联合国组织机构

联合国的组织机构

1、联合国：The United Nations

联合国（英文缩写：UN）是一个由主权国家组成的国际组织，成立于第二次世界大战结束后的1945年，致力于促进各国在国际法、国际安全、经济发展、社会进步、人权、公民自由、政治自由、民主及实现持久世界和平方面的合作。总部设立在美国纽约, 现在共有193个成员国。

The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose stated aims include promoting and facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, political freedoms, democracy, and the achievement of lasting world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II with its Headquarters in New York City, and there are now 193.member states.

2、安理会the United Nations Security Council

联合国安全理事会是联合国的六大主要机构之一。根据《联合国宪章》的宗旨及原则，安理会负有维持国际和平与安全的责任，是唯一有权采取强制行动的联合国机构，其中五大国有安理会否决权。安理会由5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成,5个常任理事国是中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国、美国。

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions(制裁), and the authorization of military action. Its powers are exercised through United Nations Security Council resolutions(决议). There are 15 members of the Security Council. This includes five veto-wielding permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

3、联大：The United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly(UNGA/GA) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.

4、秘书处（联合国秘书处）：The United Nations Secretariat

秘书处，是联合国的六个主要机构之一，由秘书长及办事人员组成，从事各种日常工作，为其他主要机构服务，并执行这些机构指定的方案与政策。秘书长是联合国的行政首长，由大会根据安全理事会推荐任命，任期五年，可以连任。

The United Nations Secretariat is one of the principal organs of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization charged with the promotion of aiding states to collectively maintain international peace and security. The Secretariat is composed of a Secretary General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. It services the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programs and policies laid down by them. The Secretariat carries out myriad(无数的)duties ranging from the administration of peacekeeping operations to making surveys/studies about different countries' economic and social

trends.

5、国际法院：International Court of Justice, ICJ

国际法院（International Court of Justice, ICJ），又称为国际法庭，是联合国的司法裁决机构，根据《国际法院规约》于1946年2月成立，位于荷兰海牙。国际法院的主要功能是对各国所提交的案件做出有法律约束力的仲裁，或在联合国大会及联合国安理会的请求下提供咨询性司法建议。它还可以审理涉嫌违反国际法的案件。

The International Court of Justice（commonly referred to as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial(司法的)branch of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized(经正式授权的)international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.

6、经社理事会：Economic and Social Council--ECOSOC联合国经济和社会理事会

联合国经济和社会理事会是协调14个联合国专门机构、10个职司委员会和5个区域委员会的经济、社会和相关工作的主要机构，是《联合国宪章》规定的联合国6个主要机构之一。它有54名成员组成，于每年7月举行为期四周的会议。

The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations. It is responsible for coordinating the economic, social and related work of 14 UN specialized agencies, their functional commissions and five regional commissions（委员会）. ECOSOC has 54 members; it holds four-week session each year in July.

The United Nations Trusteeship Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust territories—most of them former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II. The last was Palau, formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which became a member state of the United Nations in December 1994.

以上是联合国的组成。

以下是联合国重要组织：

8联合国教科文组织：UNESCO（United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization）联合国教育、科学及文化组织是联合国专门机构之一，简称联合国教科文组织。该组织1946年成立，总部设在法国巴黎。其宗旨是促进教育、科学及文化方面的国际合作，以利于各国人民之间的相互了解，维护世界和平。

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations . It was founded in 1945 with its headquarters in Paris of France, and there are now 195member states. Its purpose is to promote international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to maintain the mutual understanding between the people of the world and the world peace and security.

9、国际货币基金组织International Monetary Fund （IMF）

国际货币基金组织是根据1944年7月在布雷顿森林会议签订的《国际货币基金协定》，于1945年12月27日在华盛顿成立的国际组织。其职责是监察货币汇率和各国贸易情况，提供技术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常。其总部设在华盛顿。与世界银行同时成立、并列为世界两大金融机构之一。

The International Monetary Fund is an international organization that was initiated in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and formally created in 1945 by 29 member countries. Its functions are to oversee the exchange rate and trade between countries and to provide short-term capital to its member. Its headquarters are in Washington of United States.

international financial institution loans developing countries for capital programs. It was founded in 1944with its headquarters in Washington, D.C., U.S.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty ,and it comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).

11、世界银行集团The World Bank Group (WBG)

世界银行集团（英语：World Bank Group，缩写WBG）是一个包含有5个国际组织的集团，其总部在美国华盛顿特区。世界银行集团成立今天它的任务是“终结极度贫困，促进共享繁荣”。[世界银行集团由5个机构组成，分别是：国际复兴开发银行，国际开发协会，国际金融公司，多边投资担保机构，国际投资争端解决中心。

The World Bank Group is a family of five international organizations that make loans to poor countries. It is the largest and most famous development bank in the world .The bank’s headquarter is in Washington, D.C. and its missions are to reduce poverty and promote economic development. It comprises five institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

12、世界卫生组织

世界卫生组织（简称世卫组织或世卫）是联合国属下的专门机构，国际最大的公共卫生组织，总部设于瑞士日内瓦。世界卫生组织的宗旨是使全世界人民获得尽可能高水平的健康。世界卫生组织的主要职能包括：促进流行病和地方病的防治；提供和改进公共卫生，疾病医疗和有关事项的教学与训练；推动确定生物制品的国际标准。截至2005年5月，世界卫生组织组织共有193个成员国。现任总干事为来自香港的陈冯富珍。

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Its purpose is to enable the people of the world to get a high health level, and its main functions include: prevention and control on epidemic diseases, the provision and improvement of public health, education and training of medical and related matters. Until May 2005, there are 193 members and the current director general is Chen Feng fuzhen from Hong Kong.

13、世界贸易组织：The World Trade Organization (WTO)

世界贸易组织（简称世贸组织或世贸）是负责监督成员经济体之间各种贸易协议得到执行的一个国际组织，前身是1948年开始实施的关税及贸易总协定的秘书处,正式成立于1995年。世贸总部位于瑞士日内瓦，截至2013年，世界贸易组织共有159个成员。它是各成员贸易立法的监督者，是就贸易进行谈判和解决争端的场所，是当代最重要的国际经济组织之一，其成员间的贸易额占世界贸易额的绝大多数，被称为“经济联合国”。

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on 1 January 1995, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT), which commenced in 1948. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution according to WTO agreements.

14、国际红十字会：I nternational C ommittee of the R ed C ross, ICRC

红十字国际委员会是总部设于瑞士日内瓦的人道主义机构。其成立于1863年，三次获得诺贝尔奖。根据《日内瓦公约》以及习惯国际法的规定，国际社会赋予红十字国际委员会独一无二的地位，保护国内和国际性武装冲突的受难者。这些受难者包括战伤者、战俘、难民、平民和其他非战斗员。

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland and a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate. According to Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, international community h as given the ICRC a mandate (授权)to protect victims of international and internal armed conflicts. Such victims include war wounded, prisoners, refugees, civilians, and other non-combatants.

以下是地区组织：

15、欧盟： European Union（EU）

欧洲联盟是一个集政治实体和经济实体于一身的区域一体化组织。其总部设在比利时首都布鲁塞尔，是由欧洲共同体发展而来。1993年，《马斯特里赫特条约》正式生效，欧盟正式诞生。欧盟在贸易、农业、金融等方面趋近于一个统一的联邦国家，而在内政、国防、外交等其他方面则类似一个独立国家所组成的同盟。现拥有28个会员国。2012年，欧盟获得诺贝尔和平奖。它由欧盟委员会，欧洲中央银行，欧洲议会等机构组成。他的货币是欧元。The European Union(EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.It was officially founded in 1993 with its headquarters in Brussels of Belgium . Institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the European Parliament. EU aims to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional

In U.S. politics, a government shutdown is the name for the process the Executive Branch（行政部门）must enter into, when the Congress creates a "funding gap"（资金缺口）by choosing not to or failing to pass legislation（立法）funding government operations and agencies. If interim（临时的，暂时的）or full-year appropriations（拨款；挪用）are not enacted （vt. 颁布；制定法律；扮演；发生）into law, the United States Constitution（美国宪法）and the Antideficiency Act（法案）require the federal government begins a "shutdown" of the affected activities. Programs that are funded by laws other than annual appropriations acts (like Social Security) also may be affected by a funding gap.

The United States federal government shutdown of 2013 ran from September 30 to October 16, 2013. The primary issue of dispute between the Republican-controlled House of Representatives and the Democratic Senate was the Republicans' desire to delay or defund the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), signed into law in 2010.A bill to end the shutdown and fund federal agencies through Jan. 15, 2014, passed the Senate and the House and was signed into law on Oct. 17, 2013.