考研阅读理解
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.
So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
"The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."
All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.
More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.
Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.
But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.
More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.
What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.
As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education
isn't developing more quickly there than it is.
Text 4
The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched. Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "
1.林黛玉：三生石畔，灵河岸边，甘露延未绝，得汝日日倾泽。离恨天外，芙蓉潇湘，稿焚情不断，报汝夜夜苦泪。
2.薛宝钗：原以为金玉良缘已成，只待良辰，奈何君只念木石前盟，纵然艳冠群芳牡丹姿，一心只怜芙蓉雪。
3.贾元春：贤孝才德，雍容大度，一朝宫墙春不再，一夕省亲泪婆娑。昙花瞬息，红颜无罪，到底无常。
4.贾探春：虽为女流，大将之风，文采诗华，见之荡俗。诗社杏花蕉下客，末世悲剧挽狂澜，抱负未展已远嫁。
5.史湘云：醉酒卧石，坦荡若英豪，私情若风絮，嫁与夫婿博长安，终是烟销和云散，海棠花眠乐中悲。
6.妙玉：剔透玲珑心，奈何落泥淖，青灯古佛苦修行，高洁厌俗袅亭亭。可惜不测之风云，玉碎冰裂，不瓦全。
7.贾迎春：沉默良善，见之可亲，深宅冷暖，累遭人欺，腹中无诗情风骚，膺内缺气概魄力。空得金黄迎春名，可怜一载赴黄泉。
8.贾惜春：高墙白曼陀，冷水伴空门。孤寒寂立一如霜，如何能得自全法？狠心舍弃近身人。侯门金簪冰雪埋，海灯僻冷长弃世。
9.王熙凤：毒酒甘醇，罂粟灿艳，锦绣华衣桃花眼，眼明刀锋吊梢眉。何幸七窍玲珑心，只惜冷硬霜凝集。千机算尽，反误性命。
10.贾巧姐：七月七日，牵牛花开，绮罗金线裹绕成，家亡院坍落污地。幸有阴德济困危，得获余生农家栖。一亩薄田，岁月绵长。
11.李纨：寒梅立霜，春来朝气。本自名宦出，农家稻香自甘愿，忠贞侍亲犹清心。竹溪茅舍佳蔬，分畦田列落英，一世宁安。
12.秦可卿：花容柳腰，风情月韵。钗黛兼美太风流，袅娜温软惜早夭。荒唐言尽，辛酸泪流，引情凡世仙客来，红楼梦醒扶春归。
2. 陆雪琪只是微笑，深深凝视着他，这个在梦里萦绕了无数次的男子，许久之后，轻轻地，低低地道：“别管明天了，好吗？”
3. 清风一缕西南荡，风铃响，仙乐扬。碧水霓裳，共与灵犀晃。月映残鬓忆以往，襟又湿，欲断肠。探首出窗望迷茫，青云上，黑竹旁，翠影依依，拂袂试晨霜。笑语欢声起心浪，同心结，不能忘！
4. 我半生说学，尽在相术，尤精于风水之相。这青云山乃是人间罕有灵地，我青云一门占有此山，日后必定兴盛，尔等决不可放弃。切记，切记！
5. 风雨萧萧，天地肃杀，苍茫夜雨中，彷彿整个世间，都只剩下了这一处地方，只有他们两人。
6. 生则尚有希望，死则背信怯懦
7. 曾经的一抹绿，我会倾尽全部守护她 .
8. 这样的一生，又会有多少的事，或人，值得你这般不顾一切呢？
9. 光阴如刀般无情，温暖你心的，是不是只有一双淡淡微笑的眼眸？你忘了么？多年之后，又或者另一个轮回沧桑？你记得的，又是什么？那空白的空虚就像回忆一样，怔怔的看着黑暗、远方。曾经的，我曾经拥抱过么？
10. 天高云淡，蔚蓝无限，的确令人心旷神怡，可是，却怎比得上，深心处里那一个心爱女子的──一个微笑？
11. 碧瑶：现在这些事，其实都是我的不是，是我瞒骗了他，所以我受什么责罚，也是应当的，但我绝不能背叛师门。
12. 暮雪千山，我不是一个人。
13. 师父，你别说了，弟子心里都早已想得清楚了。此事乃是天意，师父你自己也想不到的，何况当日最后时刻，虽然田师叔他老人家口不能言，但我心里清楚明白地感觉到他的心意，那一剑，田师叔也是要我出手的。
14. 陆雪琪：‘我当然在乎，若有可能，谁不愿长相厮守，谁不想天长地久？只是明知道难以达成，便不去想了吧！反正将来怎样，谁又知道，我却是终究不肯忘怀的。'
15. 若不是情到深处难自禁，又怎会柔肠百转冷如霜？也许真的拥抱了你。这个世界就从此不一样了吧。
16. 雨丝从夜空里落了下来，在黑暗的夜色中，在张小凡少年的眼里，仿佛带了几分温柔，甚至于他忽然觉得，这夜是美丽的，这雨是缠绵的，就连雨水打在竹叶上的清脆，也是动听的，响在了他灵魂深处。只因为在他身旁，有那样一个美丽女子，抬着头，带着七分青春二分欢喜乃至一分凄凉的美，怔怔出神地看着。这一场雨！
17. 旧时沧桑过曾记否伤心人白发枯灯走天涯一朝寂寞换宿休
18. 那眼光在瞬间仿佛穿过了光阴，忘却了这周围熊熊燃烧的火焰，看到了当初少年时，曾经的过往。
19. 黑暗深渊里的回忆，仿佛和今日一模一样，像是重新回到了，那曾经天真的岁月。原来，这一个身影，真的是，从来没有改变过吗？那变的人，却又是谁？
20. 在你绝望的时候，有没有人可以与你相伴？即使无路可走，还有人不曾舍弃吗？
21. 一切，终究是要结束的。一切，仿佛也将要重新开始……日月旋转，穿梭不停，斗转星移，谁又看尽了人世沧桑？
22. 那时候，我们身陷绝境，垂死挣扎，可是我却一直没有害怕过，当时若是就那样和你一起死了，我——我也心甘情愿！
23. 原来，千百年的时光，还是抹不去深深的一缕伤怀么……
24. 我知道你心里在想什么，师姐，你多半是骂我不知人事，不知这世道艰险，我心中所想所求，泰半都难有结果。其实我又何尝不知？若说心苦，我也曾的确为此苦过。只是，我却是想开了，人家说世难容，不可恕，而我终究不能如他一般，破门出家。但即便如此，我也只求心中有那么一个人可以相思，而且我还知道，他心中也有我，只要这般，我也就心满意足了。
25. 一剑斩龙，两界阴阳，三生合欢，四灵血阵，五婴圣骨，六和镜玄八卦幻，七朵痴情伤心瓣。八凶赤炎玄火鉴。
26. 碧瑶：你哪里会笨了？你聪明的紧！难怪我爹老是对我说，你这个人看似木讷，其实内秀的很。
27. 九幽阴灵，诸天神魔，以我血躯，奉为牺牲。三生七世，永堕阎罗，只为情故，虽死不悔。
28. 从小到大，不知道有多少人讨好我，送了多少奇珍异宝，可是……“她抬起头，凝视著张小凡的眼睛，轻轻道，”就算全天下的珍宝都放在我的眼前，也比不上你为我擦拭竹子的这只袖子。“
29. 你心中苦楚，天知我知，我不能分担你的痛楚，便与你一道承担。总希望有一日，你能与心中爱人，欢欢喜喜在一起的-------陆雪琪语
30. 我从来都不苦的，师姐。从来师门传道，便是要我们无牵无挂，心境自在，参悟造化，以求长生，不是么？可是，我要长生做什么？
31. 我不后悔，十年了，我心中还是记挂着你。如果可能，我情愿放弃一切，跟你一起到天涯海角。可是，终究是不可能了！