托业语法自我总结小专题

一、 between用于三者的情况

在下列情况，between 可用于三者

1. 当两个以上的人或物用 and 连接时

between A, B and C 在 A、B、C 之间

2. 涉及事物之间的区别或各国之间的关系时

the difference between the three of them 他们三者之间的区别

the relations between various countries 各国之间的关系

3. 表示“由于…合作的结果”时

Between them they landed the fish. 他们协力把鱼拖上了岸。

4. 在 divide, share 等表示“分享”之类的动词之后，若接一个表示三者或三者以上的复数名词时，用 among 和between 均可

He divided his money among [between] his five sons. 他把钱分给了 5 个儿子。

二、

be popular with受……欢迎更多人会用be popular with

例如：Loud music is more popular with young people than with old.

be popular to意思和be popular with差不多，但是用法上有点区别

例如：If you want to impress your peers (friends) it is generally more popular to show them , (to do this, to say, usage with the verb to be) your cool rDVD collection

更确切的讲

be popular to 是指相对于某些东西or人来讲会更流行or 出名

be popular with是指同某些东西or人来讲一样流行or出名

三、：in the tree和on the tree译成汉语都是“在树上”

之意，但所表示的含义是不一样的。in the tree多指外界的事物或人在树上，而非树木自身所长；而on the tree则多指树自身所有，长在树上的东西。请辨明：

树上有一些鸟。

正：There are some birds in the tree.

树上（长）有许多又大、又红的苹果。

正：There are many big, red apples on the tree.

四、方位介词的区别

1. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如：

Taiwan is in the southeast of China.

2. to表示A地在B地范围之外，即二者之间有距离间隔。如：

Japan lies to the east of China.

3. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如：

North Korea is on the east of China

英语方位词 (一)in the east 与 on the east的区别

1．in the east表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如：

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

太阳从东边升起，从西边落下。

The Great Wall begins in the east from the Shanghaiguan Pass and ends at the Jiayuguan Pass in the west.

长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关。

2．on the east表示某事物位于另一事物所朝的方向。这里的方向是相对而言的。如： China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。

The United States faces the Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west. 美国东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。

(二) in (to，on，at) the east of

1．要表示A在B的东部，即：A在B的范围之内时就用"A is in the east of B"，如： Japan is in the east of Asia.日本在亚洲东部。

Italy is in the south of Europe.意大利在欧洲南部。

2．如果A在B的东方，即：A在B的范围之外，且相隔有

一定的距离，就用"A lies to the east of B".口语中有时可将to the省去。如：

Japan lies (to the) east of China.日本位于中国东方。

France lies (to the) east of England.法国位于英国东方。

3．如果A在B的东边(侧)，即：A与B相邻接。就用"A is on the east of B". 如： Guangdong is on the south of Hunan.广东在湖南南边。

Shangdong is on the north of Jiangsu.山东在江苏北边。

4．如果把方位词当作一个整体看，或是看成一点，就用"A is at the east of B" 如: There was a big battle at the north of the Liaodong Peninsula.

在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。

5．如果要表示“A位于B东面100公里处”时我们既可以说"A lies l00km to the east of B"，也可以说"A lies 100km east of B". 后者在美国口语中更为常见。如：The plane crashed 30 miles south of the city.飞机在离城南30英里处坠毁。 Suzhou lies 50 miles to the west of Shanghai.苏州位于上海西面50英里处。

介词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳：

一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在…旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。

She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。

After supper she would sit down by the

fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春）晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。

注：有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass 等连用。

As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。

二、by+时间名词。意为：“到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three

o`clock等。

By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春）到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。

The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。

三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。

1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by the

pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。

2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area 等。

As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知，行李的运费是按重量计算的。

3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变

复数）。意为：“通过…，由…，乘…”。如by

train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。（on foot)

It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，公路比较快。

“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢？”

4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“靠…，通过…，由…所致”。如：by

skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chan ce/accident;by

mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/mach ine等。

Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by

luck.(NMET2002阅读）虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找，但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气，找到了它。

I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手

工织的，而不是机器织的。

5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径，意为：“通过（某物、某地），取道…”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。

The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。

6、by+动词—ing.意为：“通过…，靠…，凭…”。如：by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。

Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。

四、by+数量词。

1、表升降、增减的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent/￡3/two feet等。

With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。

The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求

每年在增长大约三分之一。

2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如：by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。

Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海）幸运地是，那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。

The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽，两米长，一次至少可以睡四个人。

五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。

The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。

The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。

六、by的常见短语：

by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/take…by

surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by …/by my watch等。

at, in , on, 和by 表示时间的区别：

at指时间表示：

1）时间的一点，一时刻：

They come home at surprise (at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn).

2) 较短的一段时间。可指某个节日或认为一年中标志大事的日子。

His grandfather died at seventy-two.

At the beginning (middle, end) of that month he was sick.

He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the spring Festival, at night, at midsummer).

In指时间表示：

1）在某个较长的时间（如世纪，朝代，年，月，季节，及泛指的上午，下午和晚上等）内。

He died in the holidays.

He was born in 1942.

2) 在一段时间之后。

He will come round in a day or two.

I will finish it in three hours.

On指时间表示：

1）具体的时日和一个特定的时间，如某日，某节日，星期几等。

He will come to me et us on our arrival.

On May 4th (On Sunday, On New Year’s day, On Christmas Day), there will be a celebration.

2) 在某个特定的早晨，下午或晚上。

He arrived at 10 o’c lock on the night of the 5th. He died on the eve of victory.

3) 准时，按时。

If the rain should be on time, I should reach home before dark.

In 表示比较大的地方，2)虽然是很小的地方，如果说话人住在那里，也可用in.商店，机关，学校等，若看作一个地点（point)用at,若看作一个场所（place)用in.

I met him at the post-office.

I’m now working in the post-office.

On表示地点，一般指与面或线接触：

1）“在…上面”

He put the book on the table and sat on the chair. The picture was hanging on the wall.

2) “在…… 旁边”

New work is on the Hudson River.

Xiamen is on the river.

He lives in a house on the river.

1). near, by, beside, at表示“在???????附近”的区别：near 表示相对的“近”，实际距离可能还很远。例如：There is a post office near our school.

Suzhou is near Shanghai.

By和beside都表示“靠近”，实际距离不可能很远，但

beside比by更具体的表示出“在???????旁边”的意思。

例如：

There is a big tree by the river.

He was sitting beside her.

by还可以表示“尺寸，距离”。例如：

They escaped death by inches.

Do you see the hole high up in the wall, about 18 cm by 9?

in the last+段时间, 时态一般用过去时

“在最后的……”

in the past +段时间，时态一般用完成时

“在过去的……”

如The team won the game in the last five minutes. 在最后的5分钟，这个队赢得了比赛

In the past 3 years, I have been a teacher.

在过去的3年里，我一直是一位老师。

1.help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事。

Can you help me to learn English ? 你能帮助我学英语吗？

I can't help you to lift this stone. 我不能帮你搬这块石头。

2. be of some/ no/ much help to sb. 对某人有些 / 没有 / 很有帮助。

This book is of great help to me. 这本书对我很有帮助。

Is this magazine of any help to you ? 这本杂志对你有些帮助吗？

3. help oneself （ to ）自用（食物等）。

Help yourself to the fish. 请随便吃鱼。

Please help yourself to some pork. 请随便吃点肉。

4. help sb. into/ out of 搀扶某人进入 / 走出。

He helped the patient out of the hospital. 他搀扶病人走出了医院。

Can you help the patient into the hospital ? 你能搀扶病人进医院吗？

5. help sb. out 帮助某人克服困难，渡过难关、解决问题、完成工作。

When I'm in trouble, he always helps me out with money. 每当我处境困难时，他总是用金钱帮助我渡过难关。

Please help me out with this problem. 请帮我解这道试题。

6. with the help of 在……帮助下。

With the help of her, he found his lost child. 在她的帮助下，他找到了失踪的小孩。

7. help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事。

Please help me with my French. 请帮我学法语。

Can you help him with this work ? 你能帮助他完成这项工作吗？

8. help to do sth. 有助于做某事。

This program helps to improve our English. 这个计划有助于我们提高英语成绩。

His speech helps to understand the policy. 他的演讲有助于理解这个政策。

另外还有can't 与help的用法

can't help do sth 没有能力去帮助...做某事.

can't help doing sth 情不自禁做某事

as.........as通常用在肯定句中

so.........as通常用在否定句和疑问句中

as...as意为“和……一样”，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结构为：as+ adj./ adv. +as。例如：

(1)This film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。

(2)Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。

其否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。例如：

This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。

总结

1.as…as结构中，要使用形容词或副词的原形。

2.as…as结构用于肯定句或否定句，so…as只用于否定句，用来表示“不如……那样……”。值得注意的是：它表示的

内容总是前者不如后者。使用副词表示“不相等”的句型中，“not as/so…as…”中的not要和助动词do,does,did 等一起放在行为动词前，来构成否定句

3.as…as结构中，若出现名词，一般将名词放在as…as中间。若有形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词，其前的不定冠词a/an，须放在形容词之后。

4.as…as结构中如出现表示倍数的词，应放在as…as结构之前。如：

Our school is four times as large as yours.我们的学校比你们的学校要大四倍。

5.as…as结构后接具体数字时，是表示长、短、高、矮、重、轻等的程度，而不是表示两者的比较。如：

Some stones weigh as much as fifteen tons.有些石头重达十五吨。

at a time；每次，一次

at the time；那时，当时

at one time ；曾经，一度，同时

at times：有时，偶然

就是没有AT TIME

1.What I need now is time.

2. All that I need now is time.

这两个句子的意思非常好理解，都是说：我现在需要的是时间。但是在语法结构上，例句1是由what引导的名词性从句——主语从句。在这个从句中，what是作为宾语成分出现的，它是need的宾语，因为它还兼有提问的作用，所以被放在了句首。例句2是一个含有定语从句的复合句，整个句子的主语是all, that I need now 是all的定语，也就是说，这个定语从句中all是先行词，that是连接代词，代替all在定语从句中作need的宾语。

所以，如果你在学习的过程中遇到考察这两个词的题目，你可以考虑题目是要考察你名词性从句还是定语从句，你可以根据上面所讲的内容去判断在题目中缺少什么：是缺少先行词、连接代词、还是从句的宾语？判断后你就会很容易得到正确的答案了。

初中英语语法知识点总结

英语语法大全初中英语语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

完整版人教版六年级英语下册重点句型语法总结

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TOEIC考试语法:72种关键句型 It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型：She had said what it was necessary to say. 2. 强调句型It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us. 3. "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词） He was all gentleness to her. 4. 利用词汇重复表示强调：A crime is a crime a crime. 5. "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于""，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似。" They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6. 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7. as…as…can（may）be It is as plain as plain can be. 8. "It is in（with）…as in（with）" It is in life as in a journey. 9. "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him. 10．"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"might as well …as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. 11．"to make…of"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作） I will make a scientist of my son. 12. too…+不定式"，not（never）too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定 13. only (not, all, but, never) too …to do so "和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all" "but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready （apt）+to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。 You know but too yell to hold your tongue. 14. "no more …than…"句型 A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 15. "not so much…as"和"not so much as …"结构，"not so much…as"="not so much as …"，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without（not）even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 16. "Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"结构，"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"Nothing I"可换用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像……再没有了"，"最……"等。

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初中英语语法大全知识点总结一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:() 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )