语法讲义

第一节形容词和副词

一、形容词

I.语法作用

形容词通常在句中做定语，表语或补语，有时也做状语。例如：

They have a spacious and comfortable living room. 他们有一个既宽绰又舒适的客厅。 This flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来香。

It is never too late to mend. 回头是岸。

They consider this job tough. 他们认为这个任务很困难。

They went home, happy and gay. 他们兴高采烈地回家去了。

注：以a-开头的形容词如alone, alive, ashamed, afraid, afloat等以及content（满意的）, well（健康的）, ill(生病的), unable（不能的）, glad等多作表语。例如：

The two brothers are very much alike. 这两兄弟非常相象。

Like father, like son.

I am not feeling very well. 我觉得身体不太舒服。

II．形容词的位置

1．单个形容词作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词前；如果有几个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，它们的排列顺序为：

（1.冠词或指示代词 2.所有格 3.序数词 4.基数词） 5.特性,性质(good, pretty) 6.大小,长短,高低 7.年龄,温度,新旧 8.形态,形状(round, square, triangular) 9.颜色 10.国籍,地区,出处 11.物质,材料 12.用途,类别,与…有关(medical, writing ,etc.)+ 被修饰名词。例如：

our great socialist motherland 我们伟大的社会主义祖国

the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

the first three fine big old red English stone plantation houses 头三幢漂亮的大的旧的英国的红石头农场房子

2．在下列情况下，形容词作定语要后置。

（1）修饰由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词时。例：

Is there anything wrong with the recorder? 这架录音机有毛病吗？

This evening I have something special to do.

（2）形容词短语作定语修饰名词时。例如：

Have you got all the instruments necessary for the experiment?

实验所需的一切设备你买到了吗？

Have you got all the instruments ready for the experiment?

（3）几个意义相对的形容词修饰名词时。例如：

He had a face, thin and worn, but eager and resolute.

他的脸虽然又瘦又憔悴，但是显得既恳切又果断。

（4）形容词与表示数量的短语一起修饰名词时。例如：

It is a road ten meters wide/twenty miles long.

It is a ten-metre-wide\twenty-mile-long road.

这是一条十米宽/二十英里长的公路。

注：副词here、there、above等或介词短语作定语修饰名词时也要后置。例如：

The table above shows that it is difficult to solve this problem.

上述的表说明解决这个问题是困难的。

They have rich experience in practice. 他们有丰富的实践经验。

二、副词

I．副词的作用

副词在句中主要作状语修饰动词、形容词和副词。此外，副词还可做表语、复合宾语等。例如：Time is up. 时间到了。

I saw her out. 我见她出去了。

The weather there is very changeable. 那里气候变化无常。

II．副词的种类

根据副词的意义和用法可分为：

1．时间副词 例如：then, after, before, today, ago等

2．程度副词 例如：very, so, too, rather, quite, almost等

3．频度副词 例如：always, often， seldom, rarely等

4．地点副词 例如：up, down, near, below, here, there等

5．方式副词 例如：bravely, slowly, warmly, fast等

6．疑问副词 例如：when, where, how, why等。

7．连接副词 例如：where, when, why, how等

8．关系副词 例如：when, where, why等

9．语气副词 例如：frankly, certainly, perhaps等

III．副词的位置

1．修饰形容词、副词和连接词的程度副词常位于被修饰的词前面。例如：

This bike is too expensive. 这辆自行车很贵。

We meet fairly often. 我们经常见面。

Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not be conceited.

即使我们在工作中取得了巨大成绩，也不应该自满。

2．修饰动词的副词多放在动词的后面或及物动词宾语的后面。例如：

He studies English very hard. 他学习英语非常努力。

He always gets up early and goes to bed late. 他总是早起晚睡。

3．修饰整个句子的副词位置较灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末。例如：

Theoretically this test should be a success.

or

This test, theoretically, should be a success.

or

This test should be a success theoretically. 从理论上讲，这个实验应该成功。

He picked some cotton on the farm yesterday. (only)

注：

（1）频度副词通常位于行为动词之前，情态动词、助动词和动词to be 之后。例如：

I never forget my daughter’s birthday. 我从不忘记女儿的生日。

He is seldom ill. 他很少生病。

Has he ever been to Beijing? 他曾去过北京吗？

（2）几个副词同时出现时，其排列顺序为：方式副词+地点副词+时间副词（常位于句首）。同类副词同时出现时，小的在前，大的在后。例如：

He sat quietly there very long. 他静静地在那儿坐了很久。

I often get up at 6 o'clock every morning.

我每天常常六点起床。

三、 形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法

I．原级比较结构

1．S+V+as+原级+as…. 意为“和……一样”

2．S+V+not+as(not+so)+原级+as… 意为“不如…那样”例如：

Many of the stars are as hot as the sun. 很多恒星同太阳一样热。

He works as hard as you. 他工作和你一样努力。

Line AB is not as long as Line CD. AB线段与CD线段长度不等。

Wheel A does not revolve so fast as wheel B. A轮没有B轮旋转那样快。

注：原级比较结构的肯定式前可加一倍数或分数。例如：

A is twice as long as B. A的长度是B的两倍。

This substance reacts one tenth as fast as the other one.

这种物质的反应速度是另一物质的十分之一。

The weight of this case is five times as heavy as (five times the weight of ) that one. 这个箱子的重量是那个箱子的五倍。

II． 比较级结构

1.S+V+比较级+than… 意为“比…更…”。例如：

Steel is stronger than iron. 钢比铁坚固。

This new machine runs better than the old one. 新机器运转得比旧机器好。

2.S+V+less+原级+than… 意为“不如…”。例如：

Her coat is less expensive than yours.

她的上衣不及你的贵。

He did the experiment less carefully than you.

他做实验不如你仔细。

3．The+比较级+S+V, the+比较级+S+V. 意为“越…就越…”。例如：

The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back. 你动身越早，回来就越快。

The sooner, the better.

More haste, less speed.

4．S+V+比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越…”。例如：

The situation is becoming more and more favorable.形势正在变得越来越有利。

注:

Of the two+n., S+V+the+比较级或S+V+the+比较级+of the two+n. 意为“…在两个…之中，…

较为…”。（of 后及比较级前必须加定冠词）例如：

Of the two young men, he is the stronger. 他是这两个年轻人当中比较强壮的一个。

注：

（1） 比较级前可用much, far, a little, a great deal

以及倍数和分数等词或短语修饰。例如：

He studies far better than you. 他学习比你好得多。

This year we will produce 20% more cars than we did last year.

今年，我们将比去年多生产20%的汽车。

（2） 使用比较级时，要注意比较对象的一致性

例如：

My sister’s books are more interesting than my brother. (wrong)

My sister’s books are more interesting than my brother’s. (right)

My sister has more interesting books than my brother(has). (right)

我妹妹的书比我弟弟的书更有趣。（注意：最后一句是歧义句，该句亦可理解为：我妹妹比我弟弟拥有更多有趣的书籍。）

Xiao Li likes his dog more than his wife.

（3）在比较结构中，如所比较的双方同属一类人或一类事物时，要加other或else，以免逻辑混乱。例如：

He is taller than any student in the class. (wrong)

He is taller than any other student in the class. (right)

他比班上的其他任何同学都高。

Mary is more careful than anyone else in her class when driving a car.

玛丽在开车时比她班上其他任何人都谨慎。

（4）在比较从句中往往要省略与主句相同的部分，在代替主句中有关名词时，应正确使用代词that, those, one, 和ones。它们之间的区别是：

that—特指，指代主句中常带有定冠词的单数可数名词和不可数名词。

those__特指，指代主句中的复数可数名词。

one—泛指，指代主句中的单数可数名词。

ones—泛指，指代主句中的复数可数名词。例如：

The style of the new building is more beautiful than that of the old one.

新房子的式样要比旧房子漂亮。

There are more people who agreed to the plan than those who protested against it.

赞成那个计划的人要比反对的人多。

You’ll get more tired when you lift a heavy load than a light one.

举一重物时，你就觉得比举一轻物要累。

Small bananas are often better than bigger ones.小香蕉常常比大香蕉好。

（5）以-ior结尾的拉丁文形容词无比较级的形式，原级后加 to便可比较。（注意此处to是介词, 后接人称代词宾格或名词，不可接比较状语从句。）例如：

The socialist system is incomparably superior to the capitalist system.

社会主义制度比资本主义制度无比优越。

Her husband is inferior to her in many respects.

她丈夫在许多方面都不及她。

这些形容词常见的有: junior, senior; superior, inferior; anterior \ prior, posterior; （6）在表示价值、品质、等级等方面的比较时可用介词 above表示之。例如：

A soldier should value honour above life. 军人应视荣誉重于生命。

A captain in the Navy ranks above a captain in the Army.

海军的captain（上校）阶级高于陆军 captain （上尉）。

He is above my knowledge of histry. 他的历史知识胜于我。

III．最高级结构

S+V+the+最高级+in+单数可数名词/+of+复数可数名词意为“在…之中…最为…：例如：

This one works best of all the machines. 在所有的机器中，这台机器运转最好 。

John is the tallest in the family. 约翰在家里最高。

注：

（1）形容词最高级，如表“最……”, 前面必须要加定冠词，而副词最高级前则可加可不加。形容词最高级如表“极其……”，则不在其前加定冠词。例如：

He writes the best in our class. or

He writes best in our class.

在我们班里，他写得最好。

It was most stupid to act like that.

这样做是非常愚蠢的。

（2）形容词最高级作表语有时也用于两者之间的比较。例如：

This is the worst of two. 这是两个中最坏的一个。

（3）形容词最高级作表语不和他人它物比较时，前面不加定冠词。例如：

Vegetables are best when fresh. 鲜菜最好 。

（4）最高级前也可用much, by far, quite及序数词等修饰。例如：

This is much the best. 这是最最好的。

Beijing is the second largest city in China. 北京是中国第二大城市。

Ⅳ.练习题

Multiple Choice

1. Of the five stories, the first one is the ______ interesting.

A. worse

B. worst

C. less

D. least

2. This new hotel is the second _______ in this city.

A. most tall one

B. tall

C. tallest

D. taller

3. No one is ______ Mary in the class.

A. so tall as

B. so high as

C. as taller as

D. so tallest as

4. His elder brother is ______ than he.

A.six years elder

B.six years older

C.older six years

D.older by six years

5. She is the ______ girl I’ve ever seen.

A. more pretty

B. most pretty

C. prettier

D. prettiest

6. He is ______ but not ______ as you.

A. wiser……so diligent

B. more wise……so diligent

C. so wise……so diligent

D. wiser……more diligent

7. Little Jack is _____ as any of us.

A. as good a football player

B. such good football player

C. a good football player

D. as a good football player

8. His briefcase is exactly ______.

A. the same than yours

B. the same as yours

C. the same like yours

D. the same the yours

9. I’m ______ my sister.

much more tall that

B. much more tall than

C. much taller that

D. much taller than

10. ______ people came than I expecteD.

A. Few

B. Another

C. Fewer

D. Other

11. ______ and more people are studying English now.

A. Many

B. More

C. Much

D. A lot

12. She has ______ that she is unable to get a job.

A. a so little education

B. a such little education

C. so little education

D. such little education

13. Staying in hotel costs ______ renting a room in a dormitory for a month.

A. as much as twice

B. twice as much as

C. as much twice as

D. twice more than

14. The football match was televised ______ from the Worker’s Stadium.

A. alive

B. life

C. lively

D. live

15. It was ______ that he couldn’t finish it alone.

A. such a difficult work

B. such a difficult job

C. a so difficult job

D. a so difficult work

16. He ______ anything I say.

A. was never understanding

B. never understands

C. never understood

D. is never understanding

17. Have you visited Shanghai? ______.

A. Ever

B. Still

C. Not ever

D. Not yet

18. This news is ______ surprising.

A. more

B. very much

C. very

D. much

19. I’ve told him several times but he ________ doesn’t understand.

A. still

B. already

C. no longer

D. yet

20. The _______ garden looks very beautiful.

A. newly building

B. newly built

C. built new

D. new built

21. On the river there is ______ bridge.

A. a fine old stone

B. a old fine stone

C. an fine old stone

D. an old fine stone

22. Tom is reading ______.

A.an exciting, detective, old story

B.an old, exciting, detective story

C.an exciting, old, detective story

D.a detective, old, exciting story

23. We are _______ for the dance.

A. already

B. all-ready

C. allready

D. all ready

24. A Laser beam can be turned into a ______ weapon.

A. deathly

B. deadly

C. dying

D. dead

25. The twins are so much _______ that it is difficult to tell one from the other.

A. alike

B. like

C. same

D. similar

26. Mrs. Jones was _____ a student in the hospital.

A. originally

B. before

C. formerly

D. formally

27. The book is not ______ what we paiD.

A. expensive

B. worthy

C. valuable

D. worth

28. Jack is ______ more intelligent than his brother.

A. far

B. greatly

C. so

D. very

29. Can we do our work better with ______ money and _____ people?

A. less…less

B. few…less

C. little…fewer

D. less…fewer

30. Mary plays tennis _______ Tom.

A. much more well than

B. a lot better than

C. very better than

D. a lot more better than

参考答案: 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.D 15.B 16.B 17.D

18.C 19.A 20.B 21.A 22.C 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.B

第二节 动词常考时态

现在完成时

1．构成

have(has)+过去分词

被动语态时则为：have（has） been + 过去分词

2．功能

1）表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果，着眼点在现在

现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：yet, just, before, recently, once, lately等；也可同表示频度的时间状语连用，如：often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions 等。还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：now, today, this morning, this month, this year 等。

但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用（in 1993, last year等）。例如：

She has lost her wallet. (她现在没钱花了。)

He has laid the table. (已可吃饭了。)

I haven’t seen much of her lately.

I have heard John say something against you on several occasions.

He’s been over Africa. (= He knows Africa very well.) 他曾经走遍了非洲。

I haven’t finished reading the book yet, so I can’t return it to the library.

我还没有把书读完，因此不能把它还给图书馆。

She’s recovered from her illness. (目前健康状况良好)

Have you eaten yet? (现在饿不饿？)

We’ve had too much rain this year.

She was sleepless many nights. She has been very tired and can’t concentrate at all. So she decides to go to see the doctor. (同其它时态连用，起桥梁作用) Note: every day 是副词短语，既可同一般现在时连用，表示“每天”，也可同现在完成时连用，指过去某时到现在一段时间内的“每一天”。例如：

It has snowed here every day since last Sunday.

She has thought of you every day for years.

He takes a walk every day.

2)表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作

常同表示一段时间的状语连用，如：so far , up to now , since , for a long time , up till now , up to present, for the past (last) few years , these few days (weeks, months , years) 等。例如：

He has worked here for over twenty years. 他在这里工作已有20多年了。

Up to now , we have received no news from her.

Note: 错误！未找到引用源。下面句子中in 相当于for ，为美国或加拿大英语，常用于否定句中：

He hasn’t been here in four months.

It hasn’t rained in some time.

I haven’t seen her in a long time.

错误！未找到引用源。比较：

He has not been here for two years. 他2年没来这里了。（已有2年没来过）

He has not been here two years. 他在这里不到2年。（已来了将近2年）

下面是一个歧义句，试加以分析：

She hasn’t studied English for two years.

错误！未找到引用源。同 today , this morning , this week 等时间状语连用，表示

这些时间未过去之前已完成的动作。例如：

She has written the letter today. 她已经写好了今天的信。 （The letter is to be written today and she has written it.）

I have taken a trip into the hills this week. 我本周已去山里远足过。 （It has

been decided that I take a trip into the hills once a week.）

She has spent her vacation this year. 她已经休过了今年的假期。 （She has already spent the vacation she is to spend this year.）

3)某些非延续性动词（动作一开始便结束的动词），在现在完成时中，不能同表示一段时间的

状语连用

常见的这类动词有：come, go, begin, start, become, arrive, get到达（收到），reach, leave, join, end, die, find, lose, fall, jump, knock等。例如：

Harry has got married for six years. (误)

Harry got married six years ago. (正)

Harry has been married for six years. (正)

The film has begun for half an hour.(误)

The film has been on for half an hour.(正)

有些非延续性动词可以与since (自从) 连用，用于现在完成时，表示重复的动作或状态。

例如：

I have met her often since I moved here. 自从我搬到这里来，我经常遇见她。

They have gone fishing five times since last spring. 自去年春天以来，他们已去钓过5次鱼。

（1）有些非延续性动词可以与 since 或 for 连用，或在否定结构中用于现在完成时。例如：The city has changed greatly since 1990. 自从1990年以来，这座城市发生了很大变化。

Since last I wrote to you, something serious has occurred.

The two presidents have met for three hours. (会晤)

What’s happened since last Sunday? 自上星期天发生了什么事情？

The enemy has given them a lot of trouble since last April.

Since when has he become active?

Twenty thousand copies of the book have been sold out since its first printing in 1998.

He has never touched beer for a whole week. 他有整整一个星期没沾啤酒。

I haven’t bought anything for a year. 我已有一年没买过任何东西了。

比较：

He changed his mind last Friday. 他上星期五改变了主意。（单纯的过去动作，与现在无关）

He has changed his mind since last Friday. 他从上星期五就改变了主意。（强调结果：他现在的主意可不是上星期五以前的主意了。）

They have begun a new lesson since yesterday. (误)

They have begun to study a new lesson since yesterday. (正)（study为延续性动词，句中的重点显然是to study 而不是have begun）

He has got her letter since last month. (误)

He has got to like her since last month. (正) （like为延续性动词，重要性大于has got）

Note:下面句子中的非延续性动词是同for 短语连用的，但这里的 for 短语不是表示句中的谓语动词延续了一段时间，不表示“经历”，而表示谓语动词发生后的情况，for 或表示not before, only after, 或表示“目的”。

He has gone for two days. 他走了，将离开两天。（=He has gone and will be away for two days.而不表示“他走了两天了”）

She has come for a week. 她来了，要呆一个星期。(=She has come and will stay here for a week.而不表示“她来了一个星期”)

The plane won’t take off for forty minutes. 飞机要40分钟后才起飞。 (=only after forty minutes , in forty minutes)

She won’t be back for three months. 3个月后她才回来。（=not before three months, only after three months）

They won’t leave for two hours. 他们两小时后才离开。（=in two hours, only after two hours）

4) 在after, as soon as, if， till, when 等引导状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成

时

Let’s go out as soon as the rain has stopped.

I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.

Note:错误！未找到引用源。 下面两句中的现在完成时也表示将来完成的动作。

If he comes to see me, tell him I have gone into the hills. 如果他来看我，就说我到山里去了。

There is one more question, then I have done.再提一个问题，我就问完了。

错误！未找到引用源。 比较：

When I have studied the book I’ll write a report on it. 我研读完一本书后就写一篇报告。（代替将来完成时）

When I have studied a book I write a report on it.我研读完一本书后就写一篇报告。（仅表示动作的完成）

5）“It(This) is(will be) the first(last…) time that …”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时

This is the first time that I’ve heard her sing. 这是我第一次听她唱歌。

It (This) is the second time we’ve met each other. 这是我们第二次见面了。 Note: 这类结构中的完成时，有时可以表示行动上虽未完成但思想上却已完成的动作。例如： This is the first time I’ve flown to Paris. (说话时飞机可能尚未起飞)

6） “It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting) + 名词 + that …”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时

It is the best film I’ve ever seen. 这是我所看过去时最好的一部电影。

This is the most interesting novel that he has ever written.这是他所写的最有趣的一部小说。

7） I haven’t heard from her since she lived in Nanjing.的含义

由since 引导的时间状语从句，不论用的是延续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时，还是非延续性动词的一般过去时，通常都表示动作的完成或结束。Since she lived in Nanjing 意为“自从她离开南京以来”。再如：

She has written to me frequently since I was ill. (自从我病愈以来)

Since she was at Beijing University, it has gone through great changes.(自她离开北京大学以来)

但是，如果把这类句中的一般过去时改为现在完成时，所表示的状态与动作就意味着延续至今。比较：

It’s a long time since he lived there.他不住那里已经很久了。

It’s a long time since he has lived there.他住在那里已经很久了。

It is already five years since he was in the army. 他离开部队已经5年了。

It is already five years since he has been in the army. 他参军已经5年了。 8） since 引导的时间状语从句也可用现在完成时

如果由since 引导的状语从句的动作或状态延续至今， 能常要用现在完成时。这种用法中since 表示的不是动作的结束，而是动作的延续。例如：

They haven’t had any trouble since they have lived there. (仍住在这里)

They had the deepest affection for the old professor since they’ve known him. Note:错误！未找到引用源。 since + 一段时间 + ago

不能说since ten years , 因为 since 后只能接过去某一点时间，即：since + 过去一点时间（a point of time in the past）,不可接一段时间（a period of time）;

可以说 since 1993, since World War Two , 但不能说since two years, since three months。若since 后是一段时间，应该同ago 连用，如：since two years ago, since five minutes ago。比较：

He has been here since five weeks. (误)

He has been here since five weeks ago. (正)

错误！未找到引用源。 since 也可以用作副词，意为“后来，现在已”。例如：

The temple was burnt down in 1938 and has since been rebuilt.这座庙宇于1938年被烧毁，后来又重建了。

9） 表示某人的经历或已故某人的言论、某国的作用对现在和将来具有长久现实意义和深远的影响

John has gone through a lot. 约翰经历丰富。

Li Bo has left us great poems.李白给我们留下了伟大的诗篇。

Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth. Europe has had a great impact on the development of world history.

注意下面两句中时态的意义：

Mao Tse-tong has been called a great thinker.(斯人已逝，但英名长存)

Nanjing has been visited by Zhou En-lai several times.(那里的人们至今仍然怀念他)

10） 现在完成时可以表示反问口气（与when连用）或感情色彩

When have I been treated like this? 我什么时候吃过这一套？

Now you’ve done it! 你这可闯下祸了。

11） 现在完成时有时可同long ago 连用，表示结果

He’s gone off to London long ago.他很早就去伦敦了。

She has long ago left home. 她很早就离开家了。

12） 现在完成时可以表示过去重复的动作， 常与often, always等连用

Eight times he has tried and eight times he has failed.他试了八次，八次都失败了。

My mother has always gone to work by bus.我母亲一向坐公交车上班。

13） 现在完成时可以表示过去的经验，同含有 when 的另一个完成时从句并用

We have often studied together when we have been in Nanjing. 我在南京时我们常

在一起学习。

Sometimes when I have been in low spirits, I have remembered her. 有时我心情不好，就会想起她。

14） hope… +should (would)型完成时从句

hope, think, expect的过去式之后，加上should 或 would + 完成式，常表示期望、希望落空，没有实现。比较：

I thought you would know that. 我当时想你会明白的。

I thought you would have known that.我本来以为你会明白的。（谁知你竟然没弄清楚。）15） 现在完成时同进行时未完成的动作进行对比

I don’t care what he is doing or has done.我不在乎他正在做什么或已做了什么。 Everything in the world is changing or has changed.世界上的一切都正在改变或已经改变。

16)get 的现在完成时

get 的现在完成时是have/has got， 美国英语中用gotten。 Have/has got 在口语中往往仅是一个现在完成时的形式，表示现在或将来的意义，实际相当于have/has ，当“有”

解；有时，have/has got 相当于have/has to ,当“必须”解。例如：

I’ve got just got a new pen.

He’s got no time. (=He has no time)

It has got to be done at once. (=It has to be done at once)

We have got to go there next weekend. (= We will have to go there next weekend.) Note: have/has 有时也可省略，如：You got to rewrite the paper.

3.几组时态比较：

She has gone to Beijing. 她到北京去了。（不在这里）

She has ever been to Beijing.她曾经到过北京。（现已返回）

She has gone.她已经去了。（不是没去）

She is gone.她不在。（她缺席了。句中的gone表示状态）

The door has been closed. 门被关上了（动作）

The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）

He has come. 他已经回来了。

He is come. 他来了。（=He is present.）

The snow has melted. 雪已经融化了。

The snow is melted.雪化了。（melted表示状态，意为“看不到雪了”）

I’ve seen her this May. （讲话时还不到五月）

I saw her this May.（讲话时五月已经过去）

He has been there once. （指一次）

He once lived in Geneva.（指从前一度）

She comes from Nanjing.她是南京人。（她生于南京）

She has come from Nanjing.她从南京来。（不一定是南京人）

You read very well.你朗读得很好。（具有朗读的才能或刚才读得好）

You have read very well.你朗读得很好。（仅指刚完成的动作）

4．现在完成时和一般过去时几组句子差异比较

Have you finished? (如果你讲完，我想接着讲)

Did you finish?（不知我刚才发言时你是否讲完话了）

Have you ever heard him say that? （是否知道）

Did you ever hear him say that? （什么时候听说的）

Have you ever heard of such a thing? （认真提问，希望回答）

Did you ever hear of such a thing?（修辞问句，不要求回答）

Who’s been here while I was out? （发现有人来过，东西被人动过）

Who was here while I was out?（一般提问）

What have I done to make him so angry?（认真提出问题，且对方仍在生气）

What did I do to make him so angry?（过去生气，现在则不一定）

My chief purpose has been to find out a real solution.（一直在作出努力）

My chief purpose was to find out a real solution.（过去的努力）

She has lived in Beijing for twenty years.（她仍活着，住在北京）

She lived in Beijing for twenty years.（她已故去）

Note:错误！未找到引用源。 have done 常可用于祈使句表示命令，但如同所有的祈使句一样，仍然表示将来的意义，相当于stop, get rid of等。例如：

Have done with your tricks.

You are grown up now and have done with the bad habit.

错误！未找到引用源。有时可用be 代替have,后跟的过去分词起形容词作用，表示一种状态。例如：

She is just arrived.(=here)

He is come.(=here)

He is returned.(=back)

She is gone there two weeks.(=there)

The sun is risen.(=up)

The leaves are fallen.

He is got into bed.

They are prepared to fight against the flood.

错误！未找到引用源。have been后可接不定式。例如：

I have been to see the exhibition.

现在完成进行时

1．构成

have(has )+been +现在分词

2．功能

1）现在完成进行时表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作 I’ve been waiting for her for an hour but she still hasn’t come.我已经等了

她一个小时，但她还没有来。

Jim has been seeing about a driving licence for you.吉姆一直在想办法给你弄一

张驾驶执照。

Since she left home, I haven’t been sleeping at all well.自她离开家，我一直

睡得很不好。（可用否定式）

2）表示动作刚刚结束（有时指出结果）

I’ve just been waving good-bye to her.

They have been talking about the book.

He is dead drunk. He has been drinking with his friends.

My clothes are wet. I’ve been walking in the rain.我的衣服湿了，我一直走在

雨中。

A：Where have you been?

B: I’ve been watering flowers in the garden.

3) 表示某种感情色彩

I have been wanting to see you for a long time.

Who’s been telling you such nonsense?

Too much has been happening these days.(多事之秋)

You have been deceiving me.（气愤）

You have been giving me everything.（感激）

注意下面省略时间状语的现在完成进行时：

He’s been smoking again.（闻到身上有烟味）

You’ve been working too hard. （看上去很累）

4）某种企图或尝试

He has been telling me. 他一直想告诉我。(He has tried to tell me.)

She has been advising me. 她一直想劝我。(But she did not succeed.) 5）表示一个过去动作对现在的影响或造成的结果（相当于现在完成时）

I have been telling him to study harder.我一直告诉他学习要更加刻苦才是。(He

should have passed the exam this time, but he failed.)

He has been doing too much work.他做的工作太多了。(Now he is tired out.)

Who’s been insulting you? 欺侮你了？（对方可能在哭）

6）表示重复（指断断续续，而非一直不停）

We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论

过那件事。

I have been bidding goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好几个朋友告了别。

3.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的用法比较

区别A

现在完成时强调的是某个刚刚完成的动作，或某个过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结

果，也可表示延续性；现在完成进行时则强调动作的延续性，有时表示临时性质。例如：

I have thought it over.

I have been thinking it over.

She has put coal on the fire.

She has been putting coal on the fire.

Be careful! Jim has been painting the door.

Jim has painted the door.

Her father has taught maths for ten years.

Her father has been teaching maths for ten years.

区别B

现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，现在完成时一般不表示重复性，但同always\often 等连用时有时也表示重复的动作。例如：

Have you been meeting him recently?(经常约会吗？)

Have you met him recently? （最近见到过他吗？）

3) 区别C

现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般表示平铺直叙，但有时也带有感

情色彩。例如：

What have you been doing?(惊异)

What have you done?（仅是一个问题，让对方回答，也可表示惊异）

I have been wanting to hear from you for long.（亲切，礼貌）

I have wanted to hear from you.

Henry has been doing his work regularly.（表扬）

Henry has done his work regularly.

Who’s been eating my oranges?（不满，已吃光）

Who’s eaten my oranges?（未吃光）

I have been waiting for you for two hours.（口语化，可能不耐烦）

I have waited for you for two hours.（说明一个事实）

区别D

在否定结构中，现在完成进行时否定状语，而现在完成时则否定谓语动词。例如： She hasn’t been speaking since nine o’clock.

(=She has been speaking not since nine but since half past nine.)

She hasn’t spoken since nine o’clock.从九点起她一言未发。

但是，有少数动词（work, live, teach, study等）的现在完成时和现在完成进行时所表示感谢的意思是差不多的。

区别E

love, know 等状态动词，要用现在完成时，不用现在完成进行时。例如：

He has loved Helen since he was in middle school.(不说He has been loving.) They have known each other for ten years.(不说They have been knowing.)

过去完成时

1．构成

had+过去分词

2．功能

1）表示在过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作或情况

They had got everything ready before I came.在我来到之前，他们已经把一切准备好了。

I could see from her face that she had received some good news.从她的脸上我可以

看出她有什么高兴事。

By the end of last week she had written two papers.到上周末她已写完了两篇论文。

2) 过去完成时常用在由hardly,scarcely,barely…when\before,no sooner… than等连

接词引导的句子中，这种结构表示“刚刚…就，不等…就”。例如：

She had hardly (scarcely) gone to bed when the bell rang.

Scarcely had he got up, when the bandit knocked him down again.

No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.

3)intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以

用来表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事。这种用法也可表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。例如：

I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I

was about to leave.我本来昨天要去看你的,但是刚要出门就有人来访。（=intended to have

called on）

We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.

Later she explained :”I had thought that he had died ten years before, but now

I know that he is still alive.”(她后来解释说：“我原以为他十年前就去世了呢，但

现在知道了他还获得好好的。)

He had wanted to help you but he had no time then.他本想帮助你的，但当时没有时间。(=wanted to have helped)

We meant to have helped you with the housework yesterday.

He had been inclined to be an artist.他本想做一名美术家的。

You had better have gone there with her.你本来最好跟她去那里的。（但没去，未被接受的劝告）

I should like to visit the island.我想去参观那个岛。（现在的愿望，将来想去）

I should like to have visited the island.我要是参观过那个岛多好啊。（现在的遗憾，

没有参观过那个岛）

I should have liked to have visited the island.我本想参观那个岛的。（过去的愿望）Note:错误！未找到引用源。 after从句表示过去时间的动作先后关系时，可用一般过去时或过去完成时。例如：

June went out to the park after she had read (read) the paper.

错误！未找到引用源。when 从句表示过去时间时，有时一般过去时和过去完成时可换用。例如：

When the teacher had arrived (arrived), they stopped talking.

错误！未找到引用源。before引导从句表示过去时间时，主句中上述两种时态可换用。例如：

Before he came, he had discussed (discussed) it with the manager.

错误！未找到引用源。如果主句中包含了过去完成时，从句中一般过时和过去完成时可换用。例如：

They said that Jack had been sent to prison because he had robbed (robbed)the bank.

错误！未找到引用源。历史事实通常用一般过去时表示。例如：

They learned that President Lincoln led the American Civil War.

He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.

错误！未找到引用源。过去完成时可以代替一般过去时，表示惊奇。例如：

I saw her coming, but in a minute, she had disappeared.

They wanted to keep it a secret, but a few days later,

everyone had known it.

4)表示“过去的将来”某一时刻之前已经完成的动作

She made up her mind to go on trying until she had succeeded.

The plane would take off as soon as it had stopped raining.

5)表示过去某一时刻之后发生的动作

常同then, in two weeks等连用；时间状语也可由上下文表示

Something struck her eyes. She had fallen to the ground.

He died last summer. They had got no chance to see each

other even once for twenty years. (before he died)

6)表示对后来动作的影响

He had eaten something before taking dinner. (So he had no appetite at dinner.) He ate something before taking dinner. (He might have his usual appetite at dinner.) She felt better after she had taken a few days’ rest. (Feeling better is the result of taking a few days’ rest.)

She felt better after she took a few days’ rest. (Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days’ rest.)

过去完成进行时

1．构成

had been + 现在分词

2．功能

1)表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。这个动作可能延续下去，也可能不延续下去。

上下文清楚时，可省略时间状语。例如：

She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.她说我来之前她一

直在打篇论文。

The heavy snow had been falling for three days. The fields were all white.

一连下了三天大雪，到处是白茫茫的一片。

He had been writing this novel up to that time.直到那时他一直在写这部小说。

（有时间状语）

She had been studying English before entering the college.她上大学以前一直在

学英语。（有时间状语）

She was then fifteen years old. She had been staying with her grandmother.

她当时十五岁，这之前她一直同奶奶住在一起。（有时间状语）

They had been talking about the matter.他们一直在谈那件事。（没有时间状语，但

隐含在上下文中）

It had been raining hard.雨一直下得很大。（没有时间状语）

She went to bed at twelve. She had been waiting for him for four hours.她在

12点睡了。她一直等了他4个小时。（动作不再持续）

They stopped quarrelling. They had been quarrelling for a whole hour.他们不

再吵了，他们已经吵了整整一个小时。（动作不再持续）

She was sixty. She had been writing the novel since she was thirty.她已60

岁，自30岁起她就写这部小说了。 (At sixty she was still writing the novel.) He came home at eleven. She had been waiting for him for two hours. 他11点

钟回来的，她已经等了他两个小时。(At eleven she did not wait any more.) 2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况等

He had been telling you this.他多次跟你说这件事。(= He has told you this many times.)

She had been investigating the cause of the accident.她试图调查那次事故的原

因。(= She has tried to investigate the cause of the accident.)

I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗的含义。(But I

was not able to understand it.)

You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。（感激）

He had been thinking about the plan.他最近一直在考虑这项计划。(lately)

Note:错误！未找到引用源。 在否定句中通常用过去完成时代替过去完成进行时。例如：

They had not swum in the river for a long time.他们很长时间没去那条河里游泳了。（一般不说They had not been swimming…）

错误！未找到引用源。 比较：

The girl had cleared up the room, so it was very tidy.女孩已经把房间打扫过了，所以很整洁。

The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.女孩一直

在打扫房间，所以我们不得不在外面等着。

错误！未找到引用源。 过去完成进行时后可接when 引导的从句，含有“突然”的意思。例如：

He had been lying in bed a few minutes when the door belll rang.他刚躺在床上几分钟，突然门铃就响了。

They had only been talking for five minutes when a stranger stepped in.他们刚谈了不过5分钟，一个陌生人走了进来。

将来完成时

1.构成

shall(will) have + 过去分词

2.功能

1)表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作

I shall have finished it by next Friday.到下周五我就把它完成了。

They will have been graduated before 2008.他们在2008年前就会毕业了。

She will have written it tomorrow at noon.明天中午她就会写好了。

2)表示一个持续到将来某时或某动作发生之前的动作

By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years.到下周一，她在这里学习就要满三年了。

The concert will begin at half past eight. They will have played half an hour when you arrive.音乐会将在8点半开始。你到达时，他就将已演奏半小时了。

3)表示对现在或将来可能已完成动作的推测

She will have arrived by now. 她这时可能已经到了。(=It is likely that she has arrived by now.)

It is seven. He will have got up.现在是七点钟，他可能已经起床了。

He is a somebody now. He will have forgotten his old friends.他现在是个要人了，可能把老朋友都忘了。

将来完成进行时

1.构成

shall (will) + have been + 现在分词

2.功能

表示将来某时、某事之前已在发生的动作，一直延续到将来某一时间，是否延续下去，要视上下文而定，常与表示将来某一时间的状语连用。例如：

By the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for six hours.太阳落山时，他们农场上干活就将有6小时了。

It will have been snowing for a whole week if it snows again tomorrow.如果明天还下雪的话，雪就要下整整一个星期了。

Note:将来完成进行时也可以表示推测，含有“我料想，大概”的意思。这种用法的will 应看作情态动词。例如：

It is early spring. Birds will have been flying back.现在是早春了，鸟儿该飞回来了。They will have been having a holiday last week.他们上周大概在度假来着。

过去将来完成时

1.构成

would have + 过去分词

2.功能

表示从过去某个时间看来将来某时之前已完成的动作。例如：

He said that they would have arrived by seven o’clock.他说他们在七点钟前就会到达的。She told me that she would have finished typing the letter before I came back.她告诉我在我回来之前她就会把信件打好的。

第三节 动词的接续关系

一、用动词不定式作宾语的动词及结构　

1.动词+带to不定式，例如：　

to expect to see　

to fail to pass his driver's test　

to agree to smoke no more cigarettes

to arrange to meet him　

to ask to see the manager　

to hope to get a few more　

to pretend not to see me　

to happen to meet　

常见的还有以下动词：　

decide 决定， demand 要求， determine 决心，attempt 试图，claim 声称， consent 同意，deserve 值得， long 渴望， plan 计划， prepare 准备， presume 斗胆，冒昧 promise 允诺， refuse 拒绝， resolve 决心， strive 努力，wish 希望， volunteer 志愿， intend 打算， desire 期望， offer 主动提出， mean 意欲， learn 学习， threaten 威胁， try 努力， want 想要， aim 目的在于， undertake 从事、负责， choose 选择， decline 谢绝， seek 寻找， tend 倾向于。　

Notes:

在“动词+带to不定式”的应用中，注意以下几点：　

(1)特殊不定式

特殊不定式由疑问词+带to不定式构成疑问词是what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which, why等。是否一定要加疑问词，要看情况。例如：　

to know how to get there　

to decide whether to sell it or not