外文原稿与译文

外文原稿与译文
外文原稿与译文

外文文献原稿和译文

原稿

introduction

Killian use a lot of routines, clear, clearly explain the modern automatic control system and the basic theory of industrial electronic. "Modern control technology: components and system (third edition)" compact structure is clear. First introduced the typical control system, and then discuss basic components: sensors, wire, electric motors, electric motor control circuit, machinery parts, and make the reader have a vivid feeling. In the last part of the book, through the discussion control strategy, control type, including programmable logic controller etc, the basic components together. The whole "modern control technology: components and system (third edition reflect the control technology advanced and comprehensive, the book there are many necessary physical and mechanical concept of knowledge, such as linear movement and rotational motion, spring, friction, gearing, lever, heat transfer and energy conversion. The concept of digital control in the books will carry out beginning, and has been throughout the whole "modern control technology: components and system (third edition. At the same time the book also speak of the simulation, the concept. The third edition of the book by the following content: digital "panel installation" controller, differential gears, insulation grid transistor (IGBT), ultrasonic proximity sensors, inductive proximity sensors, ultrasonic flow sensor and cascade control. At the same time for the original parts of contents added, better emphasized themes, such AS communication frequency electric tent area move, PID control and AS-I sensor factory network.

Can be used in enterprise's technical training, it is also applied to the following professional courses, such as industrial control, industrial electronics, control system, mechanical and electrical system.

Learning book until at least should grasp basic ac/dc circuit. If also mastered the following knowledge, will be more beneficial. Include solid-state circuits and operation circuit, basic digital circuit, microprocessor, physical knowledge (although these will be explained in this book).

This book of difficulty to belong to medium. Only request relevant mathematics knowledge with algebra, and does not require the use of integral and Laplace transform. In most cases, if the topic of discussion over which we ask level of knowledge, this book will introduce practical application examples to explain the theme of the basic concepts involved.

Objectives and methods

Many technology professional students often only learn a foreign control and motor interface of the course. And this course will cover: (1) the mechanical and electrical parts, such as sensors, motors, and drive circuit; (2) mechanical and electronic interface between the circuit; (3) part of the mechanical domain knowledge, such as gear, spring, friction and inertia; (4) basic feedback control theory, they will above all the concept together.

This book covers the following topics: each chapter of the actual interpretation of the industrial control system.

This book includes the following article: control system control system and background paper summary open loop control system closed loop control system transfer function analog and digital controller of the control system of classification process control motion control based on the microprocessor control in the paper Microprocessor system hardware overview microprocessor working principle microprocessor controller interface connection parallel interface serial interface controller based on the programming of the microprocessor controller micro control unit (MCU) veneer computer digital "panel installation" controller panel programmable logic controllers

Due to mechanical itself can make regular decision, artificial operation can be free....... In many cases, mechanical intelligent control than people better, because it can make fast or slow response (tracking long-term slow change), this response is more accurate, and keep the system performance is the best.

The control system can with several methods classification. The standard system can be keep parameters for (or close) to a certain value. Such examples have family heating system, although external conditions change it all will keep in a certain temperature. Follow the system, it will make the system output follow predetermined path. Such examples have industrial robots will parts move from place to place. Incident control system, it controls a series of events of order. Such examples have washing machine, it according to a series of already programmed recycling program steps.

When life appeared, natural control system was already there. Think about the human body is how to adjust temperature. If the human body need to warm up, and then the food energy can be transformed to heat. On the other hand, can make the body evaporation cooling. Due to evaporation effect is not obvious (especially in damp climate), so we body temperature slightly higher than the temperature of the earth. If the body's temperature sensor, the temperature drop that, it will be issued to the body burns more fuel signal. If it realized the body temperature is too high, send out a signal that the body sweating.

From the time of ancient Greece started, artificial control system in some form to exist. The book had described an interesting device-a pool will never die. The pool has a hidden float and similar device transformation of valve in the toilet. When the water drop, floating ball sinking, then open valve make water flow in.

The electronic control system is a creation of the twentieth century. Electromechanical relay is developed and used in motor and equipment of the remote control. Relay and also is used to switch as a simple logic gate to realize intelligent. The application of vacuum tube technology make the control system in the second world war had significant development. Dynamic position control system (servo mechanism) was developed, used for aircraft, gun tower, torpedo. Today, the position control system used in machine tools, industrial process control, robots, cars and office equipment.

Meanwhile, in the other development of electronic control system also have certain effect. In motor control circuit, solid-state device begun to replace the relay. Analog controller, the transistor and integrated circuit operational amplifiers also been applied.

Digital integrated circuit has replaced the common relay logic. Finally, is also the most significant, the microprocessor to create digital controller, these digital controller cheap, reliable, and can control the complicated process and is adjustable (if task change, controller can be reprogrammed).

Control system to cover many aspects: electronic (simulation and digital), electric power control devices, sensors, motor, mechanics and control system theory. Control system theory will all these concepts together. Many students find of the control system of knowledge is very interesting, because it involves some theory in the application, and the application in life has happened.

译文

介绍

基利安使用了大量的例程,清晰、明确地解释了现代自动控制系统和工业电子的基本理论。《现代控制技术:组件与系统(第3版)》结构清晰紧凑。首先介绍了典型的控制系统,然后讨论基本组件:传感器、电线、电动机、电动机控制电路、机械部件等,并使读者有一种身临其境的感受。在书的最后部分,通过讨论控制策略、控制类型,包括可编程逻辑控制器等,将上述基本组件联系在一起。整《现代控制技术:组件与系统(第3版)》都体现了控制技术的先进性和综合性,书中有很多必要的物理和机械概念的基础知识,例如线性运动和转动运动、弹簧、摩擦、传动装置、杠杆、热转换和能量转换。数字控制的概念在书中的开始部分就提了出来,并且一直贯穿整《现代控制技术:组件与系统(第3版)》。同时书中也讲了模拟概念。第三版的图书新增了以下内容:数字“面板安装”的控制器、差动齿轮、绝缘栅极晶体管(IGBT)、超声波接近传感器、电感式接近传感器、超声波流量传感器和串级控制。同时对原有的部分内容进行了补充,更好地强调主题,如交流变频电动棚区动、PID控制和AS-I传感器工厂网络。

可应用于企业的技术培训中,它还适用于如下专业的课程,如工业控制、工业电子、控制系统、机电系统。

学习本书前,至少应掌握基本交直流电路。如果还掌握了如下知识,将更为有利。包括固态电路和运算电路、基本数字电路、微处理器、物理知识(尽管这些都会在本书中讲解)。

本书的难度属于中等。只要求具有代数相关的数学知识,而不要求积分和拉普拉斯变换的使用。大多数情况下,如果讨论的主题超过了我们所要求的知识水平,本书会引入实际应用中的实例来讲解这个主题所涉及的基本概念。

目标和方法

许多技术专业的学生往往仅学习一门控制和电机接口的课程。而本课程将覆盖:(1)机电部件,如传感器,电动机,驱动电路;(2)机械和电子间的接口电路;(3)部分机械领域的知识,如齿轮、弹簧、摩擦和惯性;(4)基本反馈控制理论,它们将上面所有的概念结合在一起。

本书覆盖了下面的主题:每章都阐释了实际工业控制系统的一个方面。

本书包括以下文章:控制系统概述控制系统概述和背景开环控制系统闭环控制系统传递函数模拟和数字控制器控制系统的分类过程控制运动控制基于微处理器控制的介绍。

微处理器系统硬件概述微处理器工作原理微处理器控制器的接口连接并行接口串行接口控制器的编程基于微处理器的控制器单片机(微控制器)单板计算机数字“面板安装”控制器面板可编程逻辑控制器。

PC机在控制系统中的应用,运算放大器和信号调节运算放大器简、电压跟随器反相放大器同相放大器、加法器差分放大器和仪器放大器、积分器和微分器分贝(db)有源滤波器比较器专用接口电路电流环(电压-电流转换器)模拟开关电路。采样保持电路信号传输接大地和接地环路隔离电路屏蔽,屏蔽接地需要考虑的事项、实际配线需要考虑的事项、计算触发器件单结晶体管可编程单结晶体管式应变器,半导体压力传感器其他力传感器压力传感器波登管膜盒半导体压力。

控制设备也称为驱动器,包括与机械设备进行连接的“信号输人,输出部分”实施控制任务的“控制部分”。“控制部分”通常是计算机。由于计算机的使用使系统体现出了如下的特征。1.控制设备小型化:由于使用微型计算机,可以将控制设备置于照相机等小型机械设备中,使整体机械设备小型化。

2.控制内容柔性化:用程序设置控制内容,也可以通过程序改变控制内容.从而形成柔性的控制。

所谓顺序控制,就是指“.按照预先规定的顺序,依次地进行各种操作”,也称程序控制。举一个简单的例子,如下图所示有蓝、黄、红三种灯泡,设定其通电的时间,并根据设定的时间依次开、关实现了“交通控制机”的控制方法。通常按照一定的顺序进行操作而使机械设备运转的场合很多,故顺序控制是自动控制中最常见的控制方法。所谓反馈控制,就是将反馈值(控制对象当前值)与指定值进行比较,并通过校正使两者一致的控制方法。例如:为了控制电炉的温度,需要经常对电炉内的温度进行测量,并将测量值与指定炉温进行比较,且常常使用反馈法控制电炉进行加热以使两者一致。

有触点顺序控制是根据控制内容,对具有机械触点的继电器或定时器等控制器件进行布线的控制电路,是以前沿用的顺序控制。由干有机械触点,所以在处理比较大电流的机械控制中使用,控制电路和驱动电路可以一起实现。构流量控制阀,反馈控制原理性能指标,开关控制器双位控制三位控制比例控制稳态误差题,

重力问题偏差模拟比例控制器、积分控制微分控制比例+积分+微分控制,模拟PID控制器、数字PID控制器稳定性,PID控制器整定采样率。自整定串级控制PIP控制器,模糊逻辑控制器,介绍单输入系统的例子双输入系统的例子结束语。继电器逻辑、可编程逻辑控制器和运动控制器继电器逻辑控制继电器逻辑梯形图定时器、计数器和序列发生器可编程逻辑控制器。简介PLC设置步骤、PLC的运行过程、PLC的编程梯形图编程,其他PLC编程语言PLC和网络,运动控制器。

继电器有触点继电器利用电磁继电器或电磁接触器等的电磁力开闭其触点。如图所示,当继电器的电磁线圈中流过电流时,吸合被磁化的衔铁,使原来连接的触点开或闭。这种继电器有拍合式和插棒式两种。拍合式主要使用在控制电路中;插捧式(接触器)继电器主要使用在驱动电路中。

按照控制量的性质分类:伺服机构以转速、位置或状态为控制量,可跟踪任意变化目标值的控制机构。伺服电动机即是其中一例。过程控制通过物理方法或化学方法处理,如石油炼制的原料等的产品加工过程称为工业过程。用于工业过程中的以温度或流量等状态量作为控制量的控制称为过程控制。由于机械本身可以做出常规决定,人为操作就可以免去了。在许多情况下,机械智能比人为控制更好,因为它可以做出快速或者缓慢的响应(追踪长期的缓慢改变),这种反应更加精确,且保持系统性能最佳。

控制系统可以以几种方法分类。标准的系统可以自动保持参数为(或者接近)某个特定值。这样的例子有家庭加热系统,尽管外界条件变化它都将保持在一定温度。跟随系统,它会使系统的输出跟随预先设定好的路径。这样的例子有工业机器人将零件从一个地方移动到另一个地方。事件控制系统,它控制着一系列顺序发生的事件。这样的例子有洗衣机,它按照一系列已编好的程序步骤实现循环。

当生命出现时,自然控制系统就已经存在了。想一想人类身体是如何调整温度。如果人类身体需要升温,那么食物的能量就可以转换为热量;另一方面,蒸发可使身体冷却。由于蒸发效果不是很明显(尤其在潮湿的气候),因此我们的身体温度比地球的温度略高。如果身体的温度传感器得知温度下降了,它将向身体发出燃烧更多燃料的信号。如果它意识到身体温度太高了,就会发出信号使身体出汗。

从古希腊时代开始,人造控制系统就以某些形式存在了。书上曾描述过一个有趣的装置——一个永不消失的水池。水池里有个隐藏的浮球和类似马桶装置里

的变换阀。当水面下降时,浮球下沉,这时阀门开启使水流进来。

电子控制系统是20世纪的产物。机电继电器被开发出来并用于电机和设备的远程控制。继电器和开关也用来作为简单的逻辑门来实现智能。真空管技术的应用使得控制系统在第二次世界大战期间有了显著的发展。动态位置控制系统(伺服机构)被开发出来,用于航空器、枪塔、鱼雷中。今天,位置控制系统用于机械工具、工业过程控制、机器人、汽车和办公设备中。

同时,在电子方面的其他发展对控制系统也有一定的影响。在电动机控制电路中,固态装置开始取代继电器。模拟控制器中,晶体管和集成电路运算放大器也得到应用。数字集成电路已取代了常见的继电器逻辑。最后,也是最为显著的,由微处理器创造出了数字控制器,这些数字控制器便宜、可靠、能够控制复杂过程而且是可调整的(如果任务改变,控制器可以重新编程)。

控制系统覆盖许多方面内容:电子(模拟的和数字的)、电力控制装置、传感器、电动机、机械学和控制系统理论。控制系统理论将所有这些概念联系在一起。许多学生发现控制系统的知识非常有趣,因为它涉及一些理论应用方面,而这些应用在生活中已经出现过。

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外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院:专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文

智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文

Introduction Introduction With the continuous development of our economy, rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology, providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort, convenience requirements. Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system. Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system, high reliability, flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done. The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module, switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer, monitoring computer (need to bridge a large network connection) and other components composition.

第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)

我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步,第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因,并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流;精益物流战略;价值链联盟;虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来,我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强,在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此,对第三方物流的研究,对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨,并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大,具体表现在以下几个方面: 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发,其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的,尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业,本身的规模就很小,国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候,国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时,国外的物流组织能力非常强大,例如德国一家第三方物流公司,公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家,那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力,而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船,多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面:我国承诺所有的服务行业,在经过合理过渡期后,取消大部分外国股权限制,不限制外国服务供应商进入

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

建筑外文文献及翻译

外文原文 , , ,610031 ’s . a . a . , a . —, , ’s ’s . 1. , . , , ’s ’ [1] , . [1] a () , [2] . [3,4] [5] () , ’s , [6]. [7] ’s . , ’s ’s a . 2.’S . , . ’s ’s , ’s . , (1). (…) (1) w ’s ; I ; c , ; s , . 3. 3.1 , . , a , ’s . , a , ’s , . , ’s ’s . 3.2 a : (1)N. 1,2, … N.

(2) w 12… . (3) R 1,2, … (4) Δ ? ? ?others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01 (5) . I t I t . (6) △ I ’s a .( ’t .) (7) (5) t I △ ,( △ ). , – a . (8) (6) (7), I ( = △* △ ). (9) =ηi / * , ηi I ; * I , * =∑=R k ki 1 δ . , . , , . 3.3 , , : = ∑∑==N i i N i Ci 11 ω i i N i i N i c t ??∑∑==1 1 ω (2) ∑∑ ==N i i N i 1 1 ω ) E i R i ki i t - ?? ∑=1 δη i c ? 2F Z 2()i t ? ) E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1 δη (3) () ,(N j i K 3,2,1,=?) (4)

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/446478470.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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