(1) 2011-13 名词 OK 1 (X W L Z)
专题一：名词
一.定义：名词是用于表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。
名词在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语和定语。一些名词性词组可作状语。
二.分类：专有名词：用来表示某一特定的人、团体、地方或机构等专有名称的名词称为专有名词。
例如：America; Mary; the Great Wall; Huanghe River等。
个体名词：表示人或某种东西的个体。如：teacher; apple; pen等。
普通名词：集体名词：表示一些人或事物的总称。如：people; family; class等。
物质名词：表示物质或没有一定形状、大小的实物。如：air; rice; sugar等。
抽象名词：表示动作状态，品质或其它的抽象概念。如：love; mind; safety等。
☆其中个体名词和集体名词多为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。
三．单数变复数的变化规则如下表：
情况基本变法例词特殊词汇
①一般情况直接加s pen(s), apple(s), book(s), car(s)
②以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词加es glass(es), box(es), watch(es) bus(es),
fox(es), brush(es)
③以y 结尾的名词以元音字母+y结尾的词直接加s boy(s) toy(s)
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
一般改y为i加es
baby→babies,family→families city→cities
country→countries,factory→factories
lady→ladies , library→libraries
④以o结尾的词一般有生命的加es
无生命的加s Negro(es) hero(es) volcano(es)/(s)
tomato(es), potato(es),
echo(es) photo(s), radio(s), piano(s), zoo(s)
⑤以f, fe结尾的一般去f, fe加ves leaf→leaves, knife→knives，wife→wives
thief→thieves, scarf→scarfs或scarves roof(s), giraffe(s), belief(s),
特殊的单复同形Chinese, Japanese, people, sheep, deer, fish
只有复数trousers, clothes, glasses, works, shorts
部分变化man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,goose→geese,chil d→children, mouse→mice注：(human→humans German→Germans American→Americans)
复合名词变主干English teacher→English teachers, cowboy→cowboys, wine glass→wine glasses 整体变man teacher→men teachers woman doctor→women doctors
形式复实质单、表示特殊含义news, maths, physics, politics, works, goods，customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
四．初中阶段的不可数名词有：news, paper, milk, orange(橙汁), bread, meat, beef, pork, chalk, water, tea, rice,
work, housework, luck, ink, money, sugar, grass, salt, ice, soap, love等。
注：1.在英语中，有些不可数的物质名词，其本身无单复数的变化，但要表示数量可借助量词来表示，把复数形式加在相应的量词上，其结构为：数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词。
例如：a glass of water, two cups of tea, three sheets of paper, four bottles of milk等。
2.还可以用修饰词来修饰不可数名词，修饰不可数名词的修饰词有much, some, any, little, a little，lots of,
a lot of，plenty of, a bit of 等。
修饰可数名词的形容词：many, few, a few, some, any, lots of, a lot of, a nubmer of, plenty of等。
例如：He had some bread and milk for his breakfast.
五．主谓一致：当名词的用作主语时，主语是单数则be动词或谓语动词用单数，若主语是复数，则be动词或谓语动词用复数。例如：Maths is very important. Some people are dancing there.
六．可数名词作定语时：一般情况用单数形式，个别用复数形式。
例如：单数名词作定语orange juice“橙汁”many shoe shops“许多鞋店”
复数名词作定语spotrs car“跑车”sports meeting“运动会”
名词所有格
一、定义：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾
加‘s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
例如：Lily‘s mother, the teacher‘s desk, the boy‘s shoes等。
二. 构成：
1.有生命的名词的所有格，一般在词尾加?S这种形式来表示;有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的名词，也可加‘S构成所有格。
例如：This is my brother‘s book.
It‘s only twenty minute‘s walk.
2. 以s或es结尾的名词只需加‘ 构成所有格。
例如：Today is September 10th, happy Teachers‘ Day to you!
3. 不以（e）s结尾的名词末尾仍需加‘s构成所有格。
例如：Where is the People‘s Hospital?
What day is Women‘s Day?
4. 表示两个或多个人共有的人或物时，只需要在并列名词的后一个名词尾加‘s ，若表示两个或多
个人各自有的人或物时，则每个名词后均需加‘s 构成所有格。
例如：Jack and John‘s father is a teacher. 杰克和约翰的爸爸是老师。
Jack‘s and John‘s father are a teacher. 杰克和约翰的爸爸都是老师。
5.有些名词如―诊所、家、店铺等，前面的名词有了所有格，后面的名词可以省去。
例如：the doctor‘s（医生诊所）Mr White‘s（怀特先生家）
6.表示无生命的东西或定语太长的名词，其所有格一般用含有of的短语来表示所有关系。
例如：a map of China, the headteacher of our class
7.除此之外,还有双重所有格,可表示某人/某物的ⅹⅹ的,也表示整体与部分或者带有感情色彩,
它的结构是of+‘s名词所有格或者of+名词性物主代词构成.
例如：She is Mary‘s mother‘s good friend.
That is a photo of my sister‘s.
It is the best book of mine.
三. 用法:1.表示人,动物,事物与其他的人,动物,事物之间的关系.
例如:It‘s Lucy‘s dog.
Children‘s Day is June 1st.
2.表示时间,距离,国家,城市等名词与其它事物的所有关系.
例如:Beijing is China‘s capitall.
Shanghai‘s weathe r in spring is warm.
3.被名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面提到过,后面可省略.
例如:This dictionary is not mine, it is Mary‘s.
注：不同国籍人的单复数
中国人the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese 日本人the Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese
英国人the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen德国人the Germans, a German, two Germans 美国人the Americans, an American, two Americans法国人the French, a Frenchman,two Frenchmen
澳大利亚人the Australians, an Australian, two Australians 希腊人the Greek, a Greek, two Greeks
意大利人the Italians, an Italian, two Italians 俄国人the Russians, a Russian, two Russians
瑞士人the Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss 印度人the Indians, an Indian, two Indians
加拿大人the Canadians, a Canadian, two Canadians 瑞典人the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes
英语中的―多‖与―少‖ any―一些，几个‖，表示不确定的数量，与some 同义，二者既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰
不可数名词，any 常用于否定句和疑问句，表示不确定的语气；还有―任何一个‖之意，用
以修饰单数名词，此时不受句型的限制。
some 一般用于肯定句，也用于表示建议、请求的委婉语气并希望得到肯定回答的疑问句，表示
确定语气；
例：He has some storybooks, but he doesn‘t have any picture books.
few ―少量，几乎没有，一点儿‖， 用来表示物质的量，修饰可数名词复数，few 表示否定，几
乎―没有‖， a few―几个，若干‖表示肯定意义，有少数几个，相当于several ；few （原级）
→fewer （比较级）→fewest （最高级）
little ―少量，几乎没有，一点儿‖， 也表示物质的量，修饰不可数名词复数，little 表示否定，几
乎―没有‖， a little―一点点‖表示肯定意义，有少量的,用于修饰不可数名词、形容词或副词，
little→less （比较级）→least （最高级）; less than―不超过，少于‖，相当于nearly,常用在
数词前，at least―至少‖，用于数词前或实意动词前等；
a bit―一点点‖，用于修饰形容词或副词；
a bit of―一点点‖，用于修饰不可数名词；
many―许多，多的‖与much 同义，many 用于可数名词复数前。how many―多少‖，用于提问可数
名词的数量；
much―许多，多的‖ 用于修饰不可数名词。Many / much→more （比较级）→most （最高级）； too much―太多的‖，用于修饰不可数名词， much too―太......‖，用于修饰形容词或副词，
比too―太‖程度更深；more th an―超过，多于‖，相当与over ，常用于修饰数词， more
or less―或多或少，差不多‖相当于about ，the more, the better―越多越好‖；how much―多
少‖，用于提问不可数名词的数量，―多少钱‖，用于提问价格，钱数的多少。
a lot―很多‖，放在动词或动词的宾语后，表示―做......得多‖等时使用，不能直接放在名词前修饰
名词；
a lot of―许多的‖，相当于lots of 既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词，可与many 或much
替换。
a numbe r of―许多的‖，修饰可数名词，相当与many ; a large number of ―许许多多的‖相当与quite
many 或 large numbers of .
the number of ―......的数量，.....的数目‖，作主语，谓语动词用单数。
plenty of ―许多的，大量的‖，既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词，相当于a lot of ，但
表示的数量更大。没有a plenty of 的形式.
2011-2013全国各地中考英语试题精选：名词
( )1. —Mrs. Wang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.
—She said she would never forget some pleasant ______while working there.(2011湖北黄冈)
A. experiments
B. expressions
C. experiences
D. emotions
( )2. When you visit Fra nce, you can go to ______ and take photos there.(2011江苏宿迁)
A B C D
( )3. — Excuse me. may 1 know your_______? — Sure. It's No. 3. Bridge Street.(2011浙江绍兴)
A. house
B. address
C. way
D. place
( )4. --- How far is your family from here? --- It‘s about ten _____ walk . (泸州市2011)
A ．minute‘s B. minute C. minutes‘ D. minutes
( )5. The two cities have reached an to develop science and technology. (2011?盐城)
A. education
B. excitement
C. agreement
D. invention
( )6. There are millions of websites on the Internet and there_____a lot of useful____on the websites.
A. are; informations
B. are; information
C. is; information
D. is; information(2011·苏州) ( )7. John wants to be a , so he often helps sick people in the hospital. （2011陕西）
A. reporter
B. doctor
C. scientist
D. cook
( )8. I'm so hungry. Please give me ______ to eat（2011清远）
A. three bread B three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads D three piece of bread ( )9. Cici enjoys dancing. It's one of her .（河北省2011）
A. prize
B. prizes
C. hobby
D. hobbies
( )10.I have some problems with my English writing. Can you give me some ?（2011?河南省）
A. advice
B. decisions
C. information
D. messages
( )11. —Dad, I‘ve got an ―A‖ in the math exam.（2011内蒙古包头）
—Great. And I‘m sure you will do better, because this is a good _________.
A. report
B. result
C. start
D. skill
( )12. – Can I help you, sir? -- I‘d like to have 100 _____. I want my students to draw pictures.
A. piece of paper
B. pieces of paper
C. pieces of papers（2011四川德阳）
( )13. The_______ of most trees will fall in autumn.（2011湖南湘潭）
A leaf B. leafs C leaves
( )14.—How many teachers are there in your school?（2011四川达州）
—them over two hundred.
A. woman; The number of; is
B. women; The number of; is
C. woman; A number of; is
D. women; A number of; are
( )15.Our hospital needs two ＿＿＿doctors, Mrs Li. You can ask your son to have a try.
A. women
B. man
C. men（2011?四川广元）
( )16. There are many _______ playing on the playground. （2011四川宜宾）
A. child
B. children
C. man teachers
D. sheeps
( )17.—There are so many ______ over there. What‘s happening?—Let‘s go to have a look.
A. flower
B. car
C. child
D. people（2011四川资阳）
( )18. For my homework I have to write a(n)______ about the wonders of the world.（2011天津）
A. music.
B. picture.
C. composition.
D. exam
( )19．—Hello! May I speak to Lucy，please? —S orry，I‘m afraid you have the wrong．
A.way
https://www.360docs.net/doc/3715113190.html,
C.number
D. telephone (2011贵州毕节)
( )20. Please pick up the ____. Don‘t keep it on the floor.（2011梧州）
A. paper
B. boxes
C. books
D. bottles
( )21.— Could you please tell me something about the two_ ?（2011广东深圳）— ____. They arc exchange students of No. 1 Middle School.
A. Frenchmen; Yes, please
B. Frenchmans; Come on
C. Germen; Not at all
D.Germans; All right
( )22."Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest bus stop?" "Go down this road. It's about_____ walk.
A. five minute's
B. five minutes'
C. five-minutes（2011贵州贵阳）
( )23. Tom's watch is the same as his_______.（2011黑龙江绥化市）
A, brother B. brothers C. brother's
( )24. The singer felt very sorry and decided he would never drive again after drinking. The traffic accident was really a _________ to him. (2011浙江丽水)
A．game B. pleasure C. skill D. lesson
( )25. Could you lend me your ______?I want t o take some photos.（2011本溪）
A. watch
B. radio
C. camera
D. telephone
( )26. We have only one Earth. It's our common _.（2011宁夏）
A. family
B. house
C. home
D. room
( )27.—What‘s in the icebox? ---A few ____, but little ____.（2011广西崇左）
A.apple,milk
B.apple,milks
C.apples,milks
D.apples,milk
( )28. There isn't any ______in the fridge. We need to go shopping.（2011郴州）
A. oranges
B. milk
C. eggs
( )29.The foreigners from the USA like Chinese dishes very much.（2011遵义）
A.plates
B.food
C.fruit
( )30.—Where‘s Jack? —He‘s left a ________ saying that he will be back in a minute.
A.message
B.news
https://www.360docs.net/doc/3715113190.html,rmation（2011遵义）
( )31 .As young adults, it is our_____ to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher. （2011山东菏泽）
A. work
B. job
C. duty
D. task
( )32. Work hard, and you‘ll get good ________.（2011山东滨州）
A. lessons
B. notes
C. grades
D. answers
( )33. Peter regards Liaocheng as his second because he has lived here for ten years.
A. family
B. house
C. home
D. room(2011山东聊城)
( )34. –Mrs Black, could you give me some advice on how to write an application letter?
–With pleasure. Remember that the letter should be written in the formal_____.（2011·南京）
A. value
B. style
C. effect
D. mood
( )35. Today, we have many other ________ to pay besides coins or paper money. (2011山东德州)
A. excuses
B. ways
C. chances
D. plans
( )36. A group of young men hope that getting this kind of job will finally be the ticket to success.
A. road
B. gate
C. street
D. direction(2011．云南昆明) ( )37. The buildings in the old market have been pulled down to make____ for a new park in our city.
A. room
B. place
C. area
D. ground(2011山东日照中考)
( )38. ________ is the most important festival in China.(2011?铜仁)
A. Christmas
B. Spring Festival
C. Mid-autumn Day
D. National Day
( )39. _______ about the sports meeting make us excited.(2011贵州安顺)
A. News
B. Information
C. Messages
D. Advice
( )40. —Mr. Smith always has _____ to tell us. —So he does. (2011贵州安顺)
A. some good pieces of news
B. some pieces of good news
C. some good piece of news
D. some piece of good news
2012年中考
( )1. The _____ often eat grass on the hill.(2012湖北随州)
A. chicken
B. horse
C. cow
D. sheep
( )2. The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of ___________ from it.(2012广西玉林)
A. thing
B. message
C. informations
D. information
( )3. —What is your favorite food?(2012广西玉林)
—I like ______ best. I had a large bowl last night.
A. potato noodle
B. potatoes noodles
C. potato noodles
D. potatoes noodles
( )4. Could you please give some _____ to the _____ teachers?(2012贵州安顺)
A．advice; man B．advices; men C．suggestion; man D．suggestions; men
( )5. If by any chance Peter comes to us ,please ask him to leave a _____. (2012·湖北·武汉)
A.letter
B.sentence
C.message
D.notice
( )6.─Mrs. Zhang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.
─She said she would never forget some pleasant ______while working there. (2012湖北咸宁)
A. experiments
B. expressions
C. experiences
D. emotions
( )7.Several years ago, people knew Yao Ming. But now he is well-known all over the world, not only in China.(2012湖北孝感)
A. few
B. little
C. many
D. most
( )8. Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball in NBA.(2012江苏淮安)
A. actors
B. players
C. waiters
D. writers
( )9. The action film has attracted millions of young people to the cinema
A. 130-minute
B. 130-minutes
C. 130 minute
D.130 minutes(2012江苏无锡）.
( )10.Man‘s understanding of nature is developing . It never stays at the same level.
A. at the right time
B. for the first time
C. from time to time
D. all the time(2012江苏无锡) ( )11. We all know that paper burns in .(2012江苏扬州)
A. CO
B. N
C. O
D. C
( )12.Liu Xiang won the first Olympic gold ____ in the 110m hurdles for China.(2012辽宁大连)
A.medal
B.prize
C.symbol
D.record
( )13. The students of Grade 7 visited Mike‘s farm and saw many _____ther e.(2012年广东省)
A. bird
B.duck
C. sheep
D. rabbit
( )14.My skirt is on the chair. （2012 广西桂林)
A. sisters'
B. sister
C. sisters
D. sister's
( )15. I like ________best of all the vegetables.(2012黔西南)
A. potatoes
B. tomato
C. breads
D. rice
( )16. Jennifer takes a lot of exercise every day and she is always full of_______.(2011河南)
A. knowledge
B. energy
C. change
D. courage
( )17. —Jenny and Jane's _____ coming to my office. Can you help to find the girls?
—No problem. They will be here______.(2012湖北黄冈)
A. mothers are; in a moment
B. mother is; at the moment
C. mothers are; right away
D. mother is; in a moment
( )18. —The mountain in our hometown isn't very _____.(2012湖北黄冈)
—I agree with you. Few _____ like to go sightseeing there.
A. touristy; tourists
B. touristy；tour
C. tourists; touristy
D. tourist; tourists
( )19. —Mum, 1 am hungry. MayI have some______?
—Of course. But don't eat too much.（2012山东济南)
A. bread
B. noodle
C. dumpling
D. hamburger
( )20. —Would you like some _____? —Yes, a little please.(2012山东泰安)
A. apple
B. banana
C. orange
D. milk
( )21. —Miss Li, could you give me ______on English learning?
—Certainly. First you should speak English every day.(2012四川广安)
A. any advices
B. many advices
C. some adv ice
( )22. —I feel very thirsty and hungry after a long walk. (2012四川凉山)
—Would you like some and _____?
A. app le juice; sandwich
B. apples juice; sandwiches
C. apple juice; sandwiches ( )23. —Why didn‘t Sally play the violin at the concert last night?（2012天津）
—She said that her hand hurt, but that was only a(n) _______. I saw her playtennis just now.
A. matter
B. excuse
C. result
D. expression
( )24. Please pick me up at the_ _. My plane arrives at 8：00 am.（2012浙江嘉兴）
A. hotel
B. airport
C. museum
D. theatre
( )25. — I'm afraid I will get lost in Sydney. It's my first time to be here, you see.
— Don't worry. Here is a____. It will help.（2012浙江丽水）
A.newspaper
B. watch
C. map
D. camera
( )26. —Oh, dear! There isn't, enough___________for us in the lift.
—No hurry. Let's wait for the next.（2012浙江宁波）
A. floor
B. scat
C. room
D. ground
( )27. —Judy, I guess you are only twenty-five years old, is that true? （2012浙江宁波）—Oh, it's a ____________
A. suggestion
B. secret
C. reason
D. problem
( )28. -Do you like ? -No. I like blue。（2012贵州六盘水）
A. orange
B. apples
C. flowers
D. milk
( )29. -What kind of noodles would you like? --__________________ （2012贵州黔东南州）
A. Mutton and tomatoes noodles
B. Mutton and tomato noodles
C. Muttons and tomatoes. Noodles D, Muttons and tomato noodles
( )30. —Could you tell me what‘s the ___ of it?— Well, it‘s an ova l.(2012贵州铜仁)
A. time
B. date
C. shape
D. size
2013 年中考
( )1. — It's a wise ________ to wear the white tie. It matches your shirt well.
— Thank you very much.(2013江苏连云港)
A. choice
B. support
C. mixture
D. honour
( )2.If you want to get more information about English learning, please visit our_____https://www.360docs.net/doc/3715113190.html,.
A. company
B. store
C. office
D. website(2013山东菏泽)
( )3. Being honest is the first ______ if you want to make friends with others.
A. step
B. time
C. job
D. hand(2013浙江丽水)
( )4. —Tommy, you can never let others know what I have told you today.
—Don‘t worry. I will keep the ______.(2013浙江丽水)
A. secret
B. money
C. address
D. grade
( )5. —What is Miss Gao‘s favorite_______? —She is always in pink. Don‘t you know?(2013安徽)
A. colour
B. book
C. song
D. movie
( )6.---- I have great ______ in finishing the work by myself. Could you help me ?
—No problem. (2013山东聊城)
A. fun.
B. success.
C. advice.
D. difficulty.
( )7. The food safety is a serious_______ in our country. We should try to solve it.
A. subject
B. program
C. problem
D. opinion (2013山东泰安)
( )8.—Where are the ______ students?(2013山东青岛)
—They are playing football with ______ students from Hilltop School.
A. boys，/
B. boys, the
C. boy, /
D. boy, the
( )9. You'd better read the_________ first before you use the camera.(2013浙江舟山、嘉兴)
A. websites
B. expressions
C. instructions
D. advertisements
( ) 10. —I want to see the movie Iron Man 3 《钢铁3》. Do you know the ______ of the ticket?
—Yes. Five dollars.(2013浙江台州)
A. number
B. price
C. kind
D. name
( )11. I‘m so hungry. Please give me to eat.(2013四川遂宁)
A. three bread
B. three pieces of bread
C. three pieces of breads
( )12. —— Hello! Is that Jenny speaking?(2013 浙江湖州)
——Sorry, I‘m afraid you‘ve got the wrong ________.
A. number
B. name
C. address
D. message
( )13. I' m happy to see great____ have taken place in my hometown. Many new roads have been built.
A. experiences
B. advantage
C. dream
D. changes(2013四川内江) ( )14.— I will buy you a new bike if you learn how to swim this summer.
—Is that a ? I‘m sure I‘ll get the bike.(2013江苏常州)
A. chance
B. promise
C. trick
D. treat
( ) 15. —My favorite TV _______ is A Bite of Chinese (舌尖上的中国). (2013湖北宜昌) —We like it, too. My mother often cooks delicious food after watching it.
A. instruction
B.guidebook
C. entertainment
D. program
( )16. —What ______ can you give me on learning English?
—I think you could join an English club (2013湖北孝感)
A advice
B news
C messages
D information
( )17. — Could you give me some ______ on how to learn English ______?(2013湖北咸宁) — Sure. Practice makes perfect.
A. advice; good
B. suggestions; good
C. advice; well
D. suggestion; well
( )18.— Look at my stamps. —They are beautiful! You‘ve got a wonderful______.(2013天津)
A. instruction
B. description
C. collection
D. expression
( )19. ______father s can‘t go to the class meeting because they have gone to business.(2013山东威海)
A. Jack and Mike‘s
B. Jack‘s and Mike‘s
C. Jack and Mike
D. Jack‘s and Mike
( )20. Lisa was so careless that she made many spelling ________ in her homework.
A. plans
B. decisions
C. grades
D. mistakes(2013山东莱芜)
( )21. —What k ind of porridge would you like, Alice? —I would like ______.(2013广西贺州)
A. egg porridge
B. eggs porridge
C. fish porridges
D. fishes porridge
( )22. —Mum, I am hungry. May I have some ______?(2013湖北随州)
—Of course. But don't eat too much.
A. bread
B. noodle
C. dumpling
D. Hamburger
( )23. Mr White, the principal, has made a great to the growth of the school.
A. contribution
B. progress
C. invention
D. protection(2013江苏南京)
( )24. —How ____ is it from Xi‘an to Dunhuang?—It‘s less than 3_____ flight.(2013 甘肃白银)
A. long; hour‘s
B. far; hour‘s
C. long; hours‘
D. far; hours‘
( )25. The people who are more confident have more________ to make themselves successful.
A. education
B. chances
C. pride
D. excuses (2013山东德州)
( )26.—Where is Thomas? —He left a . (2013四川凉山)
A. information
B. message
C. news
( )27. —Are there any ______in your school? —Yes, there are.(2013四川广安)
A. Germen
B. Germans
C. German
( )28. The students didn‘t find much ________ about the topic on that website.(2013 上海)
A. report
B. article
C. information
D. story
( )29.——What would you like to drink, girls? ——，________ please.(2013 湖北黄冈)
A. Two glass of water
B. Two glass of waters
C. Two cups of tea
D. Two cups of teas ( )30. ——Someone called you just now.(2013 湖北黄冈)
——I know. But I was busy at that moment. When I called back, there was no ______.
A. voice
B. sound
C. answer
D. result
( )31. The French book must be Li Ying‘s. She‘s the only one who‘s studying Frenc h.(2013 湖北黄冈)
A. be long to Li Ying‘s
B. belong to Li Ying
C.belong Li Ying‘s
D. belong Li Ying ( )32. K ate is _____ girl. She‘s very happy at scho ol.(2013贵州安顺)
A. a eighteen-year-old
B. an eighteen-year-old
C. an eighteen-years-old
D. a eighteen-years-old
( )33. ―bookcase is this?‖ ―It must be_____.‖(2013贵州安顺)
A. Who‘s ; Tom
B. Who‘s; Tom‘
C. Whose; Tom‘s
D. Whose; Tom
( )34.— How far is your home from school? —It‘s about two_______ walk.(2013山东潍坊)
A. hours
B. hours‘
C. hour‘s
D. hour
( )35. If I am wanted in the telephone, ask him to leave a ________．(2013江苏扬州)
A. message
B. letter
C. diary
D. sentence
( )36. —Do you have any ? —Yes, I like chess and drama best. (2013江苏盐城)
A. jobs
B. duties
C. hobbies
D. problems
( )37. I am sure Cindy will be able to find the hotel—she has a pretty good ______ of direction.
A. idea
B. feeling
C. experience
D. sense(2013江苏苏州)
( )38. He will have to watch his _________ because of his serious stomach problem.
A. style
B. diet
C. smell
D. menu (2013湖北武汉)
( )39.The mountain I visited last Sunday isn‘t very _____. Few ____ go sightseeing ther e.
A. tourist; tourists
B.touristy; tourist
C. touristy; tourists
D. tourist; tourist(2013甘肃兰州) ( )40. In this exam, you‘re asked to write a composition of about ______.(2013甘肃兰州)
A. 90-words
B. 90-word
C. 90 words
D. 90 word‘s
( )41. —Mum, I‘ve heard that we can‘t eat ______ these days. Is it true?(2013广东)
—Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.
A. chicken
B. chickens
C. a chicken
D. the chicken
( )42. I saw some ________ and ________ dancing in the street the day before yesterday.
A.Germen; Englishmen
B.Germans; Englishmans
C.Germans; Englishmen(2013黑龙江绥化) ( )43. How many are there in the basket?(2013黑龙江齐齐哈尔)
A. potato
B. bread
C. tomatoes
( )44. Eating more vegetables is good for our health. I often eat lettuce, broccoli and ______.
A. tomato
B. tomatos
C. tomatoes
D. potato（2013广西玉林）
( )45. David visited lots of in the world.(2013四川雅安)
A. places of interesting
B. places of interest
C. place of interests
D. place of interesting ( )46.Hangzhou is _________ to hundreds of foreign friends who are working and studying here.
A. home
B. house
C. family
D. room（2013浙江杭州）
( )47. —The sweater is not the right ___for me.（2013浙江绍兴）
—Well, shall I get you‘re a bigger one or a smaller one?
A. price
B. color
C. size
D. material
( )48. — Chinese astronauts can also walk in space now.
— Yes, they're our nation. （2013湖北荆州）
A. proud of
B. pleased with
C. the pride of
D. known for
( )49. She is a ________ girl with two big eyes.（2013黑龙江绥化）
A. six-years-old
B. six-year-old
C. six years old
( )50. Jason likes the of the cake. It is a heart.（2013河北）
A. color
B. size
C. smell
D. shape
国际法名词解释
名词解释 1.国际法：国际法是在国际交往中形成的，主要用以调整国家间关系的，具有 法律约束力的各种原则、规则和制度的总称。 2.国际法的渊源国际法的原则和规则第一次出现的地方和使国际法的规范具有合法性的 法律形式。它的渊源有国际条约、国际习惯、一般法律原则以及国际组织的决定和决议。其中国际条约和国际习惯是国际法的主要渊源，一般法律原则是补充渊源。还有司法判例、权威公法学家的学说是辅助性资料。国际组织的决定和决议是重要渊源。3.国际法的编纂是指国际法的法典化，即把国际法的规则以类似法典的形式使之明确化 和系统化。严格来说，是指对现有的国际法原则、规则和制度的明确化和系统化；广义上说，还包括对正在形成中的国际法原则、规则和制度的明确化和系统化，即国际法的逐渐发展。 4.国际法的主体：即国际法律关系的主体，一般指能独立参加国际法律关系并依国际法直 接享受国际法上的权利和承担义务的行为者 5.国际法基本原则国际社会公认，具有普遍意义，适用于国际法各个领域的并构成国际 法的基础的法律原则。 6.国际法基本原则：国际社会公认，具有普遍意义，适用于国际法各个领域并构成国际法 基础的法律原则。 7.和平共处五项原则互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、 和平共处，这是现在国际法的基本原则 8.独立权：是指国家可以按照自己的意志外理本国事务而不受外来控制和干涉的权利。 9.平等权：国家在国际法上的地位平等，而不问其大小强弱，也不问其社会制度的性质和 发展水平如何 10.自卫权：是指国家以武力反击外来武力攻击的权利。 11.管辖权：是指国家国家依据国家，对其领域内一切人、物和所发生的事件，以及对其在 领域外的本国人行使管辖权的权利。 12.单一国：又称单一制国家，是指具有统一主权的国家。单一国拥有统一代表国家处理 对内对外事务的中央机关和在该中央机关领导下行使地方性职权的地方机关。在单一制形式下，国家只有一部宪法，公民有统一的国籍，它在国际交往中是单一的主体。国家整体和部分的关系表现为中央和地方的关系。 13.联邦是由两个以上的成员邦（国或州）组成的国家，即联邦国 14.国家承认：是指一个既存国家确认特定领土范围内居民已组成一个国家并具有国际法上 的人格，同时表示愿意与其交往。 15.国家豁免：又称国家主权豁免、国家管辖豁免或国家司法豁免，通常指国家及其财产不 受他国管辖的特权。 16.国家继承：是指一国丧失其国际法律资格或者丧失一部分领土时，它在国际法上的权利 和义务转移给他国（一国或数国）的情况。 17.政府继承：是指因革命或者政导致政权更迭，旧政府在国际法上的权利、义务由新政 府取代。与国家继承政府承认：只是对既存国家内部通过政变或革命所产生的新政府的承认。 18.对交战团体的承认：是指其他国家将一国内战中反抗政府的一方承认为享有 国际法上交战者资格的叛乱团体的行为。 19.对叛乱团体的承认：是指其他国家将一国内反抗政府的叛乱者承认为叛乱团 体的行为。 20.明示承认：是一种直接的、明文表示的承认。
中国画论名词解释
名词解释 1.解衣般礴：未必真有其事，借助虚构故事说明哲理为其目的。说明了绘画创作的特殊性，借绘画的故事表现道家无为，“任自然”的思想，成为后世艺术家的口头禅，强调艺术创作需要更好的表现自我，而不受任何拘束。不仅成为转子哲学的形象化说明，也成为中国画论的重要范畴。屡屡被后人引用。如清初的辉南田在其画礴中就说过“作画需要有解衣般礴若无人之意，然后画机在手，元气狼藉，不为先将所拘，而游于法度之外矣。 2.笔墨当随时代：语出石涛《大涤子提画诗跋》。傅抱石说：‘思想变了，笔墨就不得不变。笔墨不仅仅是对画家生活，感情的反映，时代变化了，思想也变了，笔墨就反映新的时代，歌颂新的时代和生活。 3.心师造化: 姚最（公元535-602年），是南梁至陈时的画评家，在他的作品《续画品录》中提到：『学穷性表，心师造化。』『性』指的是『现象』。意指对事物外的现象和内在本质都有透彻的认识，用自心去领会自然的法则。这里的『造化』，除了指自然风景外，有多少含有精神层面的『大自然运行的法则』之义。 4.外师造化、中得心源：这句话出自唐代的画家张璪，是中国绘画史上的不朽名句。简单地说”造化“是大自然，”心源“指的是内心的感悟，意指画家应以大自然为师，再结合
内心的感悟，然后可创作出好的作品。 5.气韵生动：是指把对象的精神生动的表现出来，使作品具有艺术感染力。 6.荆浩山水画论”六要“：气、韵、思、景、笔、墨。 7.谢郝绘画”六法：指南齐谢赫在《中国品录》中总结的绘画创作的六种原则气韵生动、骨法用笔、应物象形、随类赋彩、经营位置、转移默写 8.顾恺之画论“六法”：传神、用笔、造型、敷色、结构、制作技巧。 9.“摄情”说：笔墨本无情，不能使用笔墨者无情。作画在摄情，不可使鉴画者不生情。 10.南北宗论：是董其昌提出，是文人思潮的一个反映，所以一经建立，使得到文人画家的赞同。此论树立了温和文雅，“精气内含”的作风，奠定了文人画在绘画史上的主导地位，由于他“崇南贬北的思想”导致了以后画坛宗派繁兴。画家门户之见得加保，于是有了”正宗邪派”之分，缩小了画家的眼界，沉滞了画法的改进，在某种程度上加重了理论的混乱，给中国画坛带来了一定的消极的影响。 11.庶兔马首之络：明代王履在绘画美学中说道对这句话的见解，意思就是说不要把一个马套驾在任何一个马嘴上，其意思在今天当代艺术中可以说已经失去了它自身存在的意义，纵观当代艺术，抄袭、模仿无处不在，而这归咎一点就是在
美国文学名词解释
1. Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. 超验主义，它是一个蓬勃发展的新英格兰的哲学和文学运动，反对理性主义和加尔文主义的反应。它强调直观地了解上帝没有教会的帮助下，主张心灵的独立性。 2. Romanticism had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to conti nental Europe and then came to America early in the nineteenth century. It came into being as a re action against the prevailing neoclassical spirit and rationalism during the Age of Reason. 浪漫主义曾经出现在英国，在过去几年的十八世纪。它蔓延到欧洲大陆，然后来到美国在十九世纪初。它应运而生作为理性的时代中针对当时新古典主义精神和理性的反应。 3. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puritans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the Church of England. 清教主义，它是清教徒，谁曾打算净化和简化英国教会的宗教礼仪的宗教信仰。 4. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words. Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. 英国是与美国的诗意动作，从1909-1917蓬勃发展。它的信条，在表达意象的一些诗人，包括使用共同的讲话，不管项目，图像的硬盘，明确诗歌和浓度唤起的语言。 5、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点 6.Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。Deterministic 决定论，宿命的， 代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞. 6. The naturalists tend to depict the dark side of the socity, and always take the low classes as their heros or heroes. Compare to the realism and romanticism, they have a more pessimistic view toward the society, the life. Take Theodore Dreiser for example, his Sister Carrie or American Tragedy reveal that man can not control themselves, and is at the mercy of the nature, the heredity, the society and instinct.博物学家倾向于描绘社会的阴暗面,总是以低类为他们的英雄和英雄。比较现实主义和浪漫主义,他们对社会有更悲观的观点,生活。以西奥多·德莱塞为例,他的嘉莉妹妹还是美国的悲剧表明,男人不能控制自己,自然的摆布,遗传,社会和本能。
国际法名词解释
第一章导论 ★1、国际法：是与国内法相对应的法律体系，主要高速国家间关系的有拘束力的原则、规则和规章、制度的总体。 ★2、国际习惯：国家在国际交往中的实践逐渐形成惯例，惯例经过一段时期的前后一致的反复实践，被各国认为具有拘束力，即成为国际习惯。 6、一般法制原则：指各个法律体系所共同采用的原则。如时效、善意等。 ★10、国际法的效力根据：国际法的效力根据应是国家之间的协议。 ★11、契约性条约：专为缔约国规定权利和义务的条约。 ★12、造法性条约：专为确立或修改国际法原则、规则和规章制度的条约。 第二章国际法的基本原则 ★1、国际法的基本原则：是指那些各国公认的，具有普遍意义，适用于国际法的一切效力范围，构成国际法基础并具有强行法性质的法律原则。 ★2、和平共处五项原则：即互相尊重主权和领土完整，互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利，各平共处。是中国与印度、缅甸共同倡导的。 ★3、国家主权：是国家最重要的属性。也是国家本身所固有的属性。具有神圣不可侵犯的性质，是不可侵害的、不可让与的，是国家统治的权力，它具体体现为国家对内的最高权和对外的独立权 ★4、不得使用威胁或武力侵害任何国家原则 ★5、和平解决国际争端原则 ★6、不干涉内政原则 ★7、国际合作原则 ★8、民族自决原则 ★9、善意履行国际义务原则 第三章国际法的主体 ★1、国际法主体：指具有享受国际法上的权利和承担国际法上的义务能力的国际法律关系的参加者。 2、国家：是国际法的基本主体，是指国家在国际法律关系中处于一种主要的基本的地位。 ★12、国家的独立权 ★13、国家的平等权 ★14、国家的自卫权 ★15、管辖权 ★16、领域管辖：又称属地管辖，指国家对其领域内的一切人、物和所发生的事件有权行使管辖。 ★17、国籍管辖：又称属人优越权，指国家对一切在国内和国外的本国人，有行使管辖的权利。 ★18、保护性管辖：指国家对于外国人在该国领域之外，侵害该国的国家和公民的重大利益的犯罪行为，有行使管辖的权利。 ★19、普遍管辖：指根据国际法的规定，对普遍地危害国际和平与安全，以及人类的利益的某些特定的国际犯罪行为，各国均有权实行管辖。如贩毒、奴隶贩买等。 ★20、承认：是指既存国家以一定的方式对新的国家或政策出现这一事实的确认，并表明愿意与之建立正式的外交关系的国家行为。 21、承认的宣告说：认为承认只是对新国家这一既成事实的宣告，并不具有创设国际不主体的作用。该说现已获普遍支持，其代表人物有里维尔、布赖尔利等。 22、承认的构成说：认为新国家只有经过承认，才能成为国际法的主体。此说盛行于19世纪的欧洲，代表人物有奥本海，斯特鲁普等。 ★23、国家承认，是对新国家的承认，分为四种，即合并、分离、分立、独立 ★25、政府承认：指对新政府的承认，即承认新政府为国家的正式代表，并表明愿意同它发生或继续保护正常关系。 ★26、有效统治原则：指新政府必须能在其控制下的领土上有效地行使权力的条件下，各国才能予以承认。★28、法律上的承认：又称正式承认，指承认国给予新国家或新政府以一种完全的、永久的正式承认。这种承认表示承认者愿意与被承认者建立全面的正式关系，而且是永久的、不可撤销的。 ★29、国际法上的继承：指国际法上的权利和义务由一个承受者转移到另一个承爱者所发生的法律关系。★30、国家继承：指由于领土变更的事实而引起一国的权利和义务转移给另一国家的法律关系。 ★36、政府继承：指由于革命或政变而引起的政权更迭，旧政权的权利和义务为新政权所取代。 第四章国际法上的居民
美国文学名词解释
American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough. American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for t he behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school. The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American
国际法名词解释
国际法名词解释汇总 一、国际公法名词解释 1.Archipelagic sea lane passage群岛海道通过 baseline直线基线 economic zone专署经济区 clause 5.jus cogens强行法 7.neutralized states中立国 p.77/ sector principle扇形原则 9.attaches附属国/添附 10.natural prolongation principles自然延长原则 11.pacta sunt servanda约定必须遵守批 of effectiveness有效原则 13.par in parem non habet jurisdictionem平等者之间无管辖权 14.accretion添附 sanguinis血统主义 sic stantibus 17.retortion报复 18.extra territorial asylum领事庇护、域外庇护 19.a delict jure genetium 20.treaty-contracts 21.international comity国际法院 22.Drago Doctrine 23.trust territories 24.cession割让 26.signature ad referendum暂签 shelf大陆架 Congress维斯特法利亚国会/立法会 29.Diplomatic Corps外交团 legation premises使馆（外交人员的经营场所） 31.nuncios 32.the peaceful co-existence principle和平共处原则 34.Full Power全权证书 35.change's daffaires 36.exequatur 37.letter of Credence国书 ;LiHaopei;ShiJiuyong;He Qizhi;Zhaolihai 39.Caonnally https://www.360docs.net/doc/3715113190.html,w-making contract造法性条约 41.Super-national Law超国法 42.the right of collective self-defence集体自卫权 43.jus non scriptum 44.the nation's penal obligation国家刑事责任 Usage/ International Custom国际习惯/国际惯例 46.Instant International Customary Law
2012中国画论复习考点
2012中国画论考点 多选题： 总有一道题是ABCDE，检查时留意！ ●时代论着归纳： 1.下列绘画着作，属于魏晋南北朝的有：（真题） A《叙画》B《图绘宝鉴》C《论画》D《南田画跋》E《画山水序》 ●宗炳《画山水序》 ●谢赫《古画品录》 ●王微《叙画》 ●姚最《续画品》 ●顾恺之《论画》、《魏晋胜流画赞》、《画云台山记》 2.下列绘画着作，属于唐代的有：（真题） A《叙画》B《贞观公私画录》C《唐朝名画录》D《南田画跋》E《历代名画记》 ●裴孝源《贞观公私画录》 ●朱景玄《唐朝名画录》 ●张彦远《历代名画记》 3.下列绘画着作，属于宋代的有：（真题） A《林泉高致》B《山水纯全集》C《画史》D《画筌》E《广川画跋》 ●黄休复《益州名画录》 ●刘道醇《圣朝名画评》、《五代名画补遗》 ●郭若虚《图画见闻志》 ●郭熙《林泉高致》 ●米芾《画史》 ●北宋徽宗时期的《宣和画谱》 ●韩拙《山水纯全集》 ●董逌《广川画跋》附注：考题中只有《广川画跋》是宋代的，考题提到的其 它画跋都是清代的。 ●邓椿《画继》 ●赵希鹄《洞天清禄集》 4.下列绘画着作，属于元代的有： ●夏文彦《图绘宝鉴》 ●李衎《竹谱详录》 ●黄公望《写山水决》 ●汤垕《画鉴》 ●王绎《写像秘决》 ●饶自然《绘宗十二忌》 5.下列绘画着作，属于明代的有： 太多，略，请自行归纳教材目录。 王履《华山图序》、王绂《书画传习录》 6.下列绘画着作，属于清代的有：（真题） A《广川画跋》B《传神秘要》C《苦瓜和尚画语录》D《艺概》E《指头画说》 ●人物或着作观点：
1.下列绘画理论，属于孔子提出来的有？（真题） A“绘事后素” B 以形写神 C“质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然而君子。” D“恶紫夺朱” E“迁想妙得” ●绘事后素 ●“文质彬彬”——质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子。 ●兴观群怨—艺术的作用：通过观察事物表达情感 ●“仁智之乐”——知者乐水，仁者乐山。 ●恶紫夺朱——艺术作用：人伦、身份、地位确认 ●周明堂画（对艺术作用的观点的论述：教化） 2.下列绘画理论，属于庄子提出来的有？注意与老子、《淮南子》进行区别 ●天地有大美而不言 ●解衣般礴 ●形色名声不足得情 ●形形之不形 ●真者，精诚之至 ●得意忘言 3.下列绘画着作，属于顾恺之的有：（人称“才绝、画绝、痴绝”三绝） ●以形写神 ●传神写照 ●迁想妙得（凡画，人最难，次山水，次狗马；台榭一定器耳，难成而易好） 4.下列绘画观点，属于宗炳《画山水序》的有： ●含道应物 ●澄怀味象 ●山水以形媚道 ●以形写形，以色貌色 ●畅神 5.下列绘画着作，属于沈括的有： ●书画之妙，当以神会 ●徐黄之异（可能考简答题：黄荃富贵，徐熙野逸） ●董、巨画笔宜远观 ●以大观小之法 ●景在天就，不类人为 6.下列绘画理论，属于苏轼提出来的有？（真题） A“论画以形似，见与儿童邻” B“味摩诘之诗，诗中有画” C“肇自然之性，成造化之功” D“自然为上品之上” E“画竹必先得成竹于胸” ●传神要得意思所在 ●观画取其意气所到 ●论画以形似，见与儿童邻
美国文学名词解释
1 Naturalism: Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality. Natural istic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. (3′)They believed that one's heredity and surroundings decide one's character. ( 2′) 2.The Local Colorism: Hamlin Garland defined local colorism as having quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.( 3′) Texture refers to the elements which character a local culture, elements such as speech, customs and mores peculiar to one particular place. ( 2′) 3. American Realism: American Realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century(1′) as a reaction against “the lie” of romanticism and sentimentalism. (1′) It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. (3′) 4. Hemingway Hero: The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. ( 2′) That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times. ( 3′) 5. Harlem Renaissance: Black literature flourished in the 1920s in the Northeast part of New York City called Harlem. ( 2′)Black literature developed into a upsurge which has come to be known as the Harlem Renaissance, which reflects the feelings, the experience, the history and the ambition of the Black people. ( 3′) 6. Puritanism is code of values, the philosophy of life and a point of view. Puritans take religion as the most important thing, (2′)living for glorying God, believing predestination, origin sin, limited atonement, total depravity. They live a frugal , diligent life. ( 2′) 7. Image: An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex (1′)in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. (1) The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing. (1)
国际法名词解释
By 俞振翰 几点说明： 1.本资料综合金哲老师课件、师兄师姐往年的复习资料等整理而成，是目前国际法名词解释中最完整的版本。 2.本资料覆盖率高达99.5%，个别过于简单的条目没有涵盖在里面。但至少在突击的时候翻过一遍书或上课听过课的同学不会有问题。 3.加粗体字部分是金哲老师课件中没有的或者不完善的名词解释，至于其中人权和国际刑法的部分看看就好，应该不会考。。。 4.纯为攒RP而发，祝各位好运。 国际法 第一章导论 第一节概述 国际法：国际法主要是调整国家之间关系的具有法律拘束力的规则、原则和制度的总体。除了国家以外，政府间国际组织和争取独立的民族也是国际法的主体，而个人在某些领域内、一定条件下可以享有国际法所给予的权利和承担义务 第二节国际法的形成与发展 威斯特伐利亚和约：该和约是近代国际法17世纪从欧洲发展起来的一个重要标志并为结束“三十年战争”所签订。初步确立了领土主权和主权平等的原则，对近代国际法学的建立和发展起了重要的促进作用。 国际联盟：第一个普遍的国际政治组织。基本宗旨是解决国际争端、维护世界和平。 《巴黎非战公约》：1928年签订。第一次在法律上明确地废弃了战争的合法性。 第三节国际法的主体 国际法主体：即国际人格者，是指国际法上的法律关系的当事者，即直接拥有国际法上的权利和义务的法律人格者。国家是国际法的主要主体，政府间国际组织和争取独立的民族也是国际法的主体，而个人在某些领域内、一定条件下可以成为主体。 第四节国际法的渊源 国际法的渊源：国际法的原则、规则和制度产生、出现、得以确立并获得法律效力的地方或事实。而其历史渊源是国际法第一次出现的地方或事实。国际法渊源包括条约、国际习惯及文明各国所承认的一般法律原则。 国际条约：两个或两个以上国际法主体根据国际法签订的书面协议。
国际公法名词解释(1)
国际公法名词解释 1、Hugo Grotius 格劳秀斯 A Dutch senolar and diplomat,is known as the “father” of modern international law 2、The peace of Westphalia 《威斯特伐利亚和约》 The peace of Westphalia established a treaty-based system or framework for peace and cooperation in Europe,that endured for more than a hundred years 威斯特伐利亚和约建立了一个以条约为基础的体系，给欧洲带来了100多年的和平与合作 3、the “declaratory theory of recognition”“承认宣告说” P37 A defined territory ,a permanent population , an effective government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states, an entity is ipso facto a state once these conditions are met,regardless of what other states do or say 当这些条件（特定的领土，永久性人口，有效运作的政府，与其他国家建立外交关系的能力）具备时，一个实体就可以依照事实本身成为一个国家，无需取决于其他国家的态度和行为 4、the “constitutive theory of recognition”“承认构成说’ P 37 The theorist contend that only when other states decide that such condition haven been met ,and consequently acknowledge the legal capacity of the new state , is a new state actually constituted . 只有当其他国家认为这些条件都已具备，并最终承认这个新国家的法律地位时，一个新国家才算构成 5、The 1930 Estrada Doctrine 埃斯特拉达主义 P 40 A new government comes to power is wholly a matter if national concern. 一个新政府上台的方式完全属于一个国家的内部事务 6、The General Assembly 联合国大会 P 46 The only U.N. organ in which all member states have the right to be represented and to vote 联合国大会是联合国唯一的所有会员国都具有代表权和投票权的机关 7、The Security Council 安全理事会P 46—47 The Security Council has “primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.”It consists of fifteen member states,five of them are permanent members. 安理会的职责是维护国际和平及安全。它包含15个理事国和5个常任理事国。 8、double veto双重否决 49 It permits each permanent members to use its first veto to prevent the characterization of a resolution as“procedural”and the second veto to defeat the resolution itself. 双重否决容许一个常任理事国运用其第一次否决权，避免一项决议被定性为“程序性”的决议，然后再动用其第二次否决权去挫败这项决议。 9、U.N specialized agencies联合国专门机构 P 52 They are autonomous international organizations having an institution
美国文学-名词解释
美国文学 1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学 Philip Freneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺） (1)He was considered as the “Poet of the American revolution” as the most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century. (2)He was a satirist, a bitter polemicist. (3)He wrote many poems encouraging revolution and encouraging the glory that would be won by overcoming the British. The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》 The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人的殡葬地》 The British Ship《英国囚船》 The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》 (1)The Wild Honey Suckle is Freneau’s best lyric (2)It anticipated the 19th—century use of simple nature imagery. The Indian Burying Ground anticipated romantic primitivism and the celebration of the “Noble Savage”. Thomas Jefferson（托马斯﹒杰弗逊） The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》 (1)The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (2)It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom. (3)It lists 13 cruelties committed by the King of Britain. (4)The famous lines are: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(5) Thomas Jefferson’s thought was inspired by the thoughts of John Locke. 浪漫主义时期的美国文学 Calvinism（加尔文主义） (1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义） (1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. (2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings ,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stressed the element “Americanness” in their works.(3)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Gra ss. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” (5) American Romantici sts include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William