长难句讲解

第二部分考研英语长难句解析

一、考研英语长难句之定语从句

一、定语从句

定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。

例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)

例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.

例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.

例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.

例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.

二、考研英语长难句之倒装句

倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。

倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。

只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。

英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。

例1Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.

例2This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

注意：调整语序，加强语气。

以There be引出的倒装句

a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district.

b. There exist many problems among the present day students.

c. There appears to be a man in black in the distance.

以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句

a. Here come the rest of the party.

b. Now comes your turn.

c. Then followed the discovery of a new compoun

d.

d. Next came Edward with his wif

e.

以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句

a. At the school gate stood a guard.

b. Under the tree are sitting some students.

c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten.

主语为代词时，不用倒装

Behind the counter he stood.

Behind the counter stood a man with glasses.

以表方位的副词引出的倒装句

a. Up went the arrow into the air.

b. Down fell a dozen apples.

c. Off went the horse.

not短语置于句首

a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact.

b. Not a moment did she waste on campus.

c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best frien

d.

d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructiv

e.

no短语置于句首

a. By no means should he be left alone.

b. In no way are can we allow this to continue.

c. In no case are you to leave your post.

d. On no account should we follow blindly.

e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy.

f. No longer are they staying with us.

g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions.

only置于句首

a. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.

b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak.

c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.

比较状语从句中的倒装

a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England.

b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position.

c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the

material.

让步状语从句中的倒装

a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller.

b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago, is a

relatively simple device.

c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didn’t understan

d.

d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you.

e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.

f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.

三、考研英语长难句之被动语态

1.变为汉语的主动形式

e.g. In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.

e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

e.g. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.

2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是…的”，“由…的”等。

e.g. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.

e.g. This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Y unnan.

3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。

e.g. For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.

e.g. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.

e.g. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.

e.g. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。

e.g. With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.

e.g. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

e.g. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

四、考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构

1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause

注意：先翻从句部分，再翻形容词/名词部分。

a. So it is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations, when parents and children

give up on one another, when friendships falter at the first injury, for thus we forfeit a great work of art——the long love.

b. It is thus no exaggeration that Americans have taken to mechanical cooling avidly and

greedily.

c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as

a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of

millions.

2. It is + adjective + infinitive to

注意：先翻不定式部分，再翻形容词部分。

a. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified

teacher or nurse marry after a year of two and be lost forever to her profession.

b. It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages.

c. It is difficult for us to over-praise the book.

3. It is + past participle + that-clause

注意：先翻过去分词部分，再翻从句部分。

a. It is reported that Sadam Hussein was betrayed by his janissary.

b. It is said that

c. It is believed that

d. It is rumored that

e. It is estimated that

f. It is known that

g. It is argued that

五、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构

英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:..but also, either …or或neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。

例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be me

asured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)

例2Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(1998年真题)

例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner ofworking; but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。(1993年真题)

六、考研英语长难句之分割结构

分割结构是英语表达中经常出现的一种句法，其作用是保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻或为了语义严密，结构紧凑，将语法关系密切的两个句子成分(如主语和谓语)用其他句子成分分隔开来。英语的分隔必须遵循两点：①尾重原则，即把长而复杂的成分放在句末；②句尾信息焦点原则，即把新信息、语义重点放在句尾。

例1 In the Middle Ages widespread use was made of arguments from analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the microcosmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.

例2 And numerous experiments have shown once the concept of self is changed, other things consistent with the new concept of self are accomplished easily and without strain.

分清否定形式，注意双重否定含义。

七、考研英语长难句之否定结构

A: 部分否定partial negation

常用词有代词或副词：all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, weathered, always, often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”

Both of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of them is my brother.”

All is not gold that glitters = not all is gold that glitters.

Every man cannot do it = not every man can do it

I don’t remember all these formulas.

This kind of tree is not found everywhere.

The rich are not always happy.

Every couple is not a pair.

B: 转移否定

a. 否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语

Everybody cannot enjoy pop music. (not everyone)

b. 否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语

The cloth does not feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft.

I don’t agr ee with all of you. (some of you)

I don’t like both of the books. (I like not both of them.)

c. 否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语

He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly)

I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself.)

The students did not sit there listening to the teacher.

d. 在not…and 结构中，否定的往往是and 后的部分，但否定词not往往否定谓语。

The house is not big and comfortable.

The house is not big, but comfortable.

The house is not big or comfortable.

He doesn’t speak Russian and French.

D on’t drink and drive.

We can’t put on airs and make people like us.

正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。

a. I don’t know anything about her.（一无所知）

I don’t know everything about her.（并不全知道）

b. None of the answers are right.（都不正确）

All the answers are not right. (并非都正确)

c. I don’t know any of them.（全不认识）

I don’t know all of them.（并非都认识）

C: 双重否定，意义肯定

双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。

No one can command others who can’t comm and himself.

There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness.

There are no roses without thorns.

Y ou can’t make s omething out of nothing.

W hat’s done can’t be undone.

Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new.

※可用于表示双重否定的词有

no…not, no (not)…without, no...but, cannot but + v, cannot help + v-ing, without doubt, without fail, cannot help + v, without exception, nothing less but, (正是) none but （除…外，…别无）no one but (除了…外，没有别人) none too（一点也不）have no alternative /choice but to do (除...，别无选择), There is no doubt that…, There is no denying that…, There is no question that..., not seldom, not infrequently, not unlike, not displeased

※We cannot but read books to enrich ourselves.

We cannot help admiring his courage.

I can’t help but feel sorry for her.

D: 几乎否定

几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有：

little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom,

This problem has been little studied.

He little realized the danger he was in.

She is barely right.

I seldom got any sleep last night.

Scarcely anything remains to be said.

E: 形式否定，意义肯定

英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。

a. cannot …to o，越…..越…, 无论怎样…..也不过分

(I t’s impossible to overdo it. The more..., the more…)

在此结构中，cannot可改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too也可改为over + v, enough, sufficient 等

You cannot be too cautious.

You can hardly praise him too much.

A man can never have too many friends.

Ne wton’s contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated.

He can’t see you quickly enough.

(He desires to see you as soon as possible.)

※cannot wait to do (eager to do)

I cannot wait to read your new book.

I cannot wait to see her.

b. no（nobody）… but 都，没有….不，只有….才

There is no man but has his faults.

There is no rule but has exception.

Nobody reads the book but will be moved.

There exists no man but has an enemy.

这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that, which, who does/ will/ have not.

※注意句子结构

No one believes that he will succeed.

No one believes but he will succeed.

There is no one who knows him.

There is no one but knows him.

There is no man that errs.

There is no man but errs.

You will not find the answer but (that) you study it thoroughly.

But 为否定含义

c. never (not)…. but (that) 每当…总是…, 没有哪次不是……

I never see you but think of my mother.

It never rains but it pours.

Never a day passed but brought us good news.

He will not be angry but that he is offended.

d. nothing but, none but 仅仅，只，只有…才

nothing but 后接非指人的名词，none but 后接指人的名词，与nothing other than同义意为“仅仅，只有…才”

We can see nothing but water.

We found none but an old man in the room.

None but me knew what happened.

None but a fool would do such a thing.

You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia.

e. noting else than(仅仅，完全)

His failure was due to noting else than his own carelessness.

f. no (none)other than正是, 仅仅是,

This is no other than the book we want to buy.

She is none other than my adviser.

g. more often than not, as often as not常常, 往往

During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not.

As often as not, he gets up late.

※as likely as not=很有可能

She will forget all about it as likely as not.

h. 否定词+ 比较级（相当于最高级）

I cannot agree with you more.

C.f. I cannot agree with you any more.

He could not feel better.

The film cannot be better.

He wants nothing more than time.

Nothing is more precious than health.

i. 否定词+ without

There is no smoke without fire.

He believed，not without reason, that the project will be a success.

j. no otherwise than 只是，仅仅

He is no otherwise afraid than of his father. (nobody but….)

He does no otherwise than fool around all day. (do nothing but)

在有些句子结构中，谓语动词肯/否，句意不变。

I wonder if he can（not）help you in your work.

I don’t know whether he has (no) friends here (or not).

F: 形式肯定，意义否定

a. more than…can =cannot 简直不、无法，难以

The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.

This is more than I can tell.

b. more than one can help 尽量不，绝对不

This is more than I can help.

c. more A than B, 是A不是B，与其说是B，不如说是A。

在此结构中，A和B 必须是同一比较的对象。

c.f. He is taller than his sister. (比较级)

He is more brave than wise.

He is more a scientist than a writer.

d. anything but, 绝对不，根本不是，一点也不

The draw bridge is anything but safe.

He is anything but a scholar.

e. may/ might as well 这不如（最好）

I t’s still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.

f. 动词或动词短语引起的否定意义

miss, deny, lack, refuse, escape, resist, reject, decline, doubt, wonder, give up, to say nothing of, not to mention, turn a deaf ear to, lose sight of, let alone, leave alone,

g. 形容词引起的否定

far from, free from/of, safe from, short of, ignorant of, wanting of, reluctant to, immune to, exempt from,

h. 介词，介词短语

past, above, beyond, without, instead of, in vain, in the dark, at a loss, but for, in spite of

i. 副词短语引起的否定

much less, still less, let alone, by no means, in no way, no longer, no more, on no account, under no circumstances, in vain, not …at a ll, not …in the least

※before 可以表示否定含义

The bird flew away before he shot.

He got up before the moon set down.

He would die before he betrayed his county.

Another week passed before he knew it.

She was handcuffed before she knew it.

八、考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之指示代词

例：见2000-2005年真题

九、考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之省略句型

例：参见平行结构

十、考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之比较结构1．more…than …/not more …than …

2．less… than…/not less… than…

3．as much…as…/not so much…as…

4．no more than…/no less than…

5、hardly more than/ hardly less than…

6、hardly any more than…/hardly any less than…