机械工程英语第二版(叶邦彦 陈统坚主编)第二部分书后翻译

机械工程英语第二版(叶邦彦  陈统坚主编)第二部分书后翻译
机械工程英语第二版(叶邦彦  陈统坚主编)第二部分书后翻译

Unit 1 计算机技术

1、The central and essential ingredient of GAD/CAM is the digital computer. CAD/CAM的核心部分是数字计算机。

2、Sinfnal conditioners,which filter random electrical noise and smooth the signal emanating from transducting devices.

信号调整器,它可以过滤掉杂乱的电噪声,并可修整、平滑由传感装置送出的模拟信号。

3、A pulse counter is used to convert the pulse trains into a digital representation ,which is then aplied to the computer”s input channel. 脉冲计数器可将脉冲串转换为一种数字代码,以适合于计算机输入通道。

4、This results from the shared nature of the communication lines.

这来自通信线的共享特性。

5、messages to a specific computer are usually transmitted to all computers in the network,with the addressee decoding its address and accdot the information.送往某特定计算机的信息,一般都传送到网络中的所有计算机,同时由信息接收计算机译出地址码并接收信息。

6、In a network,all computers are connected and communicated with each other according to some kinds of enacthed regulations or agreement,which are called"network protocols".

在网络中,所有计算机都根据一些规则和协议进行连接和通信,规则和协议称为网络协议。

7、The most common protocol which is being used is Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP).

最为常用的协议是传输控制协议/互联网协议(TCP/IP)协议。

8、It has become an important base for Information Super Highway Structure Plan in many countries.

在很多国家,信息高速公路结构计划已成为一项重要的基础研究。

9、One of the fastest growing areas of internet is the application of World Wide Web,in which all kinds of information such as text, graphics,sound and many other multimedia files can be viewed together and navigated via hypertext link.

互联网发展最快的领域之一是万维网的应用,在互联网中,各种信息,如文本、图想、声音和许多其他多媒体文件,可以通过超文本链接功能共同观看和导航。

Unit3 数控编程

1、The programmer describes the component to be processed in this language, and the computer converts it to commands for the NC machine.

编程员用这种语言描述加工零件,而由计算机将零件程序转换为数控机床的执行指令。

2、the initial MIT research

3、MIT——Massachusetts Institute of Technology 麻省理工学院

4、Work Coordinate Setting工作坐标设定

5、Miscellaneous function辅助功能

6、These command in the following three categories provide a method of executing a sedies of repetitive matchining operations with a single code block.以下三种类型的程序通过单段程序代码,为一系列重复加工操作提供了方法。

Unit4 加工中心

1、Tools are identified by coded tags, bar codes,or memory chips attached directly to the tool holders.

刀具通过直接连接在刀具夹持口上的编码标签、条形码或记忆芯片来标识。

2、Touch probes can be automatically installed into a tool holder to determine reference surfaces of the workpiece, for the selection of tool settings, and for the on-line inspection of parts being machined.

接触试探针可以自动装入工具夹持口中以确定工件的参考平面,以便对刀具设置进行选择并对加工的工件在线检测。

3、tool magazine 多刀刀座(刀库)

4、just in time manufacturing 及时制造

Unit5 工业机器人

1、The Robotics Instituteof America defines a robot as“a reprogramrnable multifunction manipulator designed to move material,parts, tools,or other specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.

美国机器人学会定义机器人为“一个可再编程序,多功能的机器手,它通过各种可编程的运行来完成不同的任务,用于搬用原料、零件、刀具、以及专用装置。

2、A physical robot is normally composed of a main frame (or arm) with

a wrist and some tooling (usually some type of gripper) at the end of the frame.

实际的机器人由带有腕(或称为臂)的主机身和机器端部的工具(通常是某些的支撑器)组成。

3、These robots behave and car, be controlled similarly to conventional :hree-axis IBC machines.

这些机器人的动作控制都相似于传统的三坐标机床。

4、Nonprograniniahie mechanisms,regardless of their potential flexibility by reasserrtbly or rewiring,do not qualify as robots.

不可编程的机构,无论其通过重新装配或再接线可实现的潜在柔性有多大,也不能算坐机器人。

5、Rather than controlling the robot path.the device:、driven to fixed stops or switches via some form of ladder logic. Although the ladder programming qualifies for the definition of a robot,the switches or stops must normally he physically moved in order to alter the tasks being performed.

这种机器人借助某种梯形逻辑图被驱动至一些固定的挡块活行程开关处,而不是

控制它的轨迹。虽然梯形图编程可满足机器人的运动要求,但行程开关和挡块必须正常的被整体移动,以改变所需执行的工作任务。

6、Circular moves。as the name implies take place in circles ;along one of the major planes.

顾名思义,圆弧运动就是在某一主平面上沿圆弧运动。

7、In joint interpolation,each of the robot joints are moved at a constant rate that allthe axes start and stop at the same time.

在结点插补中,机器人的每一关节都以一恒定速度移动以保证所有的轴同时启动和停止。

8、The gears, motor and lead screw may introduce a false resolver reading,so that when the weight of the robot,and perhaps a part,must be supported by the system the actual end-effector position may be significantly different from the position taught to the robot.

齿轮,电动机和丝杠会引入错误的运算读数值,这样当机器人的重量,也许是工件的重量必须由系统承担时,端部执行器的实际位置可能与机器人的训练位置有很大差异。

Unit6 成组技术

1、Group technology is a manufacturing philosophy that involves identifying and grouping components having similar or related attributes in order to take advantage of their similarities in the design and/or manufacturing phases of the production cycle.

成组技术是一个制造业的哲学概念,它涉及到具有相似或相关属性零件的标识和分组,这样我们可利用产品的相似性这种特点,把这种技术应用于产品生产的设计制造过程中

2、Their manufacturing approach involved such principles as departmentalization by product rather than by process and minimizing the routing paths.

他们使用这一原理的生产方法就是以产品来划分部门,而不是以工艺或缩短路径来划分部门。

3、There is an industrial trend toward low-volume production(small lot sizes)of a wider variety of products in order to meet the rising demand for specially ordered products in today's affluent societies. In other words, the share of the batch-type production in industry is growing day after day, and it is anticipated that 75 percent of all manufactured parts will be in small lot sizes.

工业生产发展的趋势是产品的品种更加多样而每种产品生产的数量减少,以此来满足当今繁荣社会不断增长的专门订货。换句话说,工厂中分批式生产的比例越来越高,预计将来全部的75%是小批量的。

4、When an order of a part is released, the part is first coded, and then existing designs that match that code are retrieved from the company's library of designs stored in the memory of a computer, thus saving a large amount of time in design work.

一旦要求设计某一个零件,这个零件首先被编码,然后检索存储于计算机存储器

中的该公司的设计库,找出与这个编码相匹配的已有设计,这样便可节省大量的重复设计时间

5、When the plant layout is based on the group technology principles, i. e, dividing the plant into cells, each consisting of a group of different machine tools and wholly devoted to the production of a family of parts, material handling is more efficient because of the minimal routing paths of parts between machine tools achieved in this case.

基于成组技术原理规划工厂布局,即把工厂分为单元,每个单元由一组用于生产同一族零件的各种机床组成,这时原材料的传送是很有效的,因为这种情形下的零件在机床间的移动路径最短。

6、This latter situation involves increased WIP, which adversely affects the inventory turuover and the cash-flow cycle.

后一种情形下需要较多的在制品,这对库存换新率及现金的周转率产生不利的影响。

7、Although it is always the ultimate goal to combine the advantages of group technology in both areas,this is usually very difficult to achieve,and the result is either a design-orien-ted or a manufacturing-oriented system.

尽管最终的目的是把成组技术的优点融合于这两个领域(设计和生产),但是这很难做到,其结果要么是使其面向设计的,要么是面向制造的。

8、Neverthe less ,polycode tend to be long, and a digit location must be reserved whether or not that particular features applies to a part of a family being coded.

然而,多位码比较长,不管某一码位所特有的特征是否适用于正在被编码零件族中的某一零件,这一码位仍必须保留下来。

Unit7 CAD/CAM/CAPP

1、Computer-aided design(CAD) can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.

计算机辅助设计可以定义为使用计算机系统来协助一个设计方案的形成,修改,分析及优化。

2、Another example of a productivity enhancement for drafting involve automating auxiliary views of a design . By pressing the right button or by entering the right command , a drawing could be turned 90 degrees in one direction or anther . Three-dimensional designs could be rotated on any axis or displayed in any of several projections.

在绘图方面提高生产效率的另一个例子是自动生成设计图的辅助试图,通过按适当的键或输入正确的指令,设计图可以朝一个方向或另一个方向旋转90度,三维设计图可以绕任意坐标轴旋转,或显示其任意一个投影图。

3、In such a situation, standard components of each drawing can be automated by creating macros.These macros are nothing more than a series of graphics system commands strung together and executed as a single unit to build

在这种情况下,每张图的标准部件可由生成宏指令自动生成,这些宏指令只不过是一组串起来的绘图系统的指令,他们可以作为独立的单元来使用。

4、A CAD/CAM system with piping design applications software can give the user automatic feedback on such characteristics as fluid capacities,material chemistry,stress limitations,and coupling requirement.

用于管路设计的软件cad/cam系统可自动为用户提供以下特性的反馈信息,如液体的容量、材料的化学特性、应力极限和链接要求等。

5、These companies tend to be small,young,and very innovative.Their combined market share is only about 5$,but each company excels in roviding a single,high-quality system to a narrow market segment.

这些工司比较小,年轻,富有创新精神。他们总的市场占有率仅为5%,但是每个公司都擅长为部分市场提供独特的,高品质的系统。

6、The resulting operation sequence is documented on a farm typically referred to as a route sheet.The route sheet is a listing of the production opertaions and associated machine tools for a workpart or assemble. 最终的操作顺序按通常称为工艺卡的形式记录下来。工艺卡就是生产操作的列表,其上列出加工零件或部件所用的机床。

7、There are variations in the level of detail found in route sheets among different companies and industries.In the extreme,process planning is accomplished by releasing the part print to the production shop with the instruction“make to drawing”.Most firms provide a more detail list of steps describing each operation and identifying each work center

各公司和企业的工艺卡的详细程度有差异。在极端情况下,工艺设计仅仅是把写着“按图样要求加工”字样的零件图送到生产车间。大多数工厂有一个详细的步骤表,以说明每项操作极其要点。

8、If an exact match cannot be found between the code numbers in the computer file and the code number for the new part ,the user may search the machine routing file and operation sequence file for for similar parts that could be used to develop the plan for new part.

如果在计算机的文件中找不到与新零件的编码完全相同的码,用户可在机床路径文件和操作顺序文件中查找类似的零件,用它来生产新零件的工艺计划。

9、In Fig7.1 the machine routing file is distinguised from the opration sequence file to emphasize that the machine routing may apply to a range of different part families and code numbers.

图7.1中,机床路径文件与操作顺序文件的区别在于前者强调机床的路径

在一定范围内可适用于不同族的零件和不同编码的零件。

10、This option is basically a specialized word-processithe ng system in which planner selects from a menu of text related to machines and processes.The process plan is assembled from text passages subject to editing for the particular requirements of the new part.

这种方法实际是一个特殊的文字处理系统,设计员从该系统与机床和工艺有关的文本菜单中进行选择。对于有特殊要求的工艺规程便通过编辑相关的文本文件中节段组合而成。

11、Instead,the generative CAPP system synthesizes the design of optimum

process sequence,based on an analysis of part geometry,material,and other factors which would influence manufacturing decision.

生成的CPP系统融进了最优工艺流程的设计,它是基于零件几何形状、材料和其他可能影响生产决策因素的分析得到的。

Unit8自动化系统

1、so that the system can adapt automatically to changes in parts production, mixes, and levels of output.

因此系统能自动地适应在零件生成、产品的品种组成和输出方面的变化。

2、FMS is a randomly loaded automated system

FMS是一种可随意地指定任务的自动化系统

3、A technology which will help achy eve leaner factories with better response times

一种将帮助精良工厂获得较快的加工时间的技术

4、off-center load 重心偏离支点的载荷

5、Flow to and from the areas that the ASRS is to serve should be kept clean and free of obstructions and waiting to be moved components.

到达或来自ASRS区域的物流应畅通无阻,没有等待被运物件的现象。

6、yield signs 让路标志,只从支路进入干路交通先行的标志。

Unit9 CIM

1、Although CIM encompasses many of the other advanced manufacturing technologies such as computer numerical control (CNC) ,computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)。robotics,and just一in-time delivery (J1T),it is more than a new technology or a new concept. 尽管CIM包含了许多其他的先进制造技术,如计算机数字控制(CNC),计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造(CAD / CAM),机器人学和及时供货等,但它不仅仅是一种更高层次新技术或新概念。

2、and support them in the field及保障它们的现场使用

3、have instant access to 可以随时使用

4、Such components as design,planning and production have evolved both as processes and in the tools and equipment used to accomplish the processes

像设计、计划、生产等单元部分的研究已在两个方面,即在过程及为执行这些过程所需的工具与设备方面取得了进展。

slide rules 计算尺(作计算用之滑尺)

5、As with any new philosophy that requires major changes to the status quo,CIM is not without problems

正如任何新理念,需要进行重大改变现状,CIM是不是没有问题。

6、Incompatibility summarizes in a word the principal technical problem inhibiting the development of CIM

以一个词“不兼容性”概括出妨碍XIM发展的主要技术问题。

7、Tradition accouting practics base cost-effectiveness studies on direct labor savings whenever a new approach or new technology is proposed. 传统的成本会计原则,无论什么时候对所提出的新方法或新技术作成本-效益分析评价,总是基点放在能直接节省多少劳动力的问题上。

8、Within the finance element,it is not uncommon to have an automated payroll system, an automated accounts receivable system,and an automated accounts payable system.

在财务管理部分,一般都应包括自动工资报表系统、自动对账系统和自动账务应付系统。

9、……even within the component,much less with the other elements of the CIM wheel.

……连在本部门内部都是如此,更不用说与CIM轮盘图中其他各单元会有什么联系了。

10、This is the component in which a product is engineered,designed,tested through simulation,documented through drawings,specifications,and other documengation tools such as part lists and bills of material.

在(CIM轮盘图的)这一部分,产品通过仿真来制作、设计、和测试:并通过图样、标准和其他文档编辑工具如零件清单和物料清单来形成文件。

11、As a result,not only can this cmpany not network its design functions with other cmponents on the CIM wheel,it cannot even network within the product and process definition component.

结果,这个公司不仅不能将它的设计功能与CIM轮盘图的其他部分联网,而且它甚至无法在产品与工艺定义部分内部进行联网。

12、One of the major goals og this component is to overcome the barriers tha prevent the complete sharing of information betweeen and among components in the wheel.

这部分的主要目标之一就是克服影响CIM轮盘图各部分之间的信息完全共享的障碍。

Unit10 实体制造和网络制造

1、We are at the point of making history, a history that will play a significant role in the future of the people of the world. Changes in general are perceived to be gradual. However, the abrupt and rapid changes we are seeing in the past few years, or to be specific, in the latest scientific and technological advancements, have been so significant that these are going to impact the way we think, we work, we interact and especially the way we manufacture.

我们正处在一个创造历史的时代,这段历史将会在全人类的未来发挥中的的作用。一般说来,一种变化总是让人们慢慢感觉到的。然而,我们在过去的几年里所看到的变化,尤其是在最新科技进步的发展方面所放生的变化是如此突兀而迅速,以至于它们将会对我们的思维、工作、相互交流,特别是制造方式产生巨大的冲击。

2、We as manufacturing researchers have concentrated on manufacturing processes, materials and methods. Though these are still extremely important, it is becoming increasingly apparent that we also need to focus

on the additional dynamics which is a result of globalization and information explosion.

我们作为从事制造业的研究人员,一直关注的是制造过程、材料和加工方法,虽然这些都很重要,但我们更需要重视由于全球化和信息爆炸在制造过程、材料和加工方法等方面所带来的附加的动态特征,这一点已变得越来越明显。

3、IT is the main source for maintaining global competiteve advantage.This needs a look into revatilizing our manufacturing pracices,reserch and education

信息技术是保持竞争的主要来源,这就需要我们高度关注制造业的生产实践、科学研究与人才培养的发展与振兴。

4、While peforming this task the designers need to consider the current engineeering principles and comunicate with the process planners and manufaturers.Typically all the players and the customer may interact with each other and the customer will be involved with the whole process from design through manufature to delivery.

在完成这一任务的同时,设计师需要考虑一些并行工程的一些原则,还有和工艺设计师与制造人员交换意见。最典型的就是所有这些参与者与用户之间

可以相互交流,用户可以自始至终参与产品从设计、制造到交货的全过程。

5、This formalism is directly viable to be implemented in an object oriented paradigm,and has been successfully used in FMS modeling and control.

这种体系可以在面向目标的模式下直接进行操作执行,它已成功地应用于FMS 系统的建模和控制上。

6、The global manufaturing system willl be based on agents.We will have task specific agents which be doing specific tasks. These will not be large expert systems.The whole manufaturing systems will be viewed as society of manufacturing agents.Some dealing with design,some dealing with customers,some with manufacturing,some with control, some with diagnosis,etc.The overall system evolve out of the collective interactions .

全球化制造系统是要通过代理来实现的。我们将有一些面向具体任务的各种代理机构。它们并不是大型专家系统。整个系统可以看作是由各制造代理组成的“协会”。有的搞设计,有的负责同用户沟通,有的从事制造生产,有的进行控制,还有的负责过程诊断等。整个系统都是从一种合作的、相互交流的方式中不断发展和完善起来的。

Unit 11 Rapid Prototyping and manufacturing Technology

1、To substantially shorten the time for developing patterns, and prototypes, some manufacturing enterprises have started to use rapid prototypes(RP)methods for complex patterns making and component prototyping.

为了大大缩短母摸、模具和样件的制作时间,一些制作厂开始利用快速原型制造技术来制作复杂的母模和零部件的原型。

2、They have a common important feature: the prototype part is produced

adding materials rather than removing materials, that is, a part is first modeled by a geometric modeler such as a solid modeler, and then is mathematically sectioned(sliced)into a series of parallel cross-section pieces.

他们都有一些共同的重要特征:原型件都是通过增材制造,而不是材料去除工艺制作的,也就是说,零件首先通过几何建模软件,比如一个实体建模模块来建模,然后用数学的方法进行切层处理,使其成为一连串平行的横截面片。

3、Stereo lithography apparatus (SLA) was invented by Charles Hull of 3D Systems Inc. It is the first commercially available rapid prototype and is considered as the most widely used prototyping machine. The material used is liquid pho-to-curable resin, acryl ate (monomers) are polymerized into large molecules. Based on this principle, the part is built in a vat of liquid resin as shown in Figl.1.

光固化成型机由3D系统公司的Charles Hull 发明。它是世界第一台使用最广的商业快速成型机。使用的材料为丙烯酸光敏树脂。在光子的引发下,小分子(单体)聚合成大分子。原型零件就是根据这一原理从树脂槽中制作出来的。

4、Unlike the contouring or zigzag cutter movement used in CNC machining, the beam traces in parallel lines.

同数控机床加工时刀具的轮廓走刀和循环走刀方式不一样,激光束是以平行方式扫描的。

5、A wiper helps appeared the viscous polymer over for building the next layer. The laser draws a new layer on the top of the previous one. In this way, the model is built layer by layer from bottom to top.

刮板用来将粘稠的树脂均匀涂覆在零件表面以便于下一层的制作。激光在前一层的顶部进行新一层的扫描。这样,原型就自下而上地逐层制作而成。

6、Inside the flying extrusion head, the filament is melted into liquid (1^C above the melting temperature) by a resistant heater. The head traces an exact out –line of each cross-section layer of the part.

在高速运动的挤压头里,丝材被电阻加热融化成液态(高于熔点1。C左右)。挤压头精确按零件截面轮廓形状移动(从而逐层将原型零件制作出来)。

7、A layer of powder is spread on the top of the piston, the powder barding

a cylinder, and then an ink-jest printing head projects duplets of blinder material onto the powder at the place where the solidification is required according to the information from the computer model.

首先在气缸的活塞(粉末床)顶部铺上一层粉末,然后一个喷墨打印头根据计算机模型信息在要求固化的粉末部分表面喷上粘结材料。

8、Conceptual models are very important in product design. The touch of the physical objects can reveal unanticipated problems and sometimes spark a better design.

概念模型在产品设计中十分重要。触摸真实的物理实体可以暴露某些无法预料的问题,有时还会引发出更好的设计。

9、With RP&M technology, it is possible to go through multiple design iterations within a short time and substantially reduce the model development time.

有了快速原型与制作技术,就有可能在较短时间里通过多次设计迭代,从而大大减少模型的开发周期。

Unit12 纳米材料和微型机械

1、Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have become a magic word in modern society. Nanomaterials represent today's frontier in the development of novel advanced materials and present great promises and opportunities for a new generation of materials with improved and tailorable properties for applications in sensiors,optoelectronics,energy storage, separation and catalysis.

纳米材料和纳米技术已成为现代社会一个具有魔幻色彩的词汇。纳米材料代表了当今新型先进材料发展的前沿,为具有各种改良的、能按照人们要求进行"定制"的性能的新一代材料,在传感器、光电子学、储能、分离和催化剂技术等方面提供了广阔的应用前景。

2、Scientific work on this subject can be traced back over 10years.In 1861 the British chemist Thmoas Brahma coined the term"colloid" to describe a solution containing 1 to 100 nm diameter particles in suspension.

在这方面的研究可追溯到100多年以前。1861年,英国化学家Thomas Graham 首次用”胶体”这个术语来描述一种含有直径为1~100nm的微小悬浮颗粒的溶液。

3、By 1980,studies were made on clusters containing fewer than 100atoms.In 1985, a team led by Smalley and Kroto found spectroscopic evidence that C60 clusters were unusually stable.In 1991,Lijima reported studies of graphitic carbon tube filaments.

到1980年已有很多人开始对含有不到100个原子的原子团进行了研究。1985年,一个由Smalley和Kroto领导的科研小组通过光谱分析获得了C60原子团具有不同寻常的稳定性的证据。1991年,Lijema也报道了有关石墨碳管状丝材的研究情况。

4、In Microelectronics, the need for faster switching times and ever larger integration has motivated considerable effort to reduce the size of electronic components.Increasing the component density increases the difficulty of satisfying cooling requirements and reduces the allowable amount of energy released on switching between states.

在微电子学中,对快去开关时间和更大规模的集成度的需要推动了进一步减少电子器件尺寸的研究工作。而增加器件密度又会带来必要满足冷却条件以及减少开关状态转换时所允许的最大能量释放的困难。

5、For example, small particles display deviations from bulk solid behavior such as reductions in the melting temperature and changes (usually reduction) in the lattice parameter.

微粒材料和块体材料会呈现出不同的性能,比如其熔点降低和晶格参数变小。6、By studing the size dependence of the properties, it is possible to find the critical length scales at which practices behave essentially as bulk matter.Generally, the physical properties of a nanoparticle approach bulk values for particles containing more than a few hundred

atoms.

通过微粒性能与尺寸大小之间的关系研究有可能发现一个微粒开始呈现块体材料性能的临界尺度。一般说来,纳米粒子如果达到包含有几百个原子的大小时,其物理性能就会接近块体材料。

7、STM has been used to carefully place atoms on surfaces to write bits using a small number of atoms.It has also been employed to construct a circular arrangement of metal aroms on an insulating surface and hence a nano-scale electronic component is fabricated.

STM(扫描隧道电镜)技术已被用来将少量的单个原子小心地‘‘搬运’’到某些材料的表面来书写二进制数码。它还可用来将金属原子在绝缘材料表面摆放成一个环状图形,从而制造出纳米尺寸的电子器材。

8、From the begining ,mankind seenms instinctively to have deaired large machines and small machines.That is,"large" and "small" in comparison woth human-scale.Machines larger than human are powerful alliesin the battle against the fury of nature ;smaller machines are loyal partners that do whatever the are told.

从一开始,人类似乎就本能地有一种想制造“大机器”和“小机器”的愿望。这里的所谓“大”和“小”是相对于人类本身的尺寸而言的。比人体大的机器将成为人类同暴虐无情的自然界作斗争的得力帮手,而那些小机器则只能乖乖听从人类的命令,让干什么就干什么。

9、Approximately 20 years after "Fantastic Voyage",the technology level for micromachines finally reached a cirtical point.Micromotors and microgears made by semiconductor micromaching were imtroduced at about that time,triggering the reaearch on development of micromachines.

大约在科幻电影《奇妙的旅行》上映20年,微型机械的技术终于达到一个相当水平。用半导体加工技术制造出来的微型电动机和微型齿轮机构开始在那个时候出现,从而刺激了微型机械的研发与开发。

10、Miniaturization through mechatronics has mainly from the development of electronic controls and control software for mchine system,but the changes to the structural parts of machine system have been minor compared to those in the control system.The next target in miniaturization of machine systems is miniaturization of the structural parts left untouched by present mechatronics.These are the micromachines which are seenaa the ultimate in mechatronics.

机械电子技术带来的结构微型化主要是机械系统中电子控制技术和控制软件发展的结果。但机械系统结构部件的发展变化与控制系统的技术发展还是无法相比的。机械系统微型化的下一个目标是当前电子技术尚未触及到的结构部件的微型化。这就是所谓被视为机械电子学终极发展目标的微型机械。

11、That is,since micromachines which can be put on a fingertip have to perform operations in spaces inaccessible to human,they are required to be autonomous and capable of assessing stituations independently,as are intelligent robots.

也就是说,既然要让小到可以放在指尖上的微型机械完成那些由于空间位置限制人类而无法实行的操作,这些微型机械就应具有“自制”能力,也就是说它们就

像那些智能机器人一样,可以对所处的工作环境独立作出判断。

Unit13 智能制造技术

1、Intelligent Manufacturing Technology (IMT) refers to simulating the human expert's manufacturing intelligent activities via computer,with a highly-flexible and highly-integrated manner in various components of manufacturing industry.It can analysis,judgement,inference,conceiving and decision-making on manufacturing problems-aiming at replacing or extending part of human's brainwork in the manufacturing environment and collecting storing,improving,sharing,inheriting and developing human expert's manufacturing intelligence.

智能制造技术是指在制造业的各个环节以一种高度柔性和高度集成的方式,通过计算机来模拟人类专家的制造智能活动,从而对各种制造问题进行分析、判断、推理、构思和决策。旨在取代或延伸制造环境中人的部分脑力劳动,并对人类专家的制造智能进行收集、存储、完善、共享、继承和发展。

2、Therefore an automobile manufacturer with a lead time to market of 4 to6 months longer than the competition could lose hundreds of millions of dollars in profit.

因此,如果一个汽车制造商的市场交货期比竞争允许的时间延误4~6个月,那么它将要损失数亿美元的利润。

3、The tradition fragmented,specialized design process leads inevitably to a suboptimization of the optimal design of subsystems rather than the optimization of the complete system or product,and the present global marketplace for manufactured products will tend to eliminate inefficient products.

传统上那种分割式的、专业化的设计过程不可避免地只会达到对子系统的次优化效果而不是整个系统或产品的(全局)最优化设计。而目前的加工制造产品的全球市场正趋向于消除低效率生产商。

4、Expert systems are a part of the filed of artificial intelligence(AI).Expert systems are not concerned with understanding language,or other aspects of intelligence,but are only concerned with solving problems

专家系统属于人工智能的一部分,但它不是与理解语言或其他某种智能有关,而是仅仅关注于解决某些实际问题。

5、Whether an expert system in fact replicates the reasoning process used bu a human expert is primarily of interest to computer scientists,as a practical matter it is only necessary that the expert system replicate the results that the human expert would have obtained under the same circumstances.

专家系统是否事实上仿照了人类专家的推理过程这主要是计算机专家关心的问题,事实上,只要专家系统可以复制人类专家在同样环境下所获得的结果就够了。

6、Expert systems also include explanatory facilities,which explain to the user why or how the expert system has arrived at a particular conclusion.That is,if the user asks the expert system to explain its

results, the explanatory facility will determine the specific knowledge ,combined with the user’s input data that can lead to this conclusion and display these to the user.

专家系统还包括解释机构,它能向用户解释该专家系统是如何获得一个具体的结论的。也就是说,如果用户要求系统解释它的结果,它的解释机构就会先从知识库里找到有关的专门知识,然后结合用户的输入数据产生结论并显示给用户。

Unit14 半导体制造

1、Increasingly.however.the main force driving the computer industry is not new basic knowledge but the market. Computer users are more sophisticated and demanding than ever. they want higher performance. more functionality. smaller dimensions. and interconnectivity with other products _all at supercompetitive prices.

然而,推动计算机工业发展的主要动力越来越显示出并不是新技术而是市场。计算机用户已变得比以往任何时候更加苛求—他们要求性能好,功能多,尺寸小,而且还要与其他产品能很方便的互相兼容,价格还要特别便宜。

2、Computer makers need to design customer-focused products. "outsource "to agile as -sembly factories. and orchestrate rapid supply chains. 计算机制造商需要设计面向用户的产品,给具有敏捷装配功能的工厂提供资源,同时还要做好各快速供货渠道之间的协调工作。

3.Silicon crystallizes in a diamond -shaped lattice. with each atom surrounded by four other atoms in a tetrahedron. The atoms share valence electrons. which give each atom a complete valence shell.

硅晶体同金刚石具有相似的四面体晶体结构,即每一个原子围绕着4个其他的原子。原子共同享有价电子,使得每一个原子都有完整的价电子层。

4.A bipolar junction transistor is made by sandwiching three different semiconductor slices into one solid block. such that the center slice is of one type and the two outer slices are of the opposite type.

双极晶体管是由三层不同的半导体组合在一起构成的夹层式半导体器件,他的中间层是一种半导体,而外层又是相反类型的半导体

5.This amplification is more utilized in analog devices such as an electric guitar. For the ICs in computers. the primary function is the ultrafast switching ability for logic.

这种放大效应常用于模拟器件上,比如电吉他就是利用了这种原理。对于计算机的ic电路,晶体管的主要作用是执行逻辑运算时的超速开关功能。

6.Integrated circuits are produced in a multisep process. The active components of a chip are formed by gradually building up patterned layers on the thin circular silicon wafer.

集成电路由多道工序制成,芯片上的有源器件都是通过在一块圆形薄层硅片上逐层制作多层电路图案生产出来的。

7.Once all active components and circuits are fully formed. the wafer is protected with a layer of insulating dielectric film. Finally. a patterned

passivation layer is added. with revealed bonding pads to which bonding wires can be attached. These bonding wires link the IC package during the phase known as back -end processing. Eventually. the chips are assembled onto printed circuit boards.

当所有的有源器件和电路都形成之后,用一层绝缘的薄膜将硅片保护起来,最后再覆盖上一层钝化层,并露出焊盘,用于下一道外接引线工艺。这些连线在被称为“后端处理”的过程中和集成电路的封装联在一起。最后,这些芯片被组装在印刷电路板上。

Unit15 坐标测量机和逆向工程

1,approriate feature 零件上需要测量的严肃。

2、The rock slab has been relieved of its stresses over millions of years,and can also provide a stable foundation for guideeways which will take the susperstructure of the CIM.

岩石板块经千百万年的时效,(内)应力已经消除,他可以为承载坐标测量机超精结构件所用的导轨提供一个稳定的基础。

3,This brilliantly simple device started life as the abswer to a requirement for accurate, lowcontact force measurement of concorde engine pipework at a Rolls-Royce aceroenging plant.

当年,在罗斯劳斯航空发动机厂,为测量协和式飞机的管路,需要一种低接触力的精确测量装置,这种性能卓越,但结构简单的装置便应运而生。

4,A touch trigger probe is simply a highly accurate and repeatable switch,which acts as a passive sensor capable of surface detection in three dimensions.

接触触发式探头实质上是一种高精度可反复开闭的开关,它可以作为一种无源传感原件,供对表面进行三维测量之用。

5,CMM probes areavailable with repeatabilities of 0.25~105um depending on the type.

坐标测量机测头的重复定位精度为0.25~1.0um,视其型式而异。

6,The t ouch trigger probe provides a signal to allow the “latching” of the CMM coordinates at the moment of probe triggering.

接触触发式探头在接触触发的瞬间提供一个信号,使坐标测量机锁存下次瞬间的坐标值。

7,The stylus contact forces are very low, of the order of 5~10g, so that deflection of the workpiece or the CMM is unlikely to be significant. 触针的接触力很小,约5~10g,为的是使工件或坐标测量机不会有明显的变形。8,At start-up time,every CMM and probe combination must be “datumed”.开始工作时,先要为坐标测量机和测头组件找正基准。

9,If a single workpiece on a fixture is rejected by a CMM,that pallet is automatically routed to a material review station.

如果坐标测量机检验出夹具上的某个工件不合格,那么这个托盘便自动送往物料复查站。

10,If the workpiece(or several different workpieces on a pallet)passes inspection,the pallet is returned to the CMM's shuttle position for AGV trasportion to the queuing carrousel to await the part removal or refixture for a subsequent machining operation.

如果工件(或一个托盘上若干个不同的工件)检验合格,则该托盘便回到坐标测量机的穿梭交换位置,由AGV将其运送至排队转台,等待卸下工件或进行重新装夹,以进入随后的机械加工。

11,A number of optical measuring devices are availiable in the market.Some of them (small triangulators,auto-focusing devices and lasers stripes) have been successfully integrated in CMM as non-contact probes.

目前市场上有多种光学测量装置可以提供,其中的小型三角测量仪、自动对焦设备和激光条等都已成功地用于三坐标测量机的非接触式测头。

12,Whenever complex, freefrom surfaces have to be measured in a short time,and very high measyrement accuracy is not required, wide-area laserscanners and whole-filed optical digitisers represent valid alternatives to CMMS.

当要求在较短时间内测量复杂的自由曲面,且测量精度要求不是很高时,宽域激光扫描仪和全场光学数字化仪是替代坐标测量机的合适设备。

13.reverse engineering is the process of engineering backward to build

a CAD model geometrically identical to an existing product. subsequently,CAD models are used for manufacturing or other applications. 句意:反求工程是一种用逆向的方式进行策划或设计某个几何形状同现有某产品完全相同的CAD模型过程,并将这样的CAD模型用于产品制造或其他应用。14.one such development is non-contact scanning systems employing white light rather than a single laser tracking line . this system generates dense volumetric scans. detailed scans can be generated quickly, and the wide scanning volume reduces the importance of the angle at which the tracking light hits the target object.

句意:测量技术的进展之一就是采用白光代替单色激光扫描线的非接触式扫描系统。这种系统可以进行密集的体扫描。这样可以产生更精细的扫描,而且在这种较宽的扫描范围下,扫描光束与被测对象的投射角度就不再那么重要了。

15.to create a single model from multiple range images, two fundamental issues must be addressed: registration and integration. registration refers to computing a rigid transformation that brings the points of one range image into alignment with the overlapping portion of another range image. integration is the process of creating a single surface obtained from the multiple range images.

句意:要从多幅区域图像构成一个完整的模型,这里有两点值得重视:即对准和拼接。对准指的是计算出一个刚性转换,利用这个转换使得一个区域图的数据点和另一副图的重叠部分能对正;而拼接是从多幅区域图像构成一个面的过程。16.the standard methods for extracting range data from optical triangulation scanners are accurate only for planar objects of uniform reflectance. using these methods, curved surface, discontinuous

surfaces,and surfaces of varying reflectance cause systematic distortions of the range data.

句意:从光学三角扫描仪提取区域图的数据时,只有当被测物是反射率很均匀的平面物体时才比较准确。采用这样的方法,曲面、非连续面以及反射率变化很大的表面会使区域图的数据产生系统畸变。

17.a desirable set of properties for such algorithms includes: incremental updating, representation of directional uncertainty, the ability to fill gaps in the re-construction, and robustness in the presence of outliers and distortions.

句意:我们要求这些算法能具有以下优点:可进行增量式修正,可表达方向的不确定性,在重构时有填充空隙的能力,以及在出现分离层和畸变的情况下仍具有一定的鲁棒性。

Unit16 计算机辅助质量控制

1.Inherent in the use of statistical sampling procedures is acknowledgement of the risk that some defective parts will slip through. 采用统计采样法,本身就意味着承认允许一部分不合格品溜过。

2.The social factors include the ever-increasing demand by customers for near perfection in the quality of manufactured items,the growing number of expensive product-liability legal cases,and government regulations which require many firms to maintain comprehensive production and quality records.

社会因素包括:顾客对产品质量完美无暇日益增长的要求;由产品质量问题引起的费用昂贵的诉讼案件日益增多;政府作出规定,要求许多厂商保存关于生产和质量的全面记录。

3.It is considered desirable to try to remove this subjective component from inspection operations.

(人们认为)有必要试图从检验工序中排除这种主观成分。

4.However,there is still a considerable amount of research to be performed to find a systematic approach to modularize quality control procedures and to tailor from these modules functional systems for individual factory operations.

然而,仍然有相当数量的研究工作有待进行,以便找出一种系统的办法来使质量控制步骤模块化,以及从这些模块中为特定工厂的运行开发出一些功能系统。5.The use of machine vision systems for inspection is an exciting area which holds the promise of significant improvements in both the productivity of the inspection process and the quality of the resulting product.

检验工作中采用机器视觉系统,是一个令人振奋的领域,它不仅可以明显提高检验过程的生产率,还可以明显改进产品质量。

6.Typically,a microprocessor is programmed to make the conversion of the time lapse into a dimensional value and to perform other funtions,such

as signaling an automatic parts-rejection mechanism to eject a defective part from the line.

典型的做法是:为一台微处理机编制程序,令其将时间间隔转换为尺寸数值,并完成其他功能,例如,令其向一台工件自动剔除机发出信号,使之将不合格工件从生产线上剔除。

7.Inductance systems operate by subjecting the object to an alternating magnetic field by means of an electromagnetic coil.

电感系统工作时,把被测物体送入由电磁线圈所产生的交变磁场中。

计算机辅助设计 computer-aided design

数控技术 numberical control technique

车辆工程 vehicle/automotive engineering

风能工程 wind engineering

激光切割 laser cutting

有限元方法 finite element method

批量 lots size

主轴转速范围 range of spindle speeds

横截面 intersecting surface

连续自动化生产 successive automatic manufacture

装卸 loading and unloading

机械工程英语翻译叶邦彦陈统坚第2版

? Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。

机械工程英语翻译

Unit1 1、What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么?纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel. 合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有:不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金,以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。 2、 Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio. 为什么要使用金属和合金?许多金属和合金具有高密度,因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。 Some metal alloys,such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable. 某些金属合金,例如铝基合金,其密度低,可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性,这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。 3、The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties. In m etals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and ar e free to travel everywhere. Since electrons conduct heat and electri city, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires. 金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。在金属内部,原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。由于电子能导热和导电,所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。 It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal. No photons pass through. 因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子,所以透过金属不可能看得见。没有光子能通过金属. 4、Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. 陶瓷和玻璃的特性高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和

高职高专实用英语第二册英语翻译

1.荷兰人在饭馆吃饭时真的会各自付账吗? Do Dutch people really go Dutch at a restaurant? 2.另一方面来说,诚实的人会赢得别人的尊敬。 On the other hand, an honest man win other’s respect. 3.无论我说了什么,都请不要生我的气。 Whatever I say, please don’t be mad at me. 4.真是难以置信,这样简单的主意以前竟没有人想到。 It is incredible that no one had ever thought of such a simple idea before. 5.她的心情一会儿高兴,一会儿绝望。 Her mood alternate between happiness and despair. 6.我们必须相信我们所做的事情,即使别人不相信。 We must believe in what we do, even when others don’t. 7.在大城市里,在寒冷的冬季,许多老年人死于污染的空气。 During the cold winters in big cities, many old people die from the polluted air. 8.我过去习惯早起,并且在早餐前散步一小时。 I used to get up early, and take a walk for one hour before breakfast. 9.要在不到一周的时间内完成这项工作,时间困难的事情。 It is hard to finish this work in less than one week. 10.到这部戏剧的结尾部分,很多观众都被深深感动了。 A lot of audiences were deeply affected at the end of the drama. 11.他以前比现在上门出诊多得多。 He used to make many more house calls than he does now. 12.我们在阅兵场上肩并肩地排成一行。 We lined up on the parade ground shoulder to shoulder. 13.不管他在不在对我们的工作不会有影响。 Whether he is here or not will make no difference to our work. 14.关于这件事的说法实在令人难以置信。 That is a tall story about this event. 15.我们尽了最大的努力以确保仪式正常进行。 We have tried our best to keep the ceremony on the rails. 16.他在会议一开始就讲了几个笑话,让大家放松了一些。 He started the meeting with a couple of jokes to make us relax. 17.虽然生了一场大病,但他会赶上大家的。 He would catch up with the rest of us, although he had been ill seriously. 18.一旦人们看到有些东西确实有效,就更有可能接受它。 One people have seen that something really works, they are more likely to accept it. 19.除了法语外,他还得学日语。 In addition to French, he has to learn Japanese. 20.这影片如此感人以至我们禁不住流下泪来。 This movie is so impressive that we can’t help crying. 21.把这么多书分类整理要花很多的时间。 It takes plenty of time to sort so many books. 22.这次地震带来了相当大的灾难,同样也带来了经历和力量。 The earthquake brought considerable misfortunes and it also brought experience and strength. 23.大多数人对心理健康问题几乎一无所知。 Most people know little about the mental health problem. 24.他们容忍了儿子的行为。 They have put up with their son’s behavior. 25.他长期以来致力于高科技的研究和开发。 He has been devoted to the research and the development of high tech all the time. 26.今晚中央电视台将播出一部名为“同一个世界,同一个梦想”的纪录片。Tonight CCTV will air a documentary named “One word, one dream.” 27.这些课程吸引了各行各业的人。 These courses attract people from all walks of life. 28.他们正在研究如何在地震中更好的逃生。 They are studying better ways to survive in earthquake. 29.这种做法不符合我们的政策。 Such act would be in disaccord with our policy. 30.他称她为他最好的一半。 He refers to her as his better half. 31.我们所能做的就是培养自己去全力对付它,而不是去躲避它。 What we can do is to train ourselves to deal with it, not to avoid it. 32.他们设计将疾病控制在小范围内。 They manage to limit the disease within a small area. 33.我既没有钱也没有时间去旅行。 I have neither money nor time for travelling. 34.此外,购买新车也是主要消费之一。 In addition, purchasing a new car is also a major spending. 35.他的课业很好。 He is getting on well with his school work. 36.没有人确切地知道当初人们是如何学会保存食物的。 No one knows for sure how people first learned to preserve food. 37.她没有领会他话中的幽默。 She didn’t pick up on the humor in his words. 38.这是对我们共同度过的那些美好时光的留念。 This is a reminder of the good time we spent together. 39.每个国家、每个民族都有自己的历史文化传统。 Every country and every nation has its own historical and cultural traditions. 40.几年以后,那些山也将被树木覆盖。 In a few years’ time, those maintain will also be covered with forest. 41.光明的未来往往建立在对过去遗忘的基础之上。 The bright future will always be on the base of a forgotten past. 42.我们在父母家优美的环境中放松了一下午。 We spent the afternoon relaxing in the beautiful surroundings of my parent’s home. 43.我需要一把剪刀把这篇报纸文章剪下来。 I need a scissors to cue off the article of newspaper. 44.这是到目前为止我们所收到的最大一项捐赠。 This is the biggest donation we have received up to now. 45.我们对做这么多作业感到厌倦。 We are tired of doing so much homework. 46.拼写问题可能也和书写不整洁有关。 Spelling problems can be related to the untidy writings.

机械工程专业英语翻译合集

1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度,然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床,都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候,再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代,这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力,电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。(Electrolytic hydrogen)。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压,安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上,物体不受外力作用是不可能的,因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not

实用英语-美发专业英语翻译

实用英语-美发专业英语翻译洗头:shampoo /:hair shampoo 烫发:permanent 剪发:cut/hair cutting 染发:color/hair coloring 吹风(发):blow/blowdrying 护发:treatment/hair treatment 修指甲:manicure 修脚甲:pedicure 洗澡:take a bath 打烊:It's is close'd 便宜:cheap 不劳点:P.S 赶快:hurry up /quickly 小费:tip 结帐:pay the bill 较贵:expensive 完成:finished 劳水:set 折扣:discount

钱:money 整发做花:hair setting 发型设计:hair design 手指卷法:pin curl 化妆:make up 按摩:massage 全套服务:full service 快速服务:quick service 免费服务:free service 指甲保养:nail care 产品(product)&工具(instrument)头发:hair 冷烫液: cold wave/ perm 洗发精:shampoo 护发霜:hair care/conditioner 发胶:gel 定型液:hair spary 染发剂:hair color 发雕:lotion 正常(一般):normal 受损:danger

卷发:curl 乾燥:dry 湿的:wet 润丝:rinse 平梳:comb 镜子:mirror 吹风机:hair dryer 毛巾:towel 剪刀:scissors 发夹:hair pick 帽子:cap 削刀:razor 模特儿:model 发叉:hair pin 冷烫卷:perm rod 冷烫纸:perm paper 橡皮筋:rubber band 工作车:setting cart 洗发槽:shampoo sink 发刷:brush 圆梳:round brush

机械工程英语第2版叶邦彦Unit 10

Unit 10 Surface Engineering Two major surface treatments Covering the surfaces Altering the surfaces

Surface Engineering Requirements (1) control friction and wear; (2) improve corrosion resistance; (3) change physical property, such as conductivity [导电率], resistivity, reflection; (4) alter dimension; (5) vary appearance, e.g., color and roughness; (6) reduce cost;

Covering the surfaces The treatments that cover the surfaces include: 1. organic coatings 2. inorganic coatings. Shown on the right.covering the surfaces organic coatings inorganic coatings Electroplating Thin-film coatings Furnace fusings Hot dippings Thermal sprayings Conversion coatings

Electroplating It is an electrochemical process by which metal is deposited on a substrate by passing a current through the bath. Anode [正极]: positively charged electrode. The source of the material to be deposited. electrochemistry: the medium through which metal ions are exchanged and transferred to the substrate to be coated. cathode: negatively charged electrode. the substrate to be coated.

机械工程专业英语 翻译

2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到,作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩,也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷,即是应力,那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知,产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说,拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时,如果材料回复到初始的,无负载时的尺寸时,我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土,木材,非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候,当载荷消除之后,任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。

定计划-简单实用英语翻译

定计划-简单实用英语翻译 451. What do you plan to do tomorrow? 明天你打算做什么? 452. I doubt that I'll do anything tomorrow. 明天我恐怕什么也不做。 453. Please excuse me for a little while. I want to do something. 对不起,请稍等一会儿,我要办点事。 454. I imagine I'll do some work instead of going to the movies. 我想干点活,不去看电影了。 455. Will it be convenient for you to explain your plans to him? 你把你的计划向他讲一下,方便吗? 456. There's nothing to do because tomorrow is a holiday. 明天是假日所以没事可做。 457. What's your brother planning to do tomorrow? 你的兄弟明天打算做什么? 458. He can't decide what to do. 他决定不了要干什么。 459. It's difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.

不了解全部事实,很难作决定。 460. We're trying to plan our future. 我们正点想法替将来作打算。 461. That's a good idea. 那是个好主意。 462. I'm hoping to spend a few days in the mountains. 我希望在山区住几天。 463. Would you consider going north this summer? 今年夏天你考虑到北方去吗? 464. If there's a chance you'll go, I'd like to go with you. 如果你有机会去,我想和你一起去。 465. After you think it over, please let me know what you decide. 等你想好了,请把你的决定告诉我。

机械工程英语第二版叶邦彦_汉语翻译(机械工业出版社)--全本书翻译

?Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。 ?Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors. 某些金属能被磁化,例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下,某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么?纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel. 合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有:不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金,以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。 Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio. 为什么要使用金属和合金?许多金属和合金具有高密度,因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。 Some metal alloys, such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable. 某些金属合金,例如铝基合金,其密度低,可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性,这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。 What are some important properties of metals? Density is defined as a material’s mass divided by its volume. Most metals have relatively high densities, especially compared to polymers. 金属有哪些重要特性? 密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。大多数金属密度相对较高,尤其是和聚合物相比较而言。Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers, such as gold or lead. However, some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities, and are used in applications that require other metallic properties but also require low weight. 高密度材料通常由较大原子序数原子构成,例如金和铅。然而,诸如铝和镁之类的一些金属则具有低密度,并被用于既需要金属特性又要求重量轻的场合。 Fracture toughness can be described as a material’s ability to avoid fracture, especially when a flaw is introduced.

机械工程英语翻译unit 1

Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high

机械工程英语第二版part2unit11翻译

机械工程英语第二版part2unit11翻译

机械工程英语(第11单元) Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Technologies快速原型制造和快速制造技术 Introduction介绍 Manufacturing community is facing two important challenging tasks:(1)Substantial reduction of production development times; and (2) Improvement on flexibility for manufacturing multi-variety and small batch-size products. Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and Cam) have significantly improved the traditional production design and manufacturing. However, there are a number of obstacles in true integration of computer-design with computer-aided manufacturing for rapid development of new products. 制造社会面临两个重要的艰巨任务:1大幅度减少产品开发时间,以及改善对弹性制造多品种,小批量大小的产品。电脑辅助及制造大大改善了传统的生产设计和制造。但是,有一个数字障碍计算机辅助设计与真正的一体化电脑辅助制造新产品的快速发展。 To substantially shorten the time for developing patterns, and prototypes, some manufacturing enterprises have started to use rapid prototypes(RP)methods for complex patterns making and component prototyping. Over the past few years, A variety of new rapid

机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)

1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.(P5)用低能机器或传力工具,操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况,然而,用一个详细(复杂)的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。 2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous o n the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)(P5) 相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体,通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输;工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。 3.When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid’s pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. (Braking Systems)(P5) 当踩下汽车刹车的踏板,在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸,在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。 4.Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and transmitting motion and power. Compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry. Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics. (Mechatronics System) (P7) 机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动,它是机电一体化的基础,作用是支撑系统其他功能单元,传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比,一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高,它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的,新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。 5. Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes of relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator. (Mechatronics System) (P7) 检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路,它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程,在外部环境下的相关参数的改变,将其信息传给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息,送出相应的指令到执行机构。 6. Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors. It centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information. Based on the results of information processing,instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system. (Mechatronics System) (P7) 电子控制单元,也被称为控制单元(ECU)控制,是机电系统的核心,负责外部命令和传感器的信号输出。它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。基于信息处理的结果,按照一定的范围和步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统的目标。 7. It is put into a fairly standard machine tool that has had position sensing and motors on the

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