研究生英语阅读教程(基础班第二版)第十四课A 小冰箱蕴藏着人类生存的大乾坤

研究生英语阅读教程(基础班第二版)第十四课A 小冰箱蕴藏着人类生存的大乾坤
研究生英语阅读教程(基础班第二版)第十四课A 小冰箱蕴藏着人类生存的大乾坤

第+四课A 小冰箱蕴藏着人类生存的大乾坤

阿普特里· 罗登

[l]为什么冰箱的体积增长和日趋复杂只发生在美国?而没有在世界上其他技术发达地区出现(西德冰箱平均一码高,宽不到一码,然而西德的冰箱制造技术是相当先进的)。我们是否真的需求(或是渴求)那些空间和冰冷?

[2]大冰箱的好处是显而易见的:节省时间(一周一次购物之旅取代了一周数次),节约金钱(能更大量、廉价地购买昂贵、易腐烂的食品),安全感(如果汽车抛锚或是闹饥荒,冰箱内却满满当当的)。也有代价,只是不那么明显。

[3]首要的代价是心理的。自从冰箱开始变得越来越大,食物就越来越为我们囤积而非食用。极少家庭会每天去市场买当天食用的面包。荒野中的吗哪’人们一次只能采集一天的用量。自古人们就讨厌把食物当作贮备,这一点也得到许多现代精神病学家的赞同,他们认为像过度肥胖这样的身心紊乱常常是由于病人无法接受生命之短暂这一基本事实所导致的。尽管对于过度肥胖与冰箱大小之间的关系尚没有太多的研究,但我们仍怀疑它们之间有关系。

[4]其次是审美观的。在欧洲大部分地方,杂货市场仍然是日常生活的一部分,你可以买到西红柿、葛芭等。许多欧洲家庭的冰箱都不大,只是用于存放儿天小食品(鸡蛋、牛奶、黄油等),而购买大宗食品存储在冰箱里的观念尚不为人广泛接受。由于新鲜农产品在欧洲很平常,大部分人每天都买。这又让人联想到大冰箱令我们付出的另一个代价:

友好的社区店。在美国,时间就是金钱。大冰箱就意味着少去儿次杂货店,少儿次耗时的购物。拥有深低温冰箱的家庭可以一个月只去一两次杂货店。自从采购次数日趋减少,大部分人情愿放弃街角小店的便利,而倾向于大型超市便宜的价格。

[5]如果冰箱不这么大― 换言之,如果去杂货店采购是日常生活的一部分― “在更小、更亲近的环境中购买新鲜的农产品,这种额外的消遣”也许就重要了。但事实上,从农夫布朗2 那里买来的鸡蛋和从超市买来的鸡蛋并没有太大区别,尽管超市的鸡蛋是从日产20 万个鸡蛋的洛杉矶禽蛋公司买来的,那里的鸡被关在巨大的厂房里,人工控制日夜,18 小时为一天,鸡蛋产量为普通的1 . 5 倍― 创门是特殊方式饲养的鸡,死得早且精神有问题。如果你不介意吃精神病鸡的鸡蛋就没有什么大的区别。

[6]记下农夫布朗夫妇的故事作为大冰箱的第四个代价。个体农民在大冰箱和超市大行其市的社会很难谋生;大农场主、超级产量、杀虫剂则取而代之。(代价五)

[7]大冰箱带来的第六个代价是各个地区特色食品间的差异缩小。当然,美国食物的同化并不能仅仅归咎于冷冻食物的出现。可是不管怎样,要不是各地的特色菜都逐步在变成冷冻食物,我们还可以在离家近的地方体味到新奇食品。

[8]不再赘述大冰箱带来的问题。小冰箱有哪些好处呢?首先,它帮助我们“从小处着手”,如果罗马俱乐部研究小组可怕的预言(《增长的极限》)是真的,这一点我们是无论如何都要学的。冰箱小型化

的出现将会为颠覆随大冰箱应运而生的“做强做大”的思想提供舞台。

[9]伊凡· 伊利斯在《快乐的工具》中指出:我们使用的任何工具(汽车、统一的公共教育、公共医疗体制、冰箱)都影响着个体及其所处的社会,以及二者之间的关系。个体的汽车是他身份的一部分。一般情况下,大众汽车用户与卡迪拉克用户有很多不同的特点(收入、年龄、职业)。美国的停车场多过公园,街道都是棋盘式的,而不是弯弯曲曲的,因此要是没有私家车,美国社会会变得截然不同。相似的结论可以从我们使用的任何工具中得到。它们改变了我们,改变了我们的社会。因此,在决定用何种工具完成一项特定任务之前我们有必要好好想想。那些被伊利斯称为“令人不快乐”的、会主宰人类的工具我们要不要?

[10]电话是一种“令人快乐的工具”,至今仍然受到人类控制;它没有侵犯社会或是个人。年复一年,越来越高效,却也没有妨碍其他沟通方式(书信、登门造访)。没有电话,世界也许将变得比较乏味,但不会带来巨大的不同。电话不会污染环境,不是身份的象征,与个人自我形象间的关系(即便是有的话)儿乎可以忽略不计。

[11]那么冰箱呢?或者回归到更根本的问题,冰箱只是这个问题的部分答案:我们的食物供给呢?我们什么时候决定把令人苦恼的饥荒威胁从共有的团体生活问题(社会结构层面:农场一市场一家庭)转化为个人的(储存)问题?我们怎么会接受超市冷藏室取出的大冻块来取代供给渠道多样、富有光泽、气味新鲜和口感上乘的新鲜蔬果?

[12]选择大型的冰箱与食物供给渠道从高度多样化的“小道”(从

小农场到附近的市场)到统一、标准的高速公路(从大农场到市中心的超市)的变化是相符合的。人们需求的是快速便捷的餐饮,而非奢华丰盛的警餐盛宴。烹饪技术己经让步给效率,让步给大型冰箱的效率。

[13〕人们天生倾向于毁灭美好的东西。批量生产是人类的福音,可是它对于同质性的依赖使得它不可能成为人类生活各个领域的典范。我们的父辈和同辈们儿乎可以批量生产世界上所有的东西。一个同样富有挑战性的任务摆在我们眼前:决定世界上哪些东西应该批量生产,而批量生产的标准会如何影响我们珍视的其他标准。

[14]房子可以批量生产吗?教育呢?食物呢?让我们回到冰箱。一个人如何决定购买多大的冰箱?这不仅仅是食物储存的问题,还要考虑到一个人的生活、社会、世界。

[15]关于大规模生产的物品,类似的问题问得越多,大规模生产就将不再会是一个问题,而将是一大幸事。随着成本不单以耗费的金钱和节省的时间来衡量,而从获得的整体财富来考虑,或许小型的冰箱会又一次大受欢迎。某些“技术进步”的道路上后退一小步可能是人类进步的一大步,而且是我们这个时代理所应当能够迈出的一大步。

注释

1 .吗哪:《圣经》故事中古代以色列人在荒野中所得的天赐食物。

2 .农夫布朗:泛指所有农夫。

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