2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案
目录
医学考博英语历年真题 (2)
2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)
2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)
2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)
医学考博英语历年真题
2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷
Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)
Section A
Directions:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example.
You will hear:
Woman:I fell faint.
Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.
Question:What's the matter with the woman?
You will read:
A.She is sick.
B.She is bitten by an ant.
C.She is hungry.
D.She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Sample Answer
A B●D Now let's begin with question number1.
1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.
C.What follows his insomnia.
D.The severity of his medical problem.
2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.
C.To come to see her again.
D.To switch to other medications.
3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.
C.To keep away from work.
D.To have a follow-up.
4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.
C.Stomach distention.
D.Frequent belches.
5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.
C.More severe than expected.
D.It's hard to say.
6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.
C.He needs to exercise more.
D.He is still overweight.
7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.
C.She is feeling the man's pulse.
D.She is helping the man stop shivering.
8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.
C.In the clinic.
D.In the boat.
9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.
C.Nausea.
D.A cold.
10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.
C.She doesn't have any allergies.
D.She has allergies treated already.
11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.
C.Go play tennis.
D.Stay in the house.
12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.
C.She doesn't like the weather
D.She is feeling relieved.
13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.
C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.
D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.
14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.
C.She is indifferent.
D.She is compassionate.
15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.
C.Fifteen years ago.
D.Several weeks ago.
Section B
Directions:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Dialogue
16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.
C.A chest X-ray exam.
D.A barium X-ray test.
17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.
C.To sleep on three pillows.
D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.
18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.
19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.
20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.
B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.
C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.
D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.
Passage One
21. A.A new concept of diabetes.
B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.
C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.
D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.
22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.
B.Because it becomes overactive easily.
C.Because it is usually in injection form.
D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.
23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.
B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.
C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.
D.Insulin can be produced naturally.
24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.
B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.
D.It is more chemically complex.
25. A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.
B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.
C.Why people with Type1and Type2diabetes don't produce enough insulin.
D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.
Passage Two
26. A.Vegetative patients are more aware.
B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.
C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.
D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.
27. A.The left-hand side of the brain. B.The right-hand side of the brain.
C.The central part of the brain.
D.The front part of the brain.
28. A.31. B.6. C.4. D.1.
29. A.The patient was brain-dead.
B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.
C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.
D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.
30. A.The patient is no technically vegetative.
B.The patient can communicate in some way.
C.We can train the patient of speak.
D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.
PartⅡVocabulary(10%)
Section A
Direction:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.Despite his doctor's note of caution,he never_______from drinking and smoking.
A.retained
B.dissuaded
C.alleviated
D.abstained
32.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos
with headsets is likely to______their hearing.
A.rehabilitate
B.jeopardize
C.tranquilize
D.supplement
33.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to ______Larry in any way in his success.
A.refute
B.ratify
C.facilitate
D.impede
34.When the supporting finds were reduced,they should have revised their plan______.
A.accordingly
B.alternatively
C.considerably
D.relatively
35.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.
A.acquaint
B.familiarized
C.endow
D.amuse
36.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices,then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_______.
A.level out
B.stand out
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5918004801.html,e off
D.wear off
37.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____from qualified medical personnel.
A.prescription
B.palpation
C.intervention
D.interposition
38.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma,asbestosis and internal organ cancers,and _______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.
A.offset
B.intake
C.outlet
D.onset
39.Ebola,which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,_____and semen, can kill up to90%of those infected.
A.saline
B.saliva
C.scabies
D.scrabs
40.The newly designed system is_______to genetic transfections,and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5918004801.html,parable
B.transmissible
C.translatable
D.amenable
Section B
Directions:Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.Every year more than1,000patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists,prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.
A.propelling
B.prolonging
C.puzzling
D.promising
42.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients,but there is still a serious stigma attached to ADS.
A.disgrace
B.discrimination
C.harassment
D.segregation
43.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.
A.depletion
B.dehydration
C.exhaustion
D.handicap
44.Scientists have invented a3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone,a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.
A.negative
B.confusing
C.eloquent
D.indistinct
45.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them,but they are never distracted from long-term goals.
A.anticipate
B.clarify
C.examine
D.verify
46.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.
A.challenging
B.solemn
C.hostile
D.demanding
47.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.
A.erased
B.triggered
C.shadowed
D.suspended
48.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger,so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.
A.nurture
B.eliminate
C.assimilate
D.puncture
49.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.
A.unpredictable
B.unconventional
C.unparalleled
D.unexpected
50.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.
A.estimating
B.handling
C.rectifying
D.anticipating
PartⅢCloze(10%)
Directions:I n this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,51a new case report published in PNAS this week.
According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton,UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,_52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was11months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother.But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,_53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception.That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier.
The Guardian claimed this to be the first54case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case--microchimerism,55cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child,is thought to be quite common,with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about50to75per cent of cases and to go the other way about half56_.
As the BBC pointed out,the greater57in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the
fetus without being killed by its immune system.The answer,in this case at least,lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells,which led to the58of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign.As a result,no attack against the invaders was launched.
59,according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of"cancer danger". Only17probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined60of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.
51. A.suggests B.suggesting C.having suggested D.suggested
52. A.since B.although C.whereas D.when
53. A.what B.whom C.who D.as
54. A.predicted B.notorious C.proven D.detailed
55. A.where B.when C.if D.whatever
56. A.as many B.as much C.as well D.as often
57. A.threat B.puzzle C.obstacle D.dilemma
58. A.detection B.deletion C.amplification D.addition
59. A.Therefore B.Furthermore C.Nevertheless D.Conclusively
60. A.likelihood B.function C.influence D.flexibility
Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)
Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases.But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where100percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.
First of all,it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drag development and embracing the long cancer treatments,engineering drags that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.
Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for4%of lung cancer patients.But more than90%of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and9out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten.By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway.But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?
Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene,two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments.In a test of66patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma,a full100percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say,a100percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail)is more or less unheard of.Moreover,this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together.
Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information?Who's to say,but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development,the outcome pretty good.And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward100percent,we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word:cure.
61.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5918004801.html,petition and Cooperation
B.Two Competing Pharmaceutical Companies
C.The Promising Future of Pharmaceuticals
D.Encouraging News:a100%Response to a Cancer Drug
62.In cancer drug development,according to the passage,the pharmaceuticals now______.
A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach
B.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatments
C.are investing the lion's shares of their money
D.care only about their profits
63.From the encouraging advance by the two companies,we can infer that______.
A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaboration
B.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishment
C.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the research
D.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy
64.From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.
A.is nowhere to be found
B.can drive one crazy
C.can be multiple
D.is conditional
65.The tone of the author of this passage seems to be_______.
A.neutral
B.critical
C.negative
D.optimist
Passage Two
Liver disease is the12th-leading cause of death in the U.S.,chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one.Even in case where a suitable donor match is found,there's guarantee a transplant will be successful.But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab,successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.
The livers aren't grown from scratch,but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver.
The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells,leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.
With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place,the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架)with liver cells isolated from healthy livers,as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels.Once repopulated with healthy cells,these livers lived in culture for10days.
The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats,where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats'vascular systems. However,the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant).
But the initial successes are promising,and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years.It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic,but if nothing goes horribly wrong--and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.
66.It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to_______.
A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the lab
B.explore the unknown functions of the human liver
C.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.
D.address the source of liver transplants
67.What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?
A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.
B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.
C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liven
D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.
68.The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.
A.duplicated synthetically
B.isolated from the healthy liver
C.repopulated with the healthy cells
D.the addition of some man-made blood vessels
69.What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?
A.The rats as wrong recipients.
B.The time point of the transplantation.
C.The short period of the recellularization.
D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.
70.The research team holds high hopes of_______.
A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two years
B.the timetable for generating human livers in the lab
C.stem-cell research as the future of medicine
D.building a fully functioning liver into rats
Passage Three
Patients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea the thin,transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability.In a long-term study,Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus,the border between the cornea and the white of the eye,to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes.During the10-years study,the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in113eyes of112patients.The treatment was fully successful in more than75percent of the patients,and partially successful in13percent.Moreover,the restored vision remained stable over10years.Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.
Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year,with up to10years of follow-up evaluations.The procedure was even successful n several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.
Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person,and transferring them to the burned eye.The new procedure,however,stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture.Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness,but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant.The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea;it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.
Chemical eye bums often occur in the workplace,but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.
The results of the study,based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,were published in the June23online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
71.What is the main idea of this passage?
A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.
B.The vision in the eyes blinded by bums for10years can be restored.
C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10years.
D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.
72.The Italian technique reported in this passage______.
A.can repair damaged retinas
B.is able to treat damaged optic nerves
C.is especially effective for bum injuries in the eyes already treated surgically
D.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea
73.Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?
A.The places in which people work.
B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.
C.The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.
D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.
74.What is one of the requirements for the current approach?
A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.
B.The patient physically healthy.
C.The damaged eye with partial vision.
D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.
75.Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?
A.Sarcastic.
B.Indifferent.
C.Critical.
D.Positive.
Passage Four
Here is a charming statistic:divide the US by race,sex and county of residence,and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed30years.The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country:a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County,South Dakota,for example,will be lucky to reach his60th birthday.A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.
America is not alone in this respect.While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race,sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.
But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand.An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创),after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women.Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity,so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.
We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder,thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies.There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation.Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health,similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health,in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.
To realize the full potential of such projects,biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a"soft science"
with little that's serious to say about health.And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics,or crude race-based medicine.
It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members.More important,it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy.This endeavor has huge implications,not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites,rich and poor.
76.As shown in the1st paragraph,the shaming statistic reflects________.
A.injustice everywhere
B.racial discrimination
C.a growing life span
D.health inequalities
77.Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?
A.Where to live.
B.Which race to belong to.
C.How to adjust environmentally.
D.What medical problem to suffer.
78.The Chicago-based project focuses its management on________.
A.a particular medical problem and its related social issue
B.racial discrimination and its related social problems
C.the social ladder and its related medical conditions
D.a specific disease and its medical treatment
78.The Chicago-based project focuses its management on_______.
A.a particular medical problem and its related social issue
B.racial discrimination and its related social problems
C.the social ladder and its related medical conditions
D.a specific disease and its medical treatment
79.Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?
A.The racial perspective.
B.The environmental aspect.
C.The biological dimension.
D.The psychological angel.
80.The author is a big fan of________.
A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting health
B.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalities
C.the mutual understanding and respect between races
D.public education and health promotion
Passage Five
American researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine,according to a report published online Thursday,July8,2010,in the journal Science.
One of the antibodies suppresses91percent of HIV strains,more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered,according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal.The
antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally.One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors,the Science study says.
The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV,the WSJ reports.At the very least,they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.
It is welcome news for the33million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of2008.
The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man,known as Donor45.First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects.They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot.They screened25million of Donor 45's cell to find just12cells that produced the antibodies.
Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV https://www.360docs.net/doc/5918004801.html,st year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies,"which knock out many HIV strains.But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about40percent of them,the WSJ says.The newest antibody, at91percent neutralization,is a marked improvement.
Still,more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS,the study authors say.They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus,such as from mother to child;in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection;or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS,combined with antiretroviral drug.
If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies,they think most people could produce then,the WSJ says.
81.We can learn from the beginning of the passage that_____.
A.a newly discovered antibody defeats91%of the HIV strains
B.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the market
C.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIV
D.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection
82.What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?
A.They can cure the33million AIDS patients in the world.
B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drags.
C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.
D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.
83.The newest antibody found in Donor45reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_______.
A.pathology
B.pharmacology
C.HIV neutralization
D.HIV epidemiology
84.According to the study authors,the three test methods are intended to______.
A.advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infection
B.facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDS
C.Develop more effective antiretroviral drugs
D.Develop more effective antiretroviral drugs
85.The passage is most likely______.
A.a news report
B.a paper in Science
C.an excerpt from an Immunology Textbook
D.an episode in a science fiction novel
Passage Six
Whitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for20years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall,installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions,Berkeley Lab says.It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.
Lightening up roofs and pavement can offset57billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in2006,the study found.It was published in the journal Environmental Research Letters.
Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo,or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better.They increased the albedo of all roof by0.25and pavement by0.15.That means a black roof,which has an albedo of zero,would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color--which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof.Berkeley Lab says.
The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2offset over its average lifespan.If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors,they would offset about24gigatons(24billion metric tons)of CO2,but only once.But assuming roofs last about20years,the researchers came up with1.2gigatons per year.That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly300million cars, all the in the world,for20years.
Pavement and roofs cover50to65percent of urban areas and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat.That's why cities are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas.This effect makes it harder and therefore more expensive--to keep buildings cool in the summer.Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere,causing a regional warming effect.
Energy secretary Steven Chu,a Nobel laurete in physics(and former Berkeley Lab director),has advocated white roofs for years.He put his words into actions by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs.All newly installed roofs will be white,and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof.
"Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global
carbon emissions
and begin the hard work of slowing climate change."He said in a statement.
86.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A.A Decline in Car Emissions.
B.White Roofs or Black Pavements.
C.The Effect of Lightening-up Roofs.
D.Climate Change and Extreme Weathers.
87.A indicated by the passage,black roofs________.
A.are better than snowy white ones
B.reflect no heat from the sun
C.are more expensive to build in the urban areas
D.are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones
88.If they are converted to white or cooler colors,all roofs in the world in their lifetime __________.
A.can absorb1.2gigatons of CO2a year
B.could serve as300million cars in terms of emission
C.would offset the emissions from300million cars
D.would offset about24gigatons of CO2as emitted from the cars
89.According to the passage,it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______.
A.the heat-island effect
B.the lack of seasonal winds
C.the local unique weather
D.the fast urban shrinkage
90.Energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_______.
A.nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocated
B.the method in question still needs to be justified in the future
C.our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installed
D.weather change and global warming can be addressed in no time
Part V Writing(20%)
Directions:In this part there is an essay in Chinese.Read it carefully and then write a summary of200words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
什么是健康?
人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。一个人的身体和心理都健康才称得上真正的健康。联合国世界卫生组织对健康下的定义是：健康的人不但没有身体疾患，而且有完整的生理、心理状态和社会适应能力。
日前在我们国家，无论在健康人与病人中，或者在医务人员中，大都在不同程度上忽略心理健康。这对提高人的健康水平与提高医疗效果都产生消极的影响。例如在现实生活中，人们往往重视营养，而忽视饮食时的心理因素作用。人们注意身体的锻炼，而不重视心理的锻炼。甚至不知道什么是心理健康以及如何锻炼。在临床实践中，有些医务人员在病因上，重视病毒、感染等因素，忽视疾病的心理因素的作用；在诊断上重视物理诊断等，忽视心理诊断；在治疗上重视药物治疗，忽视心理治疗。其实，身体健康与心理健康是同等重要的。二者是相互联系、相互制约的。身心两方面健康是相辅相成的。
随着21世纪的到来，人们更加专注自身的健康。追求长寿、健康已成为一种时尚。但是，如何才能健康，怎样才能长寿?健康与长寿的大敌又是什么呢?众多医学保健专家指出，介于疾病与健康之间的“第三状态”是人类健康与长寿的大敌。所谓第三状态，指人们经常感到自己身体难受不适的状态。主要表现为时常感觉身体很累，很疲倦，很想好好睡上一觉。此外，经常出现懒言、少气、食欲欠佳、对什么都不感兴趣、无精打采等症状，也就是人们常说的亚健康状态(sub-health condition)。如果说健康是人的第一状态，疾病是人的第二状态，那么亚健康则为人的第三状态。
有关调查表明，随着经济的高速发展，竞争日趋激烈，生活节奏逐渐加快，亚健康人群的增多已成为一种不可回避的现实。该人群以中年人居多，职业涉及很广。一般来讲，越是有成就、收入越高，亚健康状态的出现频率越高，如经历、秘书、管理人员等都是亚健康状态的高发职业。此外，记者、律师、医生、自由职业者出现亚健康状态的比例也比较高。
目前很“时髦”的“疲劳综合征”(exhaustion syndrome)就是亚健康状态的典型代表。疲劳综合症不仅在发达国家有相当高的发病率，在发展中国家也不少见。这类疾病表面看来对人体并无多大妨碍，仅仅表现为生理功能低下，但其潜伏的危险性却不容忽视，因为疲劳综合征往往就是某些慢性病的先兆。比如大家所熟悉的高血压、心脑血管疾病、肿瘤等，很多都继发于疲劳综合征。
对于亚健康状态，目前国内、国外尚无特效治疗方法，而学会自我调节，对于缓解、纠正人体的亚健康状态非常重要。这里提醒您注意以下几点：一是学会以轻松的心态对待学习、工作和生活，尽量不要故意给自己加压。二是要吃好。所谓吃好，不是指大吃大喝、大鱼大肉，而是指根据自己的实际情况选择饮食。三是一定要睡好，早睡早起。睡上一个好觉，精力、体力就容易恢复。
2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案
Part I Listening Comprehension(30％)
Section A
1．[A]2．[C]3．[C]4．[B]5．[B]
6．[C]7．[B]8．[C]9．[C]10．[C]
11．[C]12．[A]13．[C]14．[D]15．[A]
Section B
Long Conversation
16．[D]17．[B]18．[A]19．[D]20．[A]
Passage One
21．[D]22．[D]23．[B]24．[A]25．[D]
Passage Two
26．[C]27．[A]28．[C]29．[B]30．[C]
PartⅡVocabulary(10％)
Section A
31．[D]32．[B]32．[D]34．[A]35．[C]
36．[A]37．[C]38．[D]39．[B]40．[D]
Section B
41．[A]42．[B]43．[C]44．[D]45．[C]
46．[D]47．[D]48．[A]49．[C]50．[C]
PartⅢCloze(10％)
51．[A]52．[C]53．[D]54．[C]55．[A]
56．[D]57．[B]58．[B]59．[C]60．[A]
Part IV Reading Comprehension(30％)
Passage One
61．[C]62．[B]63．[A]64．[A]65．[D]
Passage Two
66．[D]67．[C]68．[C]69．[C]70．[D]
Passage Three
71．[A]72．[D]73．[A]74．[A]75．[D]