一些客户要求这太。餐饮业贸易杂志QSR品牌上个月公布的4000多名受访者中，有57％的人认为，餐厅服务，有过大的部分，23％没有意见，20％的受访者表示反对。但仔细看看在调查表明，许多美国人谁买不起精美的餐饮还是比较喜欢大的部分。 70％的收入至少每年150,000元喜欢小部分，但只有45％的收入低于25000美元要小。

它不是工人阶级美国人不想吃的健康。只不过，经过长时间的低薪工作，让他们的盘子少，似乎并不像一个很好的协议。他们住的月光族，高兴地节省一点钱，为明年的圣诞礼物。

第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life

Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.

Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent

on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.

When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.

词汇：

dependency / di'pend?nsi/ n.依赖性

contemporary / k?n'temp?r?ri / α.现代的

obligation / ,?bli'ɡei??n / n. 义务

insurance / in'?u?r?ns / n. 保险

welfare / 'welfε? / n.福利

senile / 'si:nail / αdj. 衰老的

grave /ɡreiv / αdj. 严肃的

convalescent /,k?nv?'les?nt/ αdj.康复的

sponsor / 'sp?ns?/ v. 发起，资助

institution /,insti'tju:??n / n. 机构

注释:

1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.

2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。

3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。

4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。

5. In times of famine: 在饥荒年代

6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济

go on 有许多意思，其中的一个意思是"依靠……过活"。例:

Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.

(工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。)

7. grave problems: 严重的问题

8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院

9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构

10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场

第十九篇翻译延长人类寿命

延长人类寿命增加的人口规模。今天还活着的许多人已经死亡的儿童疾病，如果他们已诞生于100年前。因为更多的人活得更长，在任何特定时间大约有更多的人。事实上，它是死亡率下降，出生率增加，导致人口爆炸。

延长人类寿命也增加了依赖负荷。在所有社会中，那些被禁用或太年轻或太老工作的人都依赖于社会其他成员，为他们提供。在狩猎和采集文化，老人们谁不能跟上，可能会留下死亡。在饥荒的时候，婴儿可能会允许死，因为他们无法生存，如果他们的父母饿死，而如果父母幸存下来，他们能有一个孩子。在最现代的社会中，人们感到在道义上有义务保持活着的人，他们是否能工作或没有。今天我们有一个伟大的许多人过去住在他们想要的工作或有工作能力的年龄，我们也有规则，要求人们在一定的年龄退休。除非这些人能节省的钱为自己的退休生活，别人必须支持他们。在美国，许多退休的人生活在社会的安全检查，这是这么少，他们必须住在附近的贫困。老年人比年轻或中年的人有更多的疾病，除非他们有财富或私人或政府的保险，他们必须经常“福利”，如果他们有一个严重的疾病。

当老年人成为老年或过弱和生病照顾自己，他们创造他们的家庭的严重问题。在过去，在一些传统的文化，他们将在家照顾，直到他们去世。今天，一个家庭的工作或在学校的大部分成员，往往是家里没有一个人可以照顾生病或虚弱的人。为了满足这种需求，已建成一个伟大的许多养老院和疗养院。这些往往是非牟利机构，虽然有些是由宗教和其他非营利组织的赞助。虽然几个好了这些机构的弧，其中大部分是简单的“垃圾场”在奄奄一息的“照顾”是由收入微薄，过度劳累，并根据技术人员。

*第二十四篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories

To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.

Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.

Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.

"Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age." Convit says. "And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14" Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.

词汇：

perchance [p?'t?ɑ:ns] adv. 偶然；可能

online ['?nlain] n. 在线的

stow [st?u] vt. 贮藏，堆装

emanate ['em?neit] vi. 发源

somatosensory [,s?um?t?'sens?ri] adj. 体觉的

neocortex [,ni:?u'k?:teks] n. 新（大脑）皮质

oscillation [,?si'lei??n] n. 振荡

intertwine [,int?'twain] v. 缠绕

spindle ['spindl] n. 纺锤体

ripple ['ripl] n. 波动，脉动

diabetes [,dai?'bi:ti:z] n. 糖尿病

recollection [,rek?'lek??n] n. 回忆

shrinkage ['?ri?kid?] n. 收缩

impairment [im'p??m?nt] n. 损伤

intrigue [in'tri:ɡ] n. 引起。。。兴趣（或好奇心）

cognition [k?ɡ'ni??n] n. 认识

注释：

1. file memories：归档并储存记忆。 file：意为 "to put or keep (papers,etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference"（把…归档）。

2. To sleep. Perchance to file? ：从莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特的独白中的名句" To sleep: perchance to dream. "改编而来。

3. the Proceedings: (科学文献、会议文献)汇编，常用复数形式。

4. zzz：（拟声词）打鼾声

5. Rutgers University：美国新泽西州立大学 (the State University of New Jersey)。

6. emanating from：发源于。

7. neocortex：新(大脑)皮质，尤指大的高等哺乳动物大脑中新生长的部分，也叫做 neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是"新的"。

8. thehippocampus：大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物，也称"海马状突起"，在泛记过程中起主要作用。

9. tens of milliseconds：几十毫秒

10. age-associated memory decline：与年龄相关的记忆衰退

11. administer：实施

12. this impairment：指上句中 hippocampus shrinkage.

13. memory deficits：记忆衰退

14. … the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition：令人兴奋的可能性，即不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。

15. keep glucose levels in check：限制葡萄糖水平。 in check：在控制中，被阻止。

第二十四篇翻译睡眠让大脑文件存储器

睡觉。也许要提交吗？网上公布这个星期，由“国家科学院的研究结果进一步支持的理论，大脑组织，和stows白天形成的，而身体的其余部分正在迎头赶上ZZZ的回忆。

捷尔吉·罗格斯大学和他的同事Buzsaki分析睡眠小鼠和大鼠的脑电波。具体来说，他们研究的体感皮层（处理感官信息的区域）和海马，这是一个学习和记忆中心产生的电活动。科学家们发现，来自这两个地区的脑电波的振荡出现交织在一起。所谓的睡眠纺锤（从大脑皮层活动的阵阵）随访，后来被在涟漪称为海马的节拍几十毫秒。该小组断定，这两个大脑区域之间的相互作用是记忆巩固的关键一步。第二项研究，网上公布的这一周，链接年龄相关的记忆力下降，高血糖水平的国家科学院论文集。

以前的研究表明，患有糖尿病的人遭受增加内存问题。安东尼奥Convit的纽约大学医学院和他的合作者在新的工作，研究了30人，其平均年龄为69，以调查是否血糖水平，这往往会随着年龄的增加，以及影响在健康人的记忆。管理科学家回忆测试，脑部扫描和糖耐量试验，测量的速度有多快糖从血液中吸收人体的组织。的研究小组发现，与最贫穷的记忆回忆的主题，也显示了最贫穷的糖耐量。此外，他们的大脑扫描结果显示，多学科能够更好地吸收血液中糖的海马萎缩。

“我们的研究表明减值，这可能会导致记忆障碍，随着人们年龄的发生。” convit 说。“提出了有趣的可能性，改善糖耐量，可逆转”运动和控制体重的问题在一些年龄相关的认知，可以帮助保持血糖水平在检查，所以可能会有更多的理由去健身房。

+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?

If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?

The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.

"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."

Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."

It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?

Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.

Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.

On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?

Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.

And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend

to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.

The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."

词汇:

mice / mais / n. 老鼠(复数)

sibling / 'sibli? / n. 兄弟姐妹

bioethicist // n. 生物伦理学家

注释:

1. brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹

2. We had better not go anywhere near it 我们最好离它远点，这里的it指代前面讲的 anti-ageing technology.

第三十四篇翻译想活到永远？

如果你的医生可以给你一种药物，将让你活了两倍长的健康生活，你会采取什么？

好消息是，我们可以借鉴接近当日，科学家已经在实验室延长苍蝇，蠕虫和老鼠的生命。现在，许多人认为，利用基因疗法，我们将很快能够延长人类寿命至少140年。这似乎是一个伟大的想法。认为我们可以花多少时间追逐我们的梦想，花时间与我们的亲人，看我们的家庭成长，并有自己的家庭。

“寿命更长，给我们一个机会，从我们的错误，恢复和促进长远思维，格雷戈里博士说：”美国加州大学公共健康学院的联合。“这也将加入到今年，我们可以提高生产力。”

更长的生命不只是影响的人住。他们还影响到整个社会。“我们有战争，贫困，各种围绕问题，我不认为他们将在所有帮助人长寿，”美国生物伦理学家丹尼尔·卡拉汉说，“现在的问题是什么，我们得到一个社会吗？“我怀疑它不会成为一个更美好的社会。”这当然是一个非常不同的社会。人们已经发现，更难以维持婚姻。离婚率上升。会发生什么，在社会里，人们住140年的婚姻？如果9个或10个同一家族的几代人都在相同的时间活着，家庭生活会发生什么？

进入老龄化的研究，可能使妇女能够保持更长的沃土。并提出了有100岁的父母或兄弟姐妹出生相隔50年来的发展前景。我们认为，作为年长的兄弟姐妹有人可以保护我们，并提供帮助和建议。这将是很难做到的，如果从一个完全不同的一代，兄弟姐妹。

工作寿命也将受到影响，尤其是如果退休年龄被解除。更多的人会留在工作更长的时间。这将使我们的年龄，技能，智慧和良好的判断力的好处。

另一方面，越来越多的人工作更长的时间，将创造更大的就业竞争。它会使年轻人更难找到工作。高层职位将主要由相同的几个人，事业进步更加困难。以及如何轻松地将一个25岁的雇员能够与125岁的老板沟通？

年轻人将是一个社会的一小部分在其中的人活到140岁。这可能是因为这样的社会将放

在引导和教育年轻人，更使生活舒适的老的少的重要性。

和社会都会感到非常不同，如果其成员多是老年人。会有更多的智慧，但较少的能源。年轻人喜欢走动。老人喜欢坐不住了。青年人往往不加思索地采取行动。老人们往往认为没有采取行动。年轻人很好奇，想体验不同的东西。老人们改变的热情。事实上，他们什么都不太热心。

抗衰老技术的效果是比我们想象的更深。但是，随着科学的进步，我们现在需要考虑这些变化。“丹尼尔·卡拉汉说：”如果这不可能发生，那么我们最好问我们希望得到什么样的社会，。“我们最好不要靠近它的任何地方，直到我们有这些问题弄清楚了。”

+第四十篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.

Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study.

Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.

The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.

"Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. "

However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."

Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee ，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.

"Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. "

词汇:

publicize / 'p?blisaiz / v. 引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传

dietary / 'dai?teri / adj. 饮食的;规定食物的

ferment / 'f?:ment / v. (使)发酵

geneticist / d?i'netisist / n. 遗传学家

acuity / ?'kju:iti / n. 敏锐;尖锐

注释:

1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。Penn 是Pennsylvania 的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年，在全国共有 24 个分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences 用作定语，修饰 food scientist。

2. well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food:有关减少食物含盐量的大力宣传的做法.

3. left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others:使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare 相当于 food。

4. lead investigator:研发项目负责人

5. …carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips，on multiple occasion ，spread out over weeks:……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝加了盐的食物，如汤和薯条。

6. too pronounced:此处pronounced 为形容词，意为very noticeable ，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。

7. supertasting：超重味感

第四十篇翻译一些人其他人一样没有味道的盐

低盐食品可能比其他人更难一些人喜欢，根据一项由宾夕法尼亚州立大学农业科学学院食品科学家的研究。研究表明，遗传因素的影响盐的水平，我们喜欢吃的一些差异。

这些结论是重要的，因为最近，广泛宣传努力减少食品中的含盐量都留下了许多人挣扎

着接受加价，根本不口感好它们，因为它给别人指出，食物的助理教授约翰·海斯，科学，谁是这项研究的首席研究员。

高盐饮食可以增加血压高和中风的风险。这就是为什么公共健康专家和食品公司正在研究如何通过愉快吃的食物，帮助消费者降低盐的摄入量。这项研究增加了解盐偏好和消费。

参与研究的仔细甄别谁采样过咸的食物，如汤和薯条，在多个场合，遍布周的参与者。测试对象为45个男子和42名女性，据报道，健康，年龄从20至40年不等。谁不积极改变他们的饮食中摄取的个人组成的样本，并没有抽烟。他们常用的科学规模评价的味道的强度，范围从几乎检测不到任何形式的感觉最强。

“我们最喜欢的盐味。然而，有些人吃多盐，无论是因为他们喜欢咸味更多的味道，还因为它是需要阻止其他食物中的不愉快的味道。”海耶斯说。“Supertasters，谁遇到口味更强烈的人，消耗更多的盐比味觉迟钝。有咸味作为其主要的风味小吃食品，至少这些食物，更多的是更好的，所以supertasters似乎他们更喜欢。”

海耶斯指出，然而，supertasters还需要更高水平的盐，以阻止不愉快的苦味的食物，如奶酪。“他说，”举例来说，奶酪是从牛奶发酵乳制品口味的美妙结合，但也从苦味，熟盐阻塞。“supertasters发现低盐奶酪不愉快的，因为太明显的辛酸。”

海耶斯专利超过75年前的研究做了一个名为福克斯和名为布莱克斯利遗传学家化学家，表明个人在他们品尝到某些化学物质的能力不同。因此，海耶斯解释，我们知道，在品味视力广泛存在，眼睛和头发的颜色变化，这种变化是正常的。

“他说。”，称为supertasters，有些人形容为极苦苦味化合物，而其他人，称为nontasters，发现这些相同的苦味化合物是无味或只有微弱的苦。“苦味化合物的反应是生理上的差异，以确定在食物偏好，因为supertasting是不是有限的，以苦的许多方法之一。”

卫生类完形填空

第二篇Going on a diet

*第八篇Old And Active

+第十二篇Dreams

+第十四篇 A Health Profile

+第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years

2012年职称英语卫生类新增完形填空

第二篇 Going on a diet

A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart 1_______and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating2_______and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person 3______weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to 4______the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic 5______behind going on a diet.

6______，diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then 7______ the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the

key to 8______ a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you 9______ take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10______the number of calories you can consume per day. Exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11______of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12______a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can 13______ the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise 14______. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15______clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.

词汇：

typical / 'tipik?l /α. 典型的，有代表性的

calory / 'k?l?ri / n. 卡路里

consume / k?n'sju:m / v. 消耗，消费，耗尽 (燃料、能量、时间等)

sensible / 'sens?bl /α. 明智的，合情理的，切合实际的

consistent / k?n'sist?nt /α. 一贯的，始终如一的

reminder / ri'maind? / n. 令人回忆起……的东西，提醒……的东西

accomplish/ ?'k?mpli? / v. 完成，实现，做成功

注释:

1. ...diets don't work for most people . . . :……节食并不是对大多数人都奏效……

2. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can…:你可以在看电视的时候骑自行车或者你可以......

第二篇翻译去节食

一个典型的人需要约每天1800卡路里来维持生计。这些热量，让你的心1_______and你的肺部呼吸。他们让你的的机关operating2_______and，你的大脑运行。他们还保持身体温暖。一个人3______weight因为他或她每天消耗超过所需的热量。唯一的方式来减肥是，以4______the你每天消耗的卡路里的数量。这是基本的饮食5______behind。

6______，饮食不工作的大多数人。他们不减肥，但7______饮食，并把它放回。建立一个合理的饮食和运动计划是一致的重量8______的关键。你需要弄清楚多少卡路里，你需要一天，你有多少9______采取下一步是添加，锻炼，让您可以10______the每天消耗的热量，你可以数。

运动的图表可以显示你多少卡路里，不同11______of锻炼能燃烧。每天燃烧250或500卡路里的热量可以12______a很大的区别。你可以骑自行车锻炼，而你正在看电视或可以13______的楼梯而不要乘电梯。找到一个锻炼14______。运动可以是一个容易得多，如果有什么人在说话。公司合身的衣服穿，如果你节食，这是一个好主意。 15______clothing提醒你试图完成的行为。

练习:

1. A ticking B beating C running D kicking

2. A properly B appropriately C approximately D effectively

3. A adds B increases C gains D puts

4. A cut off B take down C remove D reduce

5. A way B principle C method D kind

6. A Similarly B Though C Unfortunately D Although

7. A go off B go on C go after D go under

8. A getting B measuring C maintaining D reserving

9. A preferably B actually C consistently D eventually

10. A raise B go up C exceed D grow

11. A ways B factors C functions D forms

12. A have B do C make D give

13. A walk B climb C run D take

14. A partner B colleague C associate D friend

15. A Tight B Loose C Casual D Formal

答案与题解:

1. B 从句意来看，本句要说明"体内的热量可以使人的心脏跳动"，所以答案选择beating。tick 是"发出滴答声"或"激怒"；run 是"奔跑" ；kick 是"踢"。只有 beat 符合句意。

2. A 从句意来看，本句要说明"体内的热量可以使身体的器官正常运转"。Properly 和appropriately 都有"合适的，适当的"之意，但 properly 可以表达"正常的、按照一定的规律" 的意思;approximately 是"近似地，大约，大概，近乎";effectively"有效地"。答案选择 A。

3. C 选项 A) 、B) 、C) 都有"增加"的意思，但只有 gain 和 weight 搭配使用，才构成"增加体重"的意思。文中原意要表达"一个人增加了体重"。选项 D)put 和 weight 搭配，没有增加体重的意思。

4. D 选项 A)cut off 意为"切割，剪断"等意思;选项 B) take down 为"记录、记下";选项 C) remove 为"移走、去除";选项 D)reduce 为"减少、降低"。本句意为"唯一的减肥办法就是减少每天的卡路里的消耗量"，所以答案选择 D。

5. B 本句要表达节食的基本原则是上文所述的"减少每天卡路里的消耗量"。答案

A)way和 C)method 是"方式、方法"的意思。选项 D) kind 作为名词是"类别"的意思，不符合题意。答案为 B) principle"原则"。

6. C 本句要表达的意思是" 遗憾的是，节食对于大多数人的减肥并不奏效"。选项

A)Similarly 为"相似地";选项 B) Though 为"虽然";选项 C) Unfortunately 为"遗憾

地、不幸地";选项 D)Although 为连词"虽然"。只有 C 符合句意。

7. A 本句要表达的意思是"他们体重下降了，就放弃节食，结果体重又上升了"。选项

A)go off 为"离开、消失、中断";选项 B) go on 为"继续";选项 C) go after 为"追逐、

追求";选项D)go under 为"沉落、失败"。只有 A 符合句意。

8. C 本句意为"建立一个切实可行的节食和锻炼计划是保持体重的关键"。选项 A)

getting为"获得、得到";选项 B ) measuring 为"测量";选项 C) maintaining 为"保

持、维持";选项D) reserving 为"保留、储藏"。只有C符合句意。

9. B 本句意为"你需要计算出你每天需要的和实际摄入的卡路里"。选项 A)

preferably 为"更好地";选项 B) actually"实际上";C) consistently 为"一贯地";选项 D) eventually 为"终于、最后"。只有选项 B 符合句意。

10. A 本句意为"你可以增加运动以增加每天消耗的热量"。选项 A) raise 为"增加";选

项 B)go up 为"上升"；选项 C)exceed 为"超过、超越"；选项 D) grow 为"生长"。只有A

符合句意。

11. D 本句意为"运动图表可以向你展示不同形式的运动所要消耗的热量"。选项

A)ways 为"方式、方法";选项 B) factors 为"因素";选项 C) functions 为"功能、职责":

选项 D)forms为"形式、种类"。只有 D 符合句意。

12. C 本句意为"每天消耗 200 或者 500 卡路里会是不同的"。选项 A 、B 和 D 都无

法和下文的 difference 搭配构成"产生不同"。只有选项 C)make 符合句意，表示"导致不同"。

13. B 本句意为"你可以选择爬楼梯而不是乘电梯"。选项 A)walk 与 stairs 连用可以

意为"走上/下楼梯";选项 B) climb 与 stairs 连用可以意为"爬楼梯";选项 C)run 与

stairs 连用可以意为"跑上/下楼梯";选项 D)take 一般不与 stairs 连用。答案为 B。

14. A 本句意为"找个一起锻炼的伙伴"。选项 A) partner 为"伙伴、同伴";选项 B ) colleague为"同事、同行";选项 C ) associate 为"合作者";选项 D) friend 为"朋友"。

选项 A 符合句意。

15. A 本句承接上文提到的 firm-fitting ，要表达"紧身衣可以像一个提醒者一样提

醒你要尽力达到的目标"。选项 A)Tight 为"紧身的、紧贴的";选项 B) Loose"宽松的、不

受约束的";选项 C) Casual"随便的，非正式的";选项 D)Formal 为"正式的"。选项 A 符

合句意。

第十二篇 Dreams

Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who 1 that they never dream at all actually dream 2 as frequently as the rest of us, 3 they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly 4

of dreaming night 5 night very seldom remember those dreams in 6 detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our 7 , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．

One of the world's oldest 8 written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can 9 that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you 10 never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return 11 time if the sleeper were suddenly 12 .

From ancient times to the present 13 ,people have been 14 attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream 15 there are books．

词汇：

Frequently / 'fri:kw?ntli/ adv. 时常，屡次；频繁地，经常地

Significance/ significance / n. 重要性，意义

civilization / ,sivilai'zei??n, / n. 文明，文化

interpret / in't?:prit / vt. 解释，说明口译

interpretation / in,t?:pri'tei??n / n. 解释，口译

seldom/ 'seld?m / adv. 很少，不常

retain/ ri'tein / vt. 保持；雇；记住

注释:

1. . . . very seldom remember those dreams in detail but merely retain an untidy mixture...

. . but.. 不……而是……

2.From ancient times to the present...从古至今……

第十二篇翻译梦

每个人都可以dream.Indeed，每个人都dream.Those谁1，他们做梦也想不到在所有实际的梦想2，经常休息，3，他们可能不记得任何有关it.Even我们这些谁是完美的梦想一夜4 5日晚，很少记得在6详细的梦想，但只保留一个看似无关的印象凌乱的混合物。梦想并不是单纯的视觉，我们的梦想与我们所有的7，使我们似乎体验到听觉，触觉，嗅觉，和味觉。世界上最古老的书面文件之一，是埃及的Dreams.Thi s卷书是约有五千多年的历史，所以你

可以梦想，被认为有特殊的意义甚至then.Many文明古国相信你10永远不会问睡觉的人，睡眠过程中，作为灵魂离开了身体，并可能无法返回11次，如果卧铺突然12。

从远古时代到目前的13人已经14试图解释的梦想，并解释其significance.There可用对梦想interpretation.although主题的许多书籍，不幸的是有一个特定的梦想15的几乎一样多的意义，有书。

练习：

1.A demand B promise C agree D claim

2.A also B just C only D quite

3.A though B besides C however D despite

4.A familiar B accustomed C aware D used

5.A after B on C through D over

6.A great B high C strong D deep

7.A feelings B emotions C impressions D senses

8.A considered B known C regarded D stimated

9.A see B feel C ensure D think

10.A would B ought C should D need

11.A by B in C with D for

12.A awoke B awoken C awake D awaken

13.A minute B hour C moment D day

14.A doing B putting C making D taking

15.A as B like C so D such

答案与题解:

1. D 这里是一个复合从句，缺的部分是带后边宾语从句的一个谓语成分。根据后边宾语从句的内容"never dream at all " ，可以判断此处应该是 claim ，声称。demand ，promise ，agree 都有后边的语义不符。-

2. B as frequently as 已经表达了"同样"的意思，所以 also 不符合这一空。quite 不能用来修饰 as. . . as 这样的词组，而根据上下午的语境，这里应该是"刚好，恰恰”所以最佳答案是Just 。

3. A 根据上下文的语-境，可以判断出这一空所衔接的前后两个句子有转折的关系，而且后一句为条件，despite 与 though 都可以表示."虽然，尽管"的意思，但是 despite 是做介词是才有"虽然，尽管"的意思，此处缺的是一个连接词，所以只能用

though. .

4. C 这四个选项中，只有 aware 可以与 of 搭配，策示"意识到'，accustomed 通常与 to 搭配，表示习惯于，同样 used to 也表示习惯于。而 familiar 通常与 with 搭配，表示"对…熟悉"。从语义与搭配两个层面来看，最合适的都是 aware.

5. A night after night" 一夜又一夜"，固定搭配。同样的结构还有 year after year ，day after day，week after week。相似的结构有 day by day ，"逐日，一天天";year by year ，"逐年，一年年.

6. A 此处是在 in detail 这一表达当中增加了一个形容词，来表示细致的程度。high 表示高度的变化，strong 是强度，deep 是深度，用来表示细致都不合适。所以应该用great ，in great detail ，表示细致入微，描述得淋漓尽致。

7. D 从前边的 visual ，以及后边的 sound ，touch ，smell ，taste 这些可以看出，这里指的是人所有的各种感官的感觉。感官叫做 sense organ ，所以这种种的感觉通常都用 sense 来表示。

8. B 根据上下文，可以发现此处是在描述一个事实。因此首先排除 estimated"估计"，而这本最古老的书是已经被认定过7的，所以 regard ，consider 都不合适，因此，最佳

答案应该是 known ，目前所知的。

9. A 此处是通过从前文所描述的这样一个事实，可以让我们认识到这个空后边所表达的

内容。因此不是 feel ，think. 也不是让我们确认，而只是发现，所以也不是

ensured ，而应该是see。

10. C 根据上下文的语境，可以判断出此处表达的是不能，不应叫醒睡梦中的人。首先排除 need ，另外 ought 通常跟 to 一块使用，所以也不可能。而 would 更 should 两者

相比，后者的程度更深，更符合这个语境。

11. B 此处应该是及时的意思，in time ，固定搭配。

12. B 此处考察的是被动语态，与动词 awake 的变形。这里是被叫醒，所以 A 和 C 都排除了，表示被动态而且形式又正确的应该是 B awoken.

13. D 这里表达的是从古到今的意思，通常都用笼统一些的概念，minute ，moment 表示的比较具体。所以用 day 比较合适。

14. C 此处所表达的是人类一直在尝试，"尝试，试图"通常直接用 attempt to，或

者用 make attempts to ，固定搭配。

15. A as. .. as 句式，这里所表达的前后一样是指书的数目，与书中对梦解释的数目的一致性。

*第八篇 Old And Active

It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries.

A 1 report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of 2 in social environment.

Scientists are trying to work 3 exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people

so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be 4 from their lifestyles for

the rest of us. Should we 5 any changes to our eating habits, for instance,

or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret 6 in the Japanese diet that is particularly 7 to the human body?

Another factor 8 to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is 9

considered a social problem．The number of older people had 10 in the

last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could

soon be 11 an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked 12 and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．

13 the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem.

Work can give the elderly a 14 of responsibility and mission in life.

It’s important that the elderly play active 15 in the society and live

in harmony with all generations.

词汇:

expectancy / ik'spekt?nsi,-t?ns/ 期望, 预期

life expectancy 预期寿命, 平均寿命

health expectancy 预期健康寿命

elderly /'eld?li / n. 年长者, 老年人 adj. 上了年纪的, 稍老的

population aging人口老龄化

decline / di'klain / n.下降, 衰落 vi. 下降, 衰退

pension / 'pen??n / n. 退休金, 养老金, 津贴

retirement / ri'tai?m?nt / n. 退休, 退役

responsibility / ri.sp?ns?'biliti / n. 责任, 职责, 义务

注释:

1. A healthy long life is the result of . . .健康长寿是……的结果。

2. . .. could be one solution to the problem. ……是解决问题的可能方法之一。

*第八篇翻译旧的和主动

这是众所周知的，寿命是在日本的时间比在其他大多数国家。1报告还显示，日本在世人的

健康长寿健康预期寿命最长的是在社会环境的结果。

科学家们正在努力工作，3正是使日本老人的人这么健康，是否有一个教训是从他们的生活

方式，为我们其余的4。我们应该5任何改变我们的饮食习惯，例如，或慢跑，每天早餐前？

有一些在日本的饮食，尤其是7对人体的秘密6？

另一个因素在日本人口迅速老化是一个应该庆祝下降birthrate.Although寿命更长，这是9考虑了老年人社会problem.The的数量已经在过去的半个世纪，这10增加养老金和医疗成本。国家可能很快将成为11个经济问题，如果有这么多的老人看了12和相对较少的年轻人工作和缴纳税款，以支持他们。

13退休年龄从65至70可能是一个解决问题的办法。工作可以给老人生活中的责任和使命14。这一点很重要，老人社会中发挥积极的15和所有世代居住在和谐。

练习：

1．A late B recent C contemporary D new

2．A increase B progress C growth D improvement

3．A for B out C in D off

4．A learnt B gathered C understood D gained

5．A do B make C set D give

6．A ingredient B component C portion D helping

7．A helpful B supportive C advantageous D beneficial

8．A contributing B helping C resulting D causing

9．A therefore B actually C even D however

10．A reduced B added C doubled D multiplied

11．A facing B meeting C adopting D encountering

12．A for B after C over D 0ut

13．A Putting B Moving C Rising D Raising

14．A sense B sentiment C feeling D characteristic

15．A roles B posts C positions D parts

答案与题解:

1. B 根据上下文, 可以判断出此处应该是"近期的"或"最新的" , late 通常不用来表示最近, latest 倒是可以表示"最新的" , contemporary 表示"当代的", 此处不符合。而new 是"新的", 放在此处也不合适, 所以只有 recent 最合适。

2. D 根据上下文, 此处所填的一个名词是作为 social environment 的一个补充, 用

来表示社会环境的某种变化, increase 是"上升, 增加"的意思, progress 表示"进步" , growth 则是"生长, 增长" , improvement"改进, 改善"。显然, 社会环境本身不会增长或进步, 所以最合适的说法是 the improvement in social environment.

3. B 这里考察的是 work 与介词搭配的用法, 根据上下文意思, 可以判断此处是要表达"找出答案, 解决问题"的意思。而 work for 是为……工作, work in 表示在……工作, work off 则是"排除, 清理"的意思, 因此正确的答案应该是 work out.

4. A 首先, 从搭配的层次来看, understand 和 gain 通常都不与 from 搭配, 所以只剩下 learnt与 gathered , gather from 是"从……收集, 搜集……", 而在这里, 结合上下文的意思, 应该是从日本人的生活习惯中学到什么, 所以 learn from 最合适。

5. B 这里要表达的是做出改变, make change 是固定搭配, 所以应该选择 B。

6. A 根据句子结构来看, 这里缺少的是一个名词, 所以首先排除 D。再看 A 、B 、C 三个选项, 这三个词都可以表示"部分, 要素, 成分"的意思, 但是 ingredient 通常用来表示原料, 成分, component 通常表示文章, 学术观点或者电子产品中的部分或组件, 而portion 更多的是表示数量上的一部分, 此处是饮食, 食物中的原料, 成分, 因此最佳答

案应该是 ingredient。

7. D 根据上下文可以判断, 此处需要的是"有利的, 有益的"。从词义来看, 除supportive 外, 其余三个选项都可, 但是 helpful 相对要弱一些, beneficial 侧重对

健康、身心或事业有益。advantageous 多指能直接导致相对优势或有助于达到目的的事。结合此处的语境, 应选择beneficial , 对人体有益。

8. A 此处是一个动名词与 to 搭配的结构, 用来表达"引起, 导致, 促成"这样的意思, 从语义与搭配两个层面来考虑, 首先排除 help. Cause 如果与 to 搭配, 通常是 cause sb. to do sth. 或者 sth. cause damage to sth , result to 则通常表示"反应"的意思, result in 才表示"导致, 引起", 所以最佳选择是 contribute to , "促成, 为……出力"。

9. B 这里前半句由 although 引导的条件状语从句, 已经体现了转折关系, 因此排除therefore与 however, 而根据前后的语义与语境, 并无递进或进一步加深的关系, 因此

也不用 even , 所以最佳答案为 actually , 虽然长寿是一件值得庆祝的事情, 但是他实际上也是一个社会问题。

10. C 根据上下文可以判断, 这里的老年人口肯定是增长的。所以首先排除 reduce , add 通常做及物用法, 此处也不合适, 而 multiply 有相乘, 繁殖的意思, 放在此处也不合适, 结合日本的实际, 此处最佳答案应该为 double , 老年人口数目翻倍。

11. A 即将面临经济危机, face a problem 为固定搭配, 通常表达面对、面临什么问题。

12. B 这里考察的是 look 和一些介词搭配的意义。根据上下文意思, 此处应该是"照顾, 照料", 所以是 look after 0 Look for 是"寻找" , look over" 检查, 从……上边看" , look out"小心, 注意"。

13. D 这里表达的是退休年龄从 65 岁到 70 岁这样的一个调整, 所以应该是上调,

只有 rise 与raise 能表达上升的意思, 而 rise 通常做不及物用法, 所以用 raise , 表示人为地上调。

14. A 此处是指工作可以带给老人的一些体验, characteristic 首先可以排除掉, sentiment 和 feeling 都能表示情感和情绪, sense 表示感觉, 且 sense 通常和responsibility 这类的词搭配, 比如 sense of humor, 幽默感, 这里需要的是责任感与使命感, 所以 sense 更好。

15. A 老年人在社会中扮演的角色, 通常我们都用 play roles in 这一固定搭配。