词汇学

词汇学
词汇学

词汇学

Assignments(派生法思考题):

1. What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?

2. What is affixation? 什么是词缀法?What’s the difference between prefixation and suffixation?

3. What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes? 前缀和后缀的特点?

4. Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Complete the sentence by using this word to form a noun to refer ro a person.

a. If you are employed by a company, you are one of its _____.

b. A _____ is someone whose job is politics.

c. The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.

d. A woman who works as a _____ does the same job as a waiter.

e. The person who conducts an orchestraor choir is called _____ .

f. Your _____ is the person who teaches you.

g. A _____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.

h. If someone examines you, you are the _____ and he or she is the _____.

答案:employee, politician, participator, waitress,

conductor, teacher, pianist, examinee, examiner

Compounding 复合词

1. 以所列单词为第一个成分,根据定义写出复合词。

A. green

1. a stretch of land, round a town, where building is not allowed, so that fields, woods, etc. , remain:________

2. a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit:_____

3. a young, inexperienced person, especially male, who is easily cheated:_________

4. a room in a theatre or concert hall where actors, musicians, etc., can rest when not performing:________

B. hand

1. a small bag for a woman to carry her. money and personal things in:________

2. a short book giving all the most important information about a subject: ________

3. an apparatus that stops a vehicle, worked by the, driver's hand:____

4. a bar of wood or metal fixed beside a place where one walks for, holding onto, especially near stairs; ________

C. after

1. the care or treatment to someone after a period in hospital, prison, etc. :______

2. an effect (usually unpleasant) that follows some time after the cause or after the main effect:______

3. a taste that stays in the mouth after the food that caused it is no longer there:_______

4. an idea that comes later:_____

D. sleeping

1. a large thick envelope or bag of warm material for sleeping in when camping:_____

2. a railway carriage with beds for passengers:_____

3. a pill which helps a person to sleep:_____

4. a partner in a business who takes no active part in its opera-tion: _______

E; running

1. a person with whom another is running for a pair of political positions of greater or less importance, especially those of President and Vice-President:_____

2. handwriting in which the letters are slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen:______.

3. a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book): _______

4. a footboard especially at the side of an automobile:_______

F. wash

1. a large fixed basin for water for washing one's hands and face:_______

2. a movable board with a wavy surface against which clothes may be rubbed when washing:______ |

3. a woman whose job is to wash clothes, often in her own home:_______

4. a cloth that is used for washing one's face and body:_____

G. sun

1. the condition of having sore. skin after experiencing the effects of strong sunlight:______

2. a flash of sunlight, especially through a break in clouds: _____

3. the time when the sun is seen to disappear as night begins: _____

4. strong sunlight, as when there are no clouds:_____

H. break

1. a sudden failure in operation:_____

2. the unlawful cantering of a building, using force:______

3. the action of forcing a way through the enemy:______

4. a division into smaller parts:_____

I. out

1. a sudden appearance or beginning of something bad:______

2. a public show of anger:_____

3. money spent for a purpose:______

4. a way through which something (usually a liquid or a gas) may go out: _____

答案

A. greenbelt greengrocer greenhorn greenroom

B. handbag handbook handbrake handrail

C. aftercare aftereffect aftertaste afterthought

D. sleeping bag sleeping car sleeping pill sleeping partner

E. running mate running hand running head running board

F. washbasin washboard washerwoma washcloth

G. sunburn sunburst sunset sunshine

H. breakdown break-in breakthrough breakup

I. outbreak outcry outlay outlet

Conversion 转化

找出下列句子中由名词转化的动词

1. A shy, frightened child stood before a government inspector in a Polish schoolroom. "Name the Czar of Russia," he barked; the girl did so in a voice which she tried to keep steady. ( )

2. At once the villagers formed a circle and started moving around me, singing to the accompaniment of a kol-a. ( )

3. Agamemnon with the rest of the Greek army sailed away in their ships at night. ( )

4. Almost before the Trojans could arm themselves and long before they could make any plans for

defense, the city was lost, high buildings were falling and flames were shooting high into the sky. ( )

5. I began to see the light: of course, the snatchers—-always young men, even boys—would expect

a large purse stuffed with money and all kinds of valuables. ( )

6. A few years ago the landlady locked the front door and installed a bell and buzzer system, which made burglary more difficult though not impossible. ( )

7. An upstairs tenant, who happened to be looking out of his window, came running down, questioned the men and demanded their identification. ( )

8. The children headed toward school, carrying slates and followed by their dogs. ( )

9. Like the trunk of a tree, it rose in the air, branching out as it climbed. ( )

10. An hour went by and darkness still shrouded everything. ( )

11. They boarded boats and got away, living to tell the tale of their city's destruction. ( )

12. The day-to-day effect of dirty air is hard to measure,and most people take it for granted. ( )

13. When these gases mix with fog, smog results. ( )

14. There are a few success stories in battling air pollution. ( )

15. Pollution can be trapped before they pour out of chimneys —

and a pollution-free car can be built. ( )

16. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for . 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. ( )

17. She's the one who's sapped your confidence. ( )

18. .His place on the seat was taken almost immediately by a young man, fairly well dressed but scarcely more cheerful than the other. ( )

19. The young man quickly removed any doubt by pocketing the money. ( )

20. But the preparation on which he laid the colours was defective, and they started to flake off even in Leonardo's own lifetime. ( )

答案: 1. name 2. form 3. sail

4. Arm

5. stuff

6. lock

7. question 8. head 9. branch

10. shroud 11. board 12. measure

13. result 14. battle 15. trap

16. trade 17. sap 18. drpss

-^

19. pocket 20. flake

找出下列句子中由形容词转化的动词

1. Calming down, I convinced myself this was something that had to happen once in a lifetime. ( )

2. Such was Pompeii on its last day. And so it is to-day, now that the volcanic ash has been cleared away. ( )

3. Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequently. ( )

4. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the chemical industry turned out many new products which, says Lucy Kavaler in her book Dangerous Air, "helped raise the standard of living and lower the standard of air.”( )

5. Bom in 1879, in LJln, Germany, Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich. There his father opened'a business in electrical supplies. ( )

6. The Academy of Science was closed to him; his house was searched for weapons; he lost his professorship; all his property was seized; and finally his German citizenship was taken away. ( )

7. When the oil is heated, the first vapours to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. ( )

8. He emptied out all his pockets onto the table. ( )

9. Part of the old wall fell on the workman, and it took half an hour to free him. ( )

10. The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun. ( )

答案:

1. calm

2. clear

3. clean

4. lower

5. open

6. close

7. cool 8. empty 9. free

10. dry

找出下列句子中由动词转化的名词

1. Why is this enormous increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of what is coming to be called Death Control. ( )

2. In the nineteenth century one great discovery came to the aid of the surgeon when James Young Simpson experimented with anaesthetics. ( )

3. I know my friends from the feel of their faces. ( )

4. But I cannot really picture their personalities by touch. ( )

5. "Nobody's saying anything," said James, between serves. ( )

6. Grandpa gave her one of his slow grins. ( )

7. And Fabin gave him an appealing look. ( )

8. I will try to explain to you what has given rise to these slanders and given me a bad name. ( )

9. Rex could hold a baseball with ease in his mouth in one cheek, as if it were a chew of tobacco. ( )

10. They insisted that we get rid of Rex, but we were very happy with him, and nobody could have made us give him up. ( )

答案:

1. increase, spread

4. touch

7. look

10. rid

2. aid

3. feel

5. serve

6. grin

8. rise 9. chew

5. 将下列各组词按褒义- 中性–贬义的顺序排列。

Fashionable, modish, stylish fashionable, stylish, modish

Accumulate, gather, hoard accumulate, gather, hoard,

Accomplice, companion, friend friend, companion, accomplice,

Careful, meticulous, scrupulous scrupulous, careful, meticulous,

Anger, indignation, rage indignation, anger, rage

Backward, developing, underdeveloped developing, underdeveloped, backward,

Clique, club, group club, group, clique,

Encourage, instigate, promote promote, encourage, instigate,

Flaw, shortcoming, sin shortcoming, flaw, sin

Forget, neglect, overlook overlook, forget, neglect,

选择适当单词填入句子。

1. He waited with (baited, bated) breath.

2. The brother and sister are both (blonds, blondes).

3. There is a (brake, break) in the clouds.

4. Her (bridal, bridle) gown was trimmed with lace.

5. A (pedal, peddle) of the bicycle fell off.

6. Cromwell (reined, reigned) over England like a king.

7. The wreckers began to (raise, raze) the building.

8. Although we watched carefully, the guard remained (stationary, stationery) for one hour.

9. Edgar cannot sail until he has a full (complement, compliment) of men for his crew, and he is still lacking a deck hand.

10. Eric was a tireless scholar, he would (pour, pore) over hil books without a break until everyone else in the dormitory gone to sleep.

答案: 1.bated 2.blondes 3.break 4.bridal 5.pedal

6.reigned

7.raze

8.stationary

https://www.360docs.net/doc/3c14124645.html,plement 10.pore

将下列各组词分别填入句子。

A. sanguine, sanguinary

1. John's nature was so that we all felt cheered up when we saw him.

2. The battle was so that hardly a combatant on either side was without a wound.

B. disinterested, uninterested

1. We could not have had a worse judge than the one we had, he was completely in the case and the participants, and even read a magazine during some of the testimony.

2. We could not have had a better judge than Judge Blandford; he was friendly, knowledgeable, and above all completely .

C. rout, route

1. Although we played them on even terms for the first half,.the second half was a _____.

2. To get to our cottage you follow _____ 19 as far as Cross Comers then ask for directions.

D. official, officious

1. The _____ in charge of the game did a lousy job.

2. Time was so in his new job that he was insufferable.

E. material, materiel

1. The dress was made of synthetic .

2. The general needs more troops and _____.

F. moral, morale

1. The _____ of the story is "Beware of flattering".

2. The of our troops is high.

G. fallible, fallacious

1. All men are _____.

2. The argument, convincing when first heard, proved on closer examination to be _____.

H. precedent, precedence

1. Some say Shakespeare takes over all other writers.

2. There was no _____ for the granting of a midweek holiday.

I, tacit, taciturn

1. John, who was sullen and _____ by nature, found it hard to make friends,

2. They arrived at a _____ agreement.

J. impracticable, unpractical

1. The building plans are _____.

2. My husband is a marvelous student, but he is so ___ _ that he cannot use a hammer, and nails.

答案: A 1. sanguine, 2. sanguinary B 1. uninterested, 2. disinterested,

C 1. rout, 2. route

D 1. official, 2. officious

E 1. material, 2. materiel

F 1. moral, 2. morale

G 1. fallible, 2. fallacious H 1. precedence, 2. precedent

I 1. taciturn, 2. tacit J 1. impracticable, 2. unpractical

找出下列各组词中对应的同义词

A. 1. ( ) respond a. demand

B. 1. ( ) athletics a. profit

2. ( ) require b. select 2. ( ) sentiment b. misery

3. ( ) capture c. conquer 3. ( ) declare c. sport

4. ( ) pick d. reply 4. ( ) benefit d. proclaim

5. ( ) overcome e. arrest 5. ( ) distress e. emotion

C. 1. ( ) shudder a. creep

D. 1. ( ) exhausted a. gloomy

2. ( ) confess b. occur 2. ( ) contradictory b. weary

3. ( ) crawl c. acknowled 3. ( ) wholesome c. elevated

4. ( ) befall d. quiver 4. ( ) dim d. contrary

5. ( ) endure e. stand 5. ( ) lofty e. healthy

答案: A d a e b c B c e d a b C d c a b e D b d e a c

指出下列句子中连用的同义词

1. At once, however, she stopped short, and exclaimed, in a voice of alarm and horror, "Grandson of my father, there is blood on your hand.” ( )

2. Beaten half to death several times for attack on guards, he had served his full time without remission, and emerged in 1968, with only one fear in the world, the fear of small enclosed spaces, cells and holes. ( )

3. The Gothic is singular in this; one seems easily at home in the Renaissance. One is not too strange in the Byzantine, as for the Roman, it is ourselves; and we could walk blindfolded through every chink and cranny of the Greek mind; all these styles seem modem, when we come close to them, but the Gothic gets away. ( )

4. Why must it be? Should it be, really? She choked and stifled. ( )

5. On either side of the school the tin roofs sloped towards the sea, and the corrugated iron above his head clanged and clattered as a vulture alighted. ( )

6. And then when you are alone and remembering, the canvases sort themselves out, some are eliminated by your taste or your limitations, but others stand up clear and clean. ( )

7. The Dean, who was a man of great culture and learning, was extremely fond of clocks. ( )

8. The result was a series of defeats and failures which discredited and weakened the church. ( )

9. The contest was brief indeed. I was frantic with every species of wild excitement, and felt within my single arm the energy and power of a multitude. ( )

10. The nights were still cool and they had a fire against it, of a rail lifted from a nearby fence and out into lengths — a small fire, niggard almost a shrewd fire, such fires were his father's habit and

custom always, even in freezing weather. ( )

11. They arrived at the hotel in peasant carts crammed with children, cats, cages in which Italian birds hopped and skipped. ( )

12. Some time later the abbot asked one of his servants to look and see whether the fellow had gone away. ( )

13. The only maps and charts he had to go by were remembered or imaginary but these were clear enough. ( )

14. The other was always held up to us as a model because she married to a Government labourer in the Deptford Victualling Yard, neat and tidy on eighteen shilling a week — until he took to drinking. That was worth being respectable for, wasn't it? ( )

15. An icy perspiration now sprang to his forehead, his lips trembled and suddenly his throat felt parched and dry. ( )

16. Although his acquaintanceship with Helen White, the banker's daughter, was outwardly but casual, she was often the subject of his thoughts and he felt that she was something private and personal to himself. ( )

17. Slowly, after the pushing and jostling of a crowd, it drew out toward Latonia, that suburban region in which her home lay. ( )

18. I sat up in bed quaking and shuddering, waiting for the destruction of the world and expecting it. ( )

19. When you believe you understand the assigned material, turn to the Study Supplement. Work through the questions and pr lems in order. ( )

20. His mind went back to the night when he had been frighta by thoughts of a giant that might come to rob and plunder of his passions, and again as on that night when he had through the fields crying for a son, he became excited to edge of insanity. ( )

答案;

1. alarm, horror

2. cells, holes

3. chink, cranny

4. choke, stifle

5. clang, clatter

6. clear, clean

7. culture, learning

8. defeat, failure

9. energy, power 10. habit, custom 11. hop, skip 12. look, see

13. map, chart 14. neat, tidy 15. parched, dry 16. private, personal 17. push, jostle 18. quake, shudder 19. question, problem 20. rob, plunder

反义关系

找出下列各组词中对应的反义词

A. 1. ( ) depart a. decrease

B. 1. ( ) dull a. obscure

2. ( ) lower b.float 2. ( ) deductive b. clever

3. ( ) sink c. cease 3. ( ) torrid c. rough

4. ( ) increase d. remain 4. ( ) obvious d. inductive

5. ( ) continue e. lift 5. ( ) gentle e. frigid

C. 1. ( ) sorrow a. dwarf

D. 1. ( ) relative a. fetid

2. ( ) giant b. confusion 2. ( ) inclusive b. posterior

3. ( ) top c. joy 3. ( ) fragrant c. exclusive

4. ( ) order d. anger 4. ( ) anterior d. vacant

5. ( ) pleasure e. bottom 5. ( ) full e. absolute

答案:A d e b a c B b d e a c C c a e b d D e c a b d

指出下列句子中连用的反义词

1. More and more tangled that winter became the skein of poet a patron, youth and age, poverty and wealth — and one day broke! ( )

2. Dutch traders followed in the wake of 15th-century Portugu explorer and have lived in widely varying war-and-peace re tionships ever since. ( )

3. There was no such things as the solitude of nature, for thes rows and joys of humanity had pressed even into the bosom o tree. ( )

4. There are many, poor and rich, who think that love of couni is an old wife's table, to be replaced by interest in a labour u-nion, or under the name of cosmopolitanism, by a rootless self-seeking search for a place where the most enjoyment may be hard at the least one. ( )

5. She stood there with her mouth opening and shutting, inhaling and expelling. ( )

6. Under the coarse glare of gaslight stood the weavers — long lines of them, all women, old and young, stopping and starting looms. ( )

7. His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead. ( )

8. The nation was small and isolated; it lived under pressure and constant trial; it was acquainted with but a small range of goods and evils. ( )

9. If I stayed do you know what I would preach here? That we all lost here, black and white, rich and poor, the fools and the wise! ( )

10. Martin was extraordinarily receptive and responsive, while his imagination, pitched high, was ever at work establishing relations of likeness and difference. ( )

答案: 1. youth, age; poverty, wealth 2. war, peace

3. sorrow, joy

4. poor, rich

5. open, shut; inhale, expel

6. old, young; stop, start

7. the living; the dead

8. good, evil 9. black, white; rich, poor; fool, wise

10. likeness, difference

指出下列谚语中的反义词

1. A word before is worth two behind.

2. Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it.

3. Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.

4. As a man lives so shall he die, as a tree falls, so shall it lie.

5. Better early than late.

6. Easy come, easy go.

7. Feed a cold and starve a fever.

8. Great boast, small roast.

9. He that spares the bad injures the good.

10. He who commences many things finishes but few.

11. Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.

12. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.

13. Leam wisdom by the follies of others.

14. Little strokes fell great oaks.

15. Look high and fall low.

16. Marry in haste, repent in leisure.

17. More haste less speed.

18. No joy without annoy.

19. Of evil grain no good seed can come.

20. Penny wise, pound foolish.

答案: 1. before, behind 2. absence, presence 3. private, public 4. live, die

5. early, late

6. come, go

7. feed, starve

8. great, small

9. bad, good 10. commence, finish; many, few 11. best, worst

12. ill, good 13. wisdom, folly 14. little, great 15. high, low

16. haste, leisure 17. more, less 18. joy, annoy 19. evil, good

20. wise, foolish

1. That's my pet aversion.

2. This child is a perfect terror.

3. I've had an inspiration—let's go to the countryside.

4. She looks a fright in that old black dress. .

5. That cup of tea was my salvation! Now I feel much better.

6. He is a warning to us aH oi what happens to people who drii top much,

7. Nails are thin homy growths at the ends of the fingers.

8. She is the despair of all other pianists.

9. This hair-restorer is a fraud; I'm as bald as ever.

10. That black eye you got in the fight is a thorough beauty!

答案:

1. something disliked

2. troublesome person

3. good idea

4. person who looks shocking

5. something that saves

6. persons who is an example of what not to do

7. things that have grown 8. person who cause loss of hope

9. thing that deceives 10. somwthing very bad

现代英语中有大量术语进入日常生活并扩大了词义,找出与下列术语对应的词义。

1. alibi ( s ) a. practical opinion or body of opinion

2. scenario ( l ) b. obsession of any kind

3. charismatic ( j ) c. of which one is not consciously awa

4. compulsive ( e ) d. nervous, eccentric, given to worry

5. catalyst ( p ) e. habitual

6. ambiance ( k ) f. any mental or emotional disorder

7. osmosis ( q ) g. cruelty

8. psychology ( i ) h. showing off

9. syndrome ( t ) i. mental processes

10. subliminal ( c ) j. having popular appeal

11. parameter ( r ) k. quality, feeling, etc. of a place

12. philosophy ( a ) 1. description of a possible course of events

13. complex ( b ) m. typical example of something

14. schizophrenia ( f ) n. conclusion, clincher

15. interface ( o ) o. connection

16. neurotic ( d ) p. any stimulus in hastening a result

17. sadism ( g ) q. subtle or gradual absorption or mingling

18. bottom line ( n ) r. determining factor, characteristic

19. paradigm ( m ) s. excuse

20. exhibitionism( h ) t. distinctive or characteristic pattern of behavior

下列各词都经历了词义褒贬的变化,a和b是他们演变前后的词义,据此判断词义是升格还是降格。

1. sturdy ( elevation ) a. stem; stubborn; reckless b. stout; vigorous, firm

2. reek (degradation) a. smoke b. stink

3. counterfeit (degradation) a. to copy; to reproduce b. to imitate with intent to deceive

4. fame ( elevation ) a. rumour; report b. celebrity; renown

5. mischievous ( elevation ) a. disastrous b. playfully annoying

6. civil ( elevation ) a. of citizens b. cultured; courteous

7. smirk (degradation) a. smile b. simper

8. glamour ( elevation ) a. spell; enchantment b. attractiveness; allure

9. busybody (degradation) a. busy person b. officious and meddlesome person

10. churl (degradation) a. freeman b. boor; niggard

11. luxury ( elevation ) a. lust b. sumptuousness

12. err (degradation) a. wander b. go astray

13. chiffon ( elevation ) a. rag b. sheer fabric of silk, etc.

14. brook (degradation) a. to enjoy; to make use of b. to endure; to.tolerate

15. elocution (degradation) a. style of speaking b. studied or artificial style of speaking

16. fair (degradation) a. beautiful; pleasant b. moderate; tolerable

17. sergeant ( elevation ) a. servant b. non-commissioned officer

18. dizzy ( elevation ) a. foolish b. vertiginous

19. inquisition (degradation) a. investigation b. persecution

20. sophisticated ( elevation ) a. overly complex or refined b. sufficiently complex or knowing

文学作品中常用动物或非生物进行拟人隐喻,找出下列引问内明显拟人的名词或动词(包括分词形式)。

1. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Zfrenchman. (V oltaire)

2. She is really a duke; he thought. (Galsworthy, In Chancery)

3. I have nourished a viper in my bosom. (Thackeray, Vanity Fair)

4. A falcon, towering in her pride of place was by a musing owl hawk’d at and killed. (Shakespeare, Macbeth)

5. How noiseless falls the foot of time

That only treads on flowers! (Spencer)

6. Came beautiful fall day, warm and languid, palpitant with the hush of changing season, a California Indian summer day, with hazy sun and wandering wisps of breeze that did not stir the slumber of the air. (J. London, Martin Eden)

7. Besides, the kettle was aggravating and obstinate… … It wouldn’t hear of accommodating itself kindly the knobs of coal; it would lean forward with a drunken air, and dribble, a very idiot of a kettle. (Dickens, The Cricket on the Hearth)

8. There was no wind, and not a whisper in the old oak-tree twenty yeards away. The moon rose from behind the copse, nearly full, and the two lights struggled, till moonlight conquered, changing the colour and quality of all garden, stealing along the flag-stone, reaching their feet, climbing up, changing their faces. (Galsworthy, In Chancery)

答案: 1. tiger; ape 2. duck 3. viper 4. falcon; musing owl; hawk’d

5. falls; foot; treads

6. wandering; slumber

7. aggravating; hear; lean; drunken; dribble; idiot

8. struggled; conquered; stealing; reaching; feet; climbing; faces

隐喻的基础是形状、功能、和褒贬的类似,区别下列斜体词属于哪种情况。

1. the tail of a procession

2. a ray of hope

3. a wolf in sheep’s clothing

4. an early bird

5. piercing sound

6. a flight of fancy

7. the cup of valley 8. crocodile tears

9. forks of the road 10. to rivet one’s ga ze

11. golden hours 12. a saddle in the mountains

13. loud colours 14. stony politeness

15. the mantle of darkness 16. Richard the Lion-Heart

17. torments of jealousy 18. the ribs of a vault

19. a watery style of wrting 20. skyrocketing prices

21. the book of time 22. a loan shark

23. to bridle one’s anger24. a smart invention

25. the head of the school 26. the dive into a book

27. to lend wings to someone 28. a mere wisp of a girl

29. the lungs of a city 30. an unlicked cub

答案: 1. 形状 2. 功能 3. 贬义 4. 褒义 5. 功能 6. 功能

7. 形状8. 贬义9. 形状10. 形状11. 褒义12. 形状

13. 功能14. 贬义15. 功能16. 褒义17. 功能18. 形状

19. 贬义20. 形状21. 功能22. 贬义23. 功能24. 褒义

25. 功能26. 形状27. 功能28. 形状29. 形状30. 贬义

借代是名称的代替,用英语解释下列黑体词所借代的人或事物。

1. town and grown

2. the Cross and the Crescent

3. a man of the cloth 4, a well-known silk

5. from the cradle to the grave

6. to keep to the bottle

7. to go by underground 8. to win laurels

9. Who is the first violin? 10. Thw whole house laughed.

11. That’s a poem by an unknown pen. 12. Have you got a copy of Gorky?

13. Which is better: the breast or the bottle? 14. It’s a pity I can’t read Moliere in French.

15. Sceptre and Crown

Must trumble down

And in the dust be equal made

With the poor crooked scythe and spade. (Shelley, The Levelling Dust)

答案: 1. people of a town; members of a university in the town

2. Christianity; religion of Muslims

3. priestly profession

4. British Queen’s / King’s Counsel

5. birth; death

6. alcoholic drink

7. subway 8. reputation

9. on who plays the first violin

10. audience 11. author

12. Gorky’s work13. milk in bottles

14. Moliere’s comedies

15. Sceptre and Crown both symbolize the royal power or the monarch, while scythe and spade are used here as metonymy for the peasantry of wretched poor peasants.

提喻是局部和整体之间的替代。判断下列黑体词是局部喻整体还是整体喻局部。

所喻意义所喻意义所喻意义

1. head cattle

2. redbreast robin

3. corn maize

4. roof house or home

5. cattle cow

6. wheels automobiles

7. blade sword 8. cutthroat murderer 9. the smiling year spring 10. hard tail mules 11. to dial to telephone 12. fox/beaver the fur of animal 13. a motor trip / the motor industry 14. meat and drink

15. a mink coat 16. a basket of provisions

17. to have a word with someone 18. to tread a measure

19. All hands on deck! 20. The law was there in force.

答案: 1. 局部喻整体 2. 局部喻整体 3. 整体喻局部 4. 局部喻整体

5. 整体喻局部

6. 局部喻整体

7. 局部喻整体

8. 局部喻整体

9. 整体喻局部10. 局部喻整体11. 局部喻整体12. 整体喻局部

13. 局部喻整体14. 局部喻整体15. 整体喻局部16. 整体喻局部

17. 局部喻整体18. 整体喻局部19. 局部喻整体20. 整体喻局部

词汇学学习心得

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有着扎实的专业基础知识和丰富的对外汉语教学经验,所以知道怎样使我们很好的接受那些词汇学知识,更重要的是我们能够将学到的知识理论应用于实际。在学习的过程,老师并没有像填鸭子似地把知识抛给我们,而是时不时的给我们提一个问题,让我们去思考,虽然最后我们的答案并不尽人意,但至少给了我们一个锻炼思考能力及分析问题的机会。在学习过程中老师一直强调我们不要读死书,要学会思考,这本书固然有它的优点,也存在一定的缺点,我们要取其精华,剔其糟粕。例如在学习第七章词汇划分问题上,老师就告诉我们书上的词汇划分不科学,对于基本词汇和一般词汇的定义模糊,但在基本词汇的特点上有可取之处,基本词汇具有普遍性,稳固性和构成新词的基础,这一点很可取。 再者,学习这门课程后我认识到词汇学的重要性,词汇学最为一门单独的专业课程开设是很有必要的。现代汉语词汇是不断丰富发展变化着的。社会生活的发展,包括新事物的出现,旧事物消灭,阶级斗争的发展;人的思想意识的发展;语言内部各个因素的相互作用等等。现代汉语词汇是历代积累传承下来的大量词语和和不断产生的大量词语组合起来的整体。学习现代汉语词汇有着十分重要的意义,它让我们意识到词汇的重要性,提高我们的表达能力、语言能力,而且有助于语文教学,词汇教学在语文教学中占有重要位置。要引导学习者掌握丰富的词语,正确理解词语的意义,正确运用词语,就要利用现代汉语词汇学所学的各种知识。因此,一定要通过自身的努力学好掌握好这门学问。 最后,通过这门课程的学习,我对怎样才能学好现代汉语词汇学有了一些体会。虽然这门课程即将结束,但学问是无穷无尽的,这门课程只是为我们打开了学习词汇学的一个窗口,在平时我们还应当坚持课后自主学习,因此掌握一些学习词汇学的方法尤为重要。

学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会

学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会 外语系:张颖

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英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

《英语词汇学教程》(2004 年版)练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.

词汇学论文

词汇学论文

英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究 摘要 词汇是语言的载体,是沟通和交流的基础,是文化的组成部分,同时也具有文化内涵。文化,是语言发展的成果,是社会意识形态的集中反映,影响着社会生活,也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵,集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因,旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异,更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识,从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。 关键词:词汇,对比,文化内涵,文化差异 1. 引言 人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化,在语言的各个组成成分中,最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇,词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异,通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵,不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性,有重要的学术价值,也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略,更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料,为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义 英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体,包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性,动态性,民族性和多样性,文化作为一种历史现象,不同民族拥有不同文化,不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体,语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系

3.3 谚语 谚语是心理,语言与文化的综合产物。英汉中存在具有共同比喻的谚语,如:火上浇油——pour oil in the flame 半斤八两——sin and half dozen 破釜沉舟——burn one's boats 以牙还牙——a tooth for a tooth 但由于两个民族有各自独特的文化背景和各自独特的风俗习惯,思维方式,因此谚语联想,引申和比喻上有很大的不同。例如汉语“拍马屁”取自古人讨好某人时,用手拍主人的马的屁股,说,“好马,好马”,而英语对应的意思是lick one's boots,舔靴子之意,再如:害群之马——black sheep;一箭之遥——at a stone’s throw; 掌上明珠——the apple of one’s eye; 棋逢对手——diamond cuts diamond.这些谚语后都蕴含着各自的文化信息。英语有时从字面上表达一个意思,实际上整体意义完全不同,如pull one’s leg——拉后腿,前者是“戏弄人”的意思,后者是“阻挠或牵制别人的行为”。再如,move heaven and earth 不是天翻地覆的意思,而是竭尽全力的意思。类似的谚语还有很多。 4. 英汉词汇文化内涵差异产生的原因 4.1 构词方法不同 英汉语在构词法上既有共性,又存在一定的差异,具有各自的特殊性。汉英语属于两种差异较大的语言类型,从来源来看,汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系;从类型上讲,汉语属于分析语,英语属于综合分析语;汉语是象形表意文字,英语是表音文字,汉语重意合,而英语重形合,这些都取决于汉英两种民族不同的思维方式和民族心理素质,不同的思维方式和民族心理素质就会产生不同的语言形式,这些自然也会在构词上有所体现。 4.2 思维方式和认知方式不同 总体而言,汉族人的认知方法倾向于感性和具体,而西方人认知方法比较理想和抽象。汉语数词的使用频率远高于英语的数词就可以说明这个问题,如,“五体投地”,“八面埋伏”,“九死一生”,“十全十美”,“三思而行”等等。西方文化是一种重分析性,实证性和逻辑性的认识文化,要求周密,精确和明细

词汇学的基本知识

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