非谓语动词总结

非谓语动词使用条件

一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。

S h e g o t o f f t h e b u s,l e a v i n g h e r h a n d b a g o n h e r s e a t.

S h e g o t o f f t h e b u s,b u t l e f t h e r h a n d b a g o n h e r s e a t.

解题思路：

1.选用正确的非谓语动词的形式——

不定式,动词的V i n g形式,过去分词。

考虑两方面：

a.非谓语动词在句中充当的成分

b.谓语动词或谓语动词短语的习惯上的用法，即+t o d o/d o i n g;

接宾补s b./s t h.(t o)d o/d o i n g/d o n e

2.正确运用非谓语动词的时态：

比较谓语与非谓语动作发生的时间。

3.正确运用非谓语动词的语态：

a.首先了解语义

b.非谓语动词与相关句子成分的关系,如：

作定语—与主语及所饰名词

作状语—与主语

作宾补—与宾语

4.非谓语动词在某些复合结构和分词独立结构的用法。

a.不定式的复合结构：f o r/o f s

b.t o d o

b.动名词的复合结构：s b.’s d o i n g

c.w i t h复合结构：w i t h+n.+d o i n g/d o n e/t o d o

d.分词独立结构：n./p r o n+现在分词（V i n g的各种形式）（当分词短语有它自己的主语时。）

E g.

a.T h e r e i s a l o t o f w o r k f o r m e t o d o.

b.W o u l d y o u m i n d T o m(’s)o p e n i n g t h e d o o r

c.H e w e n t t o t h e c a v e w i t h t h e c a n d l e b u r n i n g.

d.T h e p r o b l e m h a v i n g b e e n s e t t l e d,w e w e n t h o m

e.

英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：

1.不定式：i n f i n i t i v e

2.动名词：g e r u n d

3.分词：p a r t i c i p l e

｛现在分词：p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e

过去分词：p a s t p a r t i c i p l e｝

1.不定式：i n f i n i t i v e（考点：时态、语态、后置定语、省略t o的不定式）

t o d o(n o t t o d o)一般式（否定）

t o b e d o i n g进行式主动

t o h a v e d o n e完成式

t o h a v e b e e n d o i n g完成进行式

t o b e d o n e一般式被动

t o h a v e b e e n d o n e完成式

﹡一般式：

不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。

1. I’m glad to see you. (同时发生)

2. They invited us to come to a party.（不定式动作后发生）

3. The computer to be produced is of a new type. (被动)

4.You must promise never to do that again.

﹡进行式：

谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。

1. They are said to be building another bridge over the river.

据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。

2. I ’d rather read than watch television; the program seem___ all the time.(1997.1)

a. to get worse

b. to be getting worse

我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越来越差了。

﹡完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前

1. The bank is reported in the local newspaper___in broad daylight yesterday.(2001.1)

a. robbed

b. to have been robbed

c. being robbed

d. having been robbed

2. They were reported to have discovered anther ancient tomb in this area.

﹡完成进行式：

在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。

1. They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.

(= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.)

2. The struggle was know to have been going on for over twenty years.

I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my job.

A. expected

B. to expect

C. to be expecting

D. expects

该题考查疑问+不定式在句中做宾语的用法。英语中有一些动词后可以跟一个疑问词的不定式做宾语，如：tell, discuss, know, show, learn, decide, wonder, explain…

因为主语是the purpose，在（purpose, wish, promise, plan）后常跟不定式，故表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成the purpose is to…not to…do 句型，

不定式的语态取决于它和主语以及被它修饰的词的逻辑关系,被动关系用被动.

1 subject（主语）

2 predicative（表语）

3 object（宾语）

4 attribute（定语）

5 adverbial（状语）

6 complement（补足语）

1.﹡不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成“It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语）”, 其中it 是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。

To master a foreign language is not easy.

→It’s not easy to master a foreign language.

It takes sb. ＋some time ＋不定式

It costs sb. ＋money＋不定式

2. ＊复合结构：

for sb. to do sth.

It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.

当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind, wrong, polite, wise…

＊as predicative 表语

Her wish is to be a teacher.

She seems to be happy.

＊as object

He loved to listen to music.

I find it difficult to speak English fluently.

下列动词要求不定式作宾语：

afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, …

＊特殊疑问词+不定式

介词+特殊疑问词+不定式

Where to stay has not been decided yet. （S.）

She doesn’t know what to do.（O. of v.）

He had no idea of how to do.（O. of prep.）

疑问词包括how, what, where, when, whether, whom, why等

I ask him where to get this book.（O.C.）

The question is which to choose.（P.）

能一以这种结构作宾语的动词有：know, see, show, tell, teach, wonder, imagine, understand, explain等

＊as attribute

不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词.

There is a lot of work to do.

He is the best man to consult with.

非谓语动词讲解

2009-07-02 14:48:56| 分类：英语学习| 标签：|字号大中小订阅

非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式，即：

doing , done , to do , doing 。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式，如：

现在分词doing : 有being done（被动式）; having done （完成式）; having been do

ne （完成被动式）

不定式to do : 有to be done （被动式）; to have done （完成式）; to be doing（进行式）

动名词doing : 有having done（完成式）; being done（被动式）;

非谓语动词的特点：三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征：分词具有形容词和副词的特征；动名词具有名词的特征；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲：分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等；不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。

掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：

1．“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。

agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,

equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to

2．带to 还是不带to

I have no choice but to give in

I cannot do anything but give in

I saw him enter the classroom .

（但是：He was seen to enter the classroom .）

3．动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .

It’s necessary for you to study hard .

It’s foolish of him to do it .

与of 连用的形容词有：

good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible

4．后接不定式作宾语的动词有：

want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.

需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .

5．不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to 。

want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , o

ught to , need to , used to , be able to

6．不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：

1）动宾关系：

He has a lot of meeting to attend .

Please lend me something to write with .

He is looking for a room to live

He is looking for a room to live in .

He has no money and no place

to live ( in ) .

I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .

There is no time to think ( about ) .

2）主谓关系：

She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .

----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )

-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )

7．不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：

1）原因

He is lucky to get here on time .

这种结构中常用的形容词有：

happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy

2) 目的

He came to help me with my maths .

3) 结果

I hurried to get there only to find him out .

The book is too hard for the boy to read .

He is old enough to go to school .

8 . 不定式作补足语

I saw him play in the street just now .

能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有：

see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice

注: 当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to , 如：

He was seen to play in the street just now.

二．动名词

Learning English is very difficult .学英语非常困难。

His job is driving a bus . 他的工作是开车。

I enjoy dancing .我喜欢跳舞。

I have got used to living in the country . 我已经习惯了住农村。

Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep . 吃点安眠药，你很快就会入睡。

注意以下几种结构：

1．There’s no telling what will happen .

=It’s impossible to tell what will happen .

= No one can tell what will happen .

2．It’s no use talking with him .

It’s no good speaking to them like that .

3．There’s some dif ficulty ( in ) doing …

在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:

trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time

注意以下几个问题：

1．下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，

forget to do …忘记要做某事

forget doing…忘记做了某事

remember to do…记住要做某事

remember doing …记着做了某事

mean to do …有意要做某事

mean doing …意味着做了某事

regret to do …对要做的事表示后悔

regret doing …对做过去的事后悔

can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing …情不自禁做某事

try to do …尽力去做某事

try doing 试着做某事

learn to do …学着去做某事

learn doing …学会做某事

stop to do …停下来去做（另一件事）

stop doing …停止做某事

go on to do …接着做（另外一件事）

go on doing …继续做某事

used to do …过去做某事

be used to doing …习惯做某事

2．动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别

动名词作定语表达n+ for doing 的含义

现在分词作定语表达n+which(who) be doing的含义

如：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping

a running horse = a horse which is running

前者是动名词，后者是现在分词

又如：drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy

3．动名词的逻辑主语：

动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。

例如：His coming made us very happy .

4．动名词的语态和时态

5．动名词主动形式表被动的情况：

need doing , want doing , require doing

例如：This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。

6．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：

admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,

三．分词

1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it .

这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。

2 . This is a moving film .

这是一部动人的电影。

3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president .

秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。

4. Given more time , I’ll do it well .

如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。

When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank .

当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。

应注意的几个问题：

1．现在分词与过去分词的区别

Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?

= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?

The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.

= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.

China is a developing country and America is a developed country.

2．分词作表语

The news sounds encouraging .

They got very excited .

1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：

The news is interesting .

He is interested in the news .

doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。

2）表语与被动式的区别：

The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（强调动作）

The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.（强调状态）

3）常作表语的过去分词：

amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done

3．现在分词、动名词现在进行时的区别

The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)

The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)

My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)

能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。

例如：How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .

What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .

4．注意的四种结构：

have something to do 有某事要做

have something done 使某事被做

have somebody do something 使某人做某事

have something doing 让某事一直做着

5．需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：

seat , prepare , hide , dress

如：I seated myself on the chair .

I was seated on the chair .

6．分词做状语与不定式的区别：

分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。

Having finished the homework , I went home . （时间）

Being a Party member , I should work hard . （原因）

Given more time ,I can do my work better . （条件）

He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. （伴随）

To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的)

He is old enough to join the army . （结果）

7．分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别

a running horse 现在分词= a horse that is running

a fallen leaf 过去分词= a leaf that has already fallen

a walking stick 动名词= a stick for walking

something to do 不定式= something that I should do

8．不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：

I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 将来)

The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . （正在进行）

The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . （过去）

9．分词做状语需要注意的一个问题：

分词与句子主语的逻辑关系

Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 错误)

Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . （正确）

Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系；seen 与city 是动宾关系

练习

I .单项选择

1.Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.

A. invited

B. to invite

C. being invited

D. inviting

2. ______ many times, but he still couldn’t un derstand it .

A. Having being told

B. Though had been told

C. He was told

D. Having told

3. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _____ on a big rock by the side of the path .

A.to have rested

B. testing

C. to rest

D. rest

4. The next morning she found the man ______ in bed , dead .

A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying

5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , _______ it more difficult .

A. to make

B. not to make

C. not making

D. to not make

6 . The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 B.C., did not include women plays until 1912 .

A.first playing

B.to be first played

C. first played

D. to be first playing

7 . ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting .

---- Well , now I regret ____________that .

A. to do

B. to be doing

C. to have done

D. having done

8 . The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with talks , _______ that he had enjoyed his stay here .

A. having added

B. to add

C. adding

D. added

9 . _______ a reply , he decided to write again .

A. Not receiving

B. Receiving not

C. Not having received

D. Having not received

10.The speaker raised his voice, but he still couldn’t make himself ________ .

A. hear

B. to hear

C. hearing

D. heard

Robert is said ___ ab road , but I don’t know what country be studied in .

to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

II . 用动词的正确形式填空

1. Little Tom should love ________ ( take ) to the theatre this evening .

2. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______ ( learn ) . He always works hard .

3. The computer centre , ______ ( open )last year , is very popular among the students in this school .

4. Go on _____( do ) the other exercise after you have finished this one .

5. How about two of us ______ ( take ) a walk down the garden .

答案：

I

1.A

2.C

3.C

4.A

5.B

6.C

7.D

8.C

9.C 10.D

II

1.to be taken ;

2.to learn ;

3.opened ;

4.to do ;

5.taking

高考非谓语动词考点难点归纳与突破

1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态;

2. 非谓语动词的否定式;

3. 不定式符号的省略及疑问结构;

4. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用;

5. -ing结构的各种形式及应用;

6. -ed结构在句中的不同用法;

7.非谓语动词作宾语,定语,表语等的辨析;

8.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等.

第一节不定式常考必记要点归纳

1. 下列动词或动词短语后接不定式:agree, seem, appear, offer, happen, wish, hope, pay, expect, long,

plan, intend, promise, pretend, decide, afford, manage, choose, be said to, would like to等.

2. 不定式常用的句型:too…to do (太……而不能), …enough to do…(够……就能……), so as to do/in order to do(为了……), so…as to do/such…as to do(如此……结果……).在这些常用句型中,注意so as to /in order to,前一个不能用于句首,而in order to既可放在句首,也可放在句尾.so…as to与such…as to的区别是:so后一般接形容词或副词,可数名词单数(so + adj.+ a/ an + n.)."such"后一般接可数名词复数,不可数名词和可数名词单数形式(such + a/an + adj. + n.).

3. 不定式的三个结构:即否定结构,复合结构和疑问结构.否定结构为"not (never) to do";疑问结构是特殊疑问词"how (what, which, who, whether…) to do";复合结构是"for/ of +名词(或代词宾格)+ to do ".

4. 不定式的三个时态形式和两个被动语态形式(可记忆为三时两语)

一般时to do to be done

完成时to have done to have been done

进行时to be doing

5.let/make/have/see/hear/notice/observe/listen to/look at/watch/feel 这些动词带不定式作宾补时,省掉to, 若这些动词以被动形式出现时,应加上to.动词help后面作宾补的不定式可省略to,也可加to.例:I saw him go upstairs. 被动形式是: He was seen to go upstairs.

6.当前面是the first, the second, the last, need, plan, time, chance, right, determination, ability, opportunity(机会),way时,一般用不定式作定语.例如:

A) It is time to get up. (该起床了.)

B) He didn't have a chance to go to school before liberation.(解放前,他没有机会去上学.)

7. but/except + to do/ do 结构,要根据谓语动词来确定其后面的形式.当谓语动词是do, does, did时,but后用动词原形;谓语动词是其他动词时,but后用"to + 动词原形"的形式.

8. 不定式的逻辑主语要与主语保持一致

To study a foreign language, practice is needed. 这个句子逻辑主语不一致,应改为:To study a foreign language, one needs practice. 学习外语需要操练.

9. 形容词后一般用不定式(除busy, worth 两个外)例如:

A) You are sure to succeed. (你一定能成功.)

B) I'm sorry to have given you a lot of trouble.(对不起,给你带来那么多麻烦.)

C) He is busy preparing his lessons at present. (他现在正忙于预习功课.)

10. 不定式作定语和表语时,有时需要在后面放上一个适当的介词.

A) This is a bench to sit on.(这是用来坐的凳子.)

B) This room is comfortable to live in. (这个房间住起来很舒适.)

11. 在"主语+系动词+adj.+不定式"这个句型中,当主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式不用被动,不能在动词后再放宾语.例:

The question is easy to answer. (question是answer的宾语,不能说:The question is easy to be answered. 也不能说:The question is easy to answer it .)

12. 不定式的动词与前面的动词一致时,可以省掉该动词,但to 不能省掉;其后如是be 或have等词时,一般不能省.

第二节动名词常考必记要点归纳

1. 以下动词和动词短语后只能接动名词:

常用动词:finish, mind, suggest, keep, enjoy, practice, consider, excuse, miss, escape, resist, allow, permit, imagine, risk, delay, forbid, appreciate, understand

动词短语:give up, insist on, look forward to, it is (no )good (use, harm), object to(反对),get down to, devote oneself to, spend…doing, prevent…(from)…, waste…doing, have (no) difficulty (in) doing, stick to ,keep…from, stop…from

2. 接不定式,动名词意义不同的动词和结构:

stop to do/stop doing 停下来做……/ 停止做…….

remember to do/remember doing 记住要去做……/ 记得曾做过……

forget to do/forget doing 忘记去做……/ 忘记曾做过……

try to do/try doing 努力(尽力)做……/ 试着做……

regret to do/regret doing 遗憾地去做……/ 后悔做过……

mean to do/mean doing 打算做……/ 意味着做……

want to do/want doing 想做……/ 需要被做……

go on to do/go on doing 接着做另一件事/ 接着做未做完的同一事

like to do/like doing 喜欢做……(非经常性)/ 喜欢做(指习惯,爱好).

feel like doing/would like to do 想做……/(要做……)

set about doing/set out to do 开始做……

prefer doing/prefer to do 喜欢做……

prefer + doing to + doing

would rather + do than + do 宁愿……而不愿

prefer to + do rather than + do

used to + do 过去经常做……

be used to + do 被用来做……

be/get used to doing 养成做……习惯

can't help (to) + do 不能帮助做……

can't help doing 止不住地做……

can't help but + do 不得不

cannot choose but +do=cannot but do

3. 动名词的两个结构(即否定结构和复合结构),否定结构是not +动名词;

复合结构是:代词宾格(形容词性物主代词) + 动名词

名词(名词所有格)

注:该结构置于句首时(作主语),只能用括号中间的结构.作宾语两者均可.

例:1) They felt sorry for not arriving in time. (没能及时到达,他们感到很抱歉.)

2) Do you mind my /me opening the window (我打开窗你介意吗)

3) Our going there is allowed. (我们获准去那里.)【注意在句首不能用us】

发生在谓语前完成式having done having been done

发生在谓语后等一般式doing being done

4. 动名词的时态和语态

5. 动词need, want, require后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义(= to be + 过去分词).例:The baby wants washing. (= to be washed)

6. 在worth后用动名词主动形式,在worthy后用动名词被动形式.

例:The film is worth seeing. =The film is worthy of being seen. =The film is worthy to be seen.

7. to后接动词时,to是不定式符号,应该接原形动词,to是介词应要接动名词.这一点一定要判断清楚.在"get down to开始做……;look forward to…盼望……;stick to…坚持做……;lead to…导致……;devote oneself to…献身于……;to be devoted to …献身于……;pay attention to …注意……;object to 反对做…… "中,to都是介词,其后面应该接动名词.

8. 介词后一般接动名词.in doing …在做……过程中;on doing …一……就……;before doing …在做……之前;after doing …在做……之后;without doing 没做……

第三节分词常考必记要点归纳

1. 现在分词和过去分词的用法区别.它们的用法主要是根据动词是及物还是不及物来确定,不及物动词根据动作完成的程度,及物动词根据语态来确定.列表如下:

2. 分词的两个结构

否定结构:not + 分词

例如:Not having known his address, I didn't write to him.

复合结构(独立主格结构)有两种形式:

(1)名词(代词主格)+分词(只作状语)

(2)with+名词(代词宾格)+分词(作状语或定语)

例:1) The day's work done, they went home. 他们做完一天的工作就回家了.

2) He sat there with his feet pointing to others. 他坐在那儿把脚指向别人.

3. 现在分词的时态和语态形式,以动词do为例列表如下:

先发生完成式having been done (已被) Having done

同时/ 后发生一般式being done(正在被) doing

注:①现在分词完成时态的被动结构有时等于一个过去分词(即having been done = done).

②现在分词的完成时态不能作表语,定语和宾补,只放在状语的位置上.

③现在分词一般时态的被动结构(being + v.-ed)表示"正在被"之意,而在动名词中只表示被动.

4. "使……怎么样"之类的动词(amuse, astonish, excite, frighten, interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify, worry),它们的ing形式表示主动,而过去分词表示被动.一般情况下"人"用过去分词,"物"用ing形式.

5. 分词和不定式都作状语,其区别是分词作状语表示时间,原因,条件,伴随,方式和说明,而不定式表示目的和结果,关键是体会句意之间关系.

例 1.Their grandfather lived the liberation of China.(to see/ seeing)

___2.__in Beijing, I visited many historic spots. (To stay/ Staying)

6. 独立主格结构放在句首不能误当成并列句,分词作状语放在句末不能误当成并列谓语.

There being no buses, we had to walk home.

The students worked in the fields, _____. (laughed and talked, /laughing and talking).

7. 为了使概念更明确,在分词前可以用when, while, if, once, unless, as if, than, as这些连词.例I will go if invited (= if I am invited).

8. 常用几个动词的结构及意义

Want+doing(表示被动)/want sth to be done(表示被动)

want sb to do (表示主动)

Make sth done(表示被动)/make sb. do(表示主动)

Have sth+to do(有……可做)

+sb+do (叫某人做…)

+sth+ done(叫别人做…)

+sb+doing(让……一直做……)

Get sb to do(叫……马上做……)

sth done叫(别人)做……= have sth done _

sb to do(叫某人做……)/ doing_

Catch +宾语+doing (看见某人在做……)

9. seat/ dress这两个动词后如有宾语用现在分词,反之用过去分词.include/ consider这两个动词如果放在名词之前用现在分词,名词之后用过去分词.missing/remaining作"丢失的"和"剩下的"讲,只有现在分词形式;left作"剩下的"讲只能放名词后或代词后.例如:We went there, including our boss. / We went there, our boss included.

10. 一些只用现在分词形式的固定结构:

generally/ seriously speaking, judging from (by)…

但to tell the truth, to be sure, to be exact 要用不定式.

11.spoken English 是"英语口语",而English-speaking是"讲英语的…"后面一般接名词,它是个形容词.

12. open作形容词用是"开着的",而"关着的"是closed. 形容词close 是指"距离",不是"关着的"意思.

He used to sleep with all the windows open.

比较:He used to sleep with all the windows closed.

13. 几组易错的现在分词,过去分词

lie vi. lay lain lying 躺lie v. lied lied lying 撒谎lay vi. laid laid laying 放;下蛋

found vt. founded founded 成立find vt. found found 发现

Wind wound wound 盘旋蜿蜒Wound wounded wounded 受伤

rise vi rose risen 上升raise vt. raised raised 上升

fall vi. fell fallen 落下feel vt. felt felt 摸;感觉

hang vi hung hung 悬挂hang vt. hanged hanged 绞死

light vt. lit (一般作谓语) light lighted (作定语) 燃着的

burn vt. /vi burnt 烧焦的, burning 正在燃烧的