小学英语语法汇总

小学英语语法汇总
小学英语语法汇总

语法

一、名词:

1、单复数相同是可数名词,如people Chinese Janpense

2、不可数名词:milk time work air money 黄油、金属等都不可数。

3、a little a bit of 修饰不可数名词 a few of 修饰可数名词

4、many修饰可数名词,主要用于否定句和疑问句,much 修饰不可数名词。

二、形容词:

1、翻译成“…的”,它在句子中有两个位置:

①形容词位于名词前(作定语)。

例:fat,small,tall,beautiful,hot,cold,warm,cool

1. a fat student

2. a small tree

3. a tall mountain

4. a beautiful dress

5. a hot weather

公式:限、数、美、小、圆、旧、黄、法国、木、书

限定词、数量词、描绘词、大小(先长短高矮再胖瘦)、形状、新旧、颜色、国籍、材料、性质

例:一件脏的旧的棕色的衬衫 a dirty old brown shirt.

②形容词位于系动词be的后面做表语

例1. The student is fat

2. The tree is small

3. The mountain is tall

4. The dress is beautiful

5. The weather is hot

2、修饰不定代词如(something, somebody),形容词在不定代词后面:不定代词 + 形容词

例:Something important,Something bad,old enough ,

a kind woman , a careful student

3、形容词比较级:

①形容词词尾加-er

例:long — longer fat — fatter

small — smaller thin — thinner

big — bigger fast — faster

many — more young — younger

②比较级的例子中出现than

例1. This train is slow →

This train is slow er than this train

2. The bear is strong →

The bear is strong er than the monkey

(单数名词不能单独出现,前面必须加a,an,the三个中的任何一个)

3. My T-shirt is clean →

My T-shirt is clean er than your pants favorite没有比较级和最高级

4、人做主语 + 形容词 + ed, I am interested in.

物做主语 + 形容词 +ing 或表语 + ing.

三、副词

可以修饰形容词,译为“…地”。例如:very

(very可以修饰形容词,不可以修饰形容词比较级。Much可以修饰比较级)

1. The student is very fat

2. The tree is very small

3. The mountain is very tall

4. The dress is very beautiful

5. The weather is very hot

翻译:这支铅笔比那支钢笔长:

这架飞机比那辆火车快:

这个男孩儿比这个老师年轻:

我爸比我妈胖:

杰尼比丹尼瘦的多:

四、冠词

1、不定冠词a/an

a English car an hour an umbrella

an university an American car an egg

a week a honest boy

2、定冠词the

the Great Wall uncle Wang wood

the Yellow River mother and son

have supper play piano the youngest the third in the morning this morning

my car have a rest the Hong Kong

the USA the old an hour

五、数词

1、年月日:①日、月、年;②月、日、年

1998年6月24日:June 24, 1998

2、大数位表达

5746:five thousand seven hundred and forty-six

3、基数序数转化

one→first (1st) two→second (2nd)

three→third (3rd) four→fourth (4th)

4、时间表达

11:45 英:a quarter to twelve eleven forty-five 11:15 美:eleven fifteen

7:15 英:a quarter past seven

表示一段时间:in +,

表示天:on +,

表示一大段时间:for +,

表示时间点:at +

5、加:6+5=11:Six plus five is eleven 或 Six and

five is eleven

6、减:11-6=5:Eleven minus six is five. 或 Six from

eleven is five

7、乘:4×5=20: Four multiplied by five is twenty.

或 Four times five is twenty.

8、除:20÷4=5 :Twenty divided by four is five.

或 Four into twenty goes five

9、小数:6.86:six point eight six

10、分数:1/3 —a/one third

2/5 — two fifths

1/2 = a half 1/4 = a quarter 1/5 = one fifth 3/5=three fifths 3/2=one and a half,当分子是1

的时候,分母不能加S,当分子大于1的时候分母加S。

分子基数,分母序数。

六、不定代词(不定代词都是单数)

肯定句:something (sth),somebody (sb),someone

否定、疑问句:anything,anybody,anyone

否定句:nothing,nobody (no one)

例:There is somebody on the street.

There isn’t anybody on the street. everything, everyone肯定是单三,答句用because, 问句用why

例:It’s about (关于)something in London.

七、四种动词:

1. be, am, is, are +形容词:表状态

2. 连系动词:连系动词后面形容词(形容词/副词)

feel seem sound grow become get smell look taste turn keep

当主语是物:Be/连系 + 形容词作表语

①"存在"类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态. be, look, feel, seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。

例如:

The story sounds true.

Those oranges taste good star.

②"持续"类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:

Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.

It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?

③"变化"类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), get(变得)等。例如:

Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.

3. 实义动词do+副词:实义动词是指有实在意义的。实义动词后面副词(形容词/副词)

①实义动词的一般现在时,I live + in Tangshan. 不及物动词+in,又如She lives in Tangshan. 单三后动词加-s。

一般现在时,反反复复的习惯动词,一、二人称时动词用动原形。单三时加-s或-es。

②实义动词主语 + do,当主语是she/he/it + 动词 + s,口诀:有情用情,有系用系,无情无系,请求借助。

例:We don’t get up early everyday/

Kate doesn’t get up early everyday/

例:I go to work on foot.

否定:I don’t go to work on foot.

一般疑问句:Do I go to work on foot?

两种回答:Yes,I do. No, I don’t.

③实义动词和主语有关:

主语(第一人称、第二人称、复数人称)+ (do) + 实义原形

④主语是单三 + 动词单三形式(does)

⑤否定句:(独立构成否定句)be + not,如I am a teacher,I am not a teacher.

⑥一般疑问句:be + 主语,如Are you a teacher?实义动词的一般疑问句、否定句找助动词主语是非单三用do,主语单三用does。

主语 + do + not + 动原,如I don’t walk to school. 主语 + does + not + 动原,如 She doesn’t walk to school.

⑦实义动词一般疑问句:

Do you walk to school? Do + 主语 + 动原

Does she walk to school? Does + 主语 + 动原有助词出现、动词用原形。

现在进行时(没有助动词),主语 + be doing (动词现在分词),如What are you doing?

现在进行时一般疑问句,Be + 主语 + doing,如He is running. He is not running? Be 只能和doing在一起。Like + 名词,表示喜欢什么东西

Like to do 喜欢干什么事

Want + 名词想要什么东西

Want to do(动词原形)想要做什么事

⑧含有实义动词的肯定句变否定,要用(do或does)+ not + 动词原形,主语(非单三) + do not +动词原形,主语(单三) + does not +动词原形。

例:I watch TV everyday.变否定I don’t watch TV everyday.

She helps her mother.否定She doesn’t help her mother.

含有实义动词的疑问句,助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形do Give sb sth = give sth to sb

How do you like …?询问某一事物的态度,等同于

What do you think of ? =How do you think about ? 4.情态动词Can+动词原形

?及物动词直接接宾语

?不及物动词间接接宾语。例:动词 + 介词 + 宾语

例如:look move listen arrive go

七、不定代词

by + 反身代词。

1.疑问代词:

对人提问:用who 主格,动词以后用whom,所有格用boys’对星期提问:用 what date,for + 段时间。

How long 多长时间

How often 多久一次

How far 多远

How heavy 多重

2. 不定代词做主语、谓语动词是单数:

①肯定句或疑问句中: someone somebody Something everybody everything等,表示建议。

②否定句中:anyone anybody anything everybody everything等,表示一些人在用否定的语气

③纯否定:none nobody nothing

3. 指示代词:this, that指示代词

4.. 和Mr 和姓搭配使用,主格人称代词在动词以前做主语。

Miss:称呼未婚

Mrs:称呼已婚

Ms:称呼不知婚否的女士

5. 宾格人称代词:I、you、she、he、it、we、they等

6. 物主代词 + 名词时,天生的复数名词做主语,谓语动词用are。例 glasses :This glasses are mine.

有量词时复数结构时谓语动词用are。

八、a/an不定冠词

1、不特指和“the”对应

2、表示“一”不如“one”强烈

3、in a week 在每一周,a 用在时间短语前面表示每时间段…

4、have a rest/have a good time 固定搭配

The 定冠词

1、对应不定冠词,特指某人、某事,如The boy behind the tree.树后面的男孩。介词短语修饰短语表示特点。

2、序数词前面“the”,如 the first 、the third

3、play the piano 只有在西洋乐器前加the

4、短文中提到过,再次提到的用the,表示重复。

5、指谈话双方都知道的人或事用the

6、用在宇宙间独一无二的天体间。如the sun

7、在姓氏复数前表示全家人,如 the Greens.

8、用在江、海、山脉前,如 the yellow River.

9、The Great Wall.万里长城

10、两者之间的比较级前和三者之间的最高级,如 the best.

11、在缩写前the UN . The USA.

12、The rich . 用在形容词前表示一类人。

13、in the morning. 固定搭配。

注意:/an变名词复数,如I’m Chinese. 不加冠词a,又如I’m a Chinese girl. 只有Chinese girl 才

加a。

名词前有限定词不用加a/an,如she is my friend.

They are our friends.

九、比较级:

1.动词类型(1/4)+

2.确定比较级范围:than 两种东西比较

in / of 最高级

3.形容词变比较级的6种形式

形容词变最高级的6种形式

①原形:tall — taller — tallest

②结尾有e:nice — nicer — nicest

③red — redder —reddest

fat — fatter —fattest

wet — wetter — wettest

big — bigger — biggest

④辅音+y结尾:heavier — heaviest

⑤双音节、多音节、6个及以上字母的:more、the most beautiful—more beautiful — most beautiful

⑥特殊:good— better — best

bad — worse — worst

much/many — more — most

little/few —less — least

far — farther(距离的大小) — furthest

far — farther(程度的高低) — furthest

old — older(表语形容词) —oldest

old — elder(定语形容词) —oldest

十、时态

1、现在进行时:主语 + be + doing(动词现在分词)

现在进行时时标:listen! Now ! Look! At the moment! 现在进行时否定句:主语 + be + not + doing .

现在进行时疑问句: be + 主语 + doing ?回答:yes,人称代词 + be. 或 No,人称代词 + be + not.

①Tom can speak English. → Tom is speaking English.

②we have four lessons. →We are having four lessons. ③I watch TV everyday. → I’m watching TV .

一般现在时:as + 原级 + as

例:Bob does his homework as carefully as Mary.实义动词后面是副词。

Bob is doing his homework as carefully as Mary. 2、一般现在时:动作经常反复发生,做介绍(东西或人)表状态特征。

be 表示陈述性语气(am、is、are),主语 + 谓语动词,主语是人或物,加动词干什么,介绍、状态特征。如:This is a book. ①系动②实义③情态+动词原形

3、将来时:

Bob will do his homework as carefully as Mary.

4、过去时:

当主语是过去式时,从句若是真理,用一般现在时

My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework so I was.过去进行时,was/were doing ,过去完成时had done.

Bob did his homework as carefully as Mary.

Have a swim = go swimming

十一、定语从句

1. 定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2. 先行词:被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。

3. 关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why 等。

关系词常有3个作用:1.引导定语从句。 2.代替先行词。 3.在定语从句中充当一个成分。

关系代词引导的定语从句

1. who指人,在从句中作主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) Li Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意:关系代词whom在口语或非正式语体中常用who 代替,也可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3. which指物,在定语从句中作主语或者宾语,作宾语时可省略。

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。

在定语从句中作主语或者宾语,作宾语时可省略。

(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

注意:只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

(1) 在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。

There is a seat in the corner that is still free.

(2) 在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只

是供油问题。

Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的东西全部交给了警察。

(3) 先行词有the only,the very修饰时,只用that。

After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he owned.

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.

(4) 先行词为序数词?数词?形容词最高级时,只用that。

This is the best film that I have seen.

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

(5) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned.

5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.

whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?

(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2) The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

十二、感叹句:what、how 分别加名词

1、How+形容词+主语+be

How+形容词 + 主语 + 动词

How + 动词

How cold weather is !转换成What cold weather it is. What + adj + 不可数+代词+谓语

2、以名词结尾时,是what感叹句,单数what + a/an 名词复数 what +形容词

What a/an +形容词+名单+ 主语 + 谓语

What 形容词 + 明变 + 主语 + 谓语

How +形容词 + 主语 + be ! 十三、祈使句

表达命令请求、约请。特点:没有主语,动名词、动词原形打头、建议、命令例:Make sb do sth; Let sb do sth. 分为3种形式。

1.Go ahead. 一直走。(以实义动词原形引导的)2.Be careful. (以Be 引导的 + 形容词)

3.Let him in.(以let 引导的 + 宾语 + 动原)

4.Don’t sit down. (否定形式句首Don’t + 动原.)

其中以let引导的否定句有2种

Don’t let sb do. 例:don’t let him go.

Let sb not do sth.例:let’s not go to the park. 十四、宾语、同位语、表语

例:lean the classroom in the afternoon at school.. clean是宾语补语,in the afternoon 是时间状语,at school 是地点状语。

十五、疑问句

疑问句(questions)指提出问题,请对方回答的句子。疑问句句末要用问号。按结构可分为四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。

(一)一般疑问句

1、一般疑问句概述

一般疑问句(general questions),也可称为“yes/no”questions(是否型问句),因为它一般是由yes或no回答的,如:—Have you locked the door?

你锁门了吗?

—Yes,I have.是的,锁了。

—No,I haven’t. 不,没有锁。

2一般疑问句的结构

(1)基本的结构为:be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+(其他),句子要读升调,如:

Are they your friends?

他们是你的朋友吗?

Does he go to school on foot?

他是步行去上学吗?

Will you be free tonight?你今晚有空吗?

Can you play basketball?你会打篮球吗?

(2)陈述句亦可用作一般疑问句,多用在非正式文体中,句末有问号,用升调,如:

Somebody is with you?

有人和你一起吗?

He didn’t finish the work?

他没有做完活吗?

You are fresh from America,I suppose?

我猜,你刚从美国回来吧?

3、一般疑问句的答语

(1)一般疑问句一般由yes或no来回答,如:

—Are you tired?你累了吗?

—Yes,I am.是的,累了。

—No, I’m not.不,不累。

—Does she do the cleaning?她扫除了吗?

—Yes ,she does.是的,她打扫了。

—No,she doesn’t.不,她没打扫。

(2)回答一般疑问句除了用yes或no外,也可用certainly,probably,perhaps,of course,all right,with pleasure等代替yes,用never,not at all等代

替no,如:

—Can you help me?你能帮个忙吗?

—Certainly.当然。

—Could you please make less noise?

你可以小声一点吗?

—All right,sir.好的,先生。

—Have you been there?

你到过那里吗?

—Never.从来没有。

4、一般疑问句的否定式

(1)一般疑问句的否定式,一般结构为系动词/助动词/情态动词+not+主语;也可为系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+not,如:

Do you not/Don’t you believe me? 你不相信我?Believe me?你不相信我?

Is it not / Isn’t it a lovely day? 天气难道不好吗?Are you not / Aren’t you coming?你不来吗?

Will you not /Won’t you sit down? 你不坐会儿吗?Is he not / Isn’t he a doctor? 他不是医生吗?Does Helen not /Doesn’t Helen like chocolate? 海伦不喜欢巧克力吗?

Will he not /Won’t he go with you?

他不和你一块儿去吗?

(2)否定疑问句并不单纯表示提问,它常常带有感情色彩。否定疑问句的完全式比简略式所表达的语气更强烈些。

1)否定疑问句常常带有惊异、赞叹或责难等语气,如:Haven’t you read the newspaper?

你没读过这份报纸呀?

Won’t he come?他不来了?

2)否定疑问句有时暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答,如:Shouldn’t we start now?

我们现在是不是该动身了?

Wasn’t it an interesting film?

那部电影是不是很有趣?

3)否定疑问句有时用来表示邀请或建议,如:Wouldn’t you like to go with me?

你不想和我一块儿去吗?

Won’t you have a cup of coffee?

你不喝杯咖啡吗?

(3)否定的一般疑问句的答语中,yes的含义为“不”,no的含义为“是”,但在回答这类句子时,应该注意yes 后接肯定结构,no后接否定结构,这和汉语习惯不同,如:

—Are you not Mr Smith?

你不是史密斯先生吗?

—Yes,I am.不,我是。

—No,I am not.是的,我不是。

—Haven’t you read this book before?

你从前没有读过这本书吗?

—Yes,I have.不,我读过。

—No,I haven’t.是的,我没有。

—Don’t you play chess?你不下棋吗?

—Yes ,I do.不,我下棋。

—No,I don’t.是的,我不下棋。

教你一招:在这样的答语中,只要根据实际情况来判断,如果事实上是,就要用yes;如果事实上不是,就要用no。

(二)特殊疑问句

1、特殊疑问句概述

特殊疑问句(special questions),也可称为“wh”-questions,因为它们多数都以who,where,when,which,whose,why这类词开头,如:

Who is it on the phone?谁来的电话?

How many oranges can you see in the picture?

你能在图画上看到多少个橘子?

Where did you last see it?

你最后一次看到这东西时是在什么地方呢?

What did you eat yesterday?

你昨天吃了些什么?

How do you usually go to school?

你通常是怎么去学校的呢?

2、特殊疑问句的构成及用法

(1)它的结构一般为:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句,即:特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+(其他),如:

What can be done about it?

对此能做些什么呢?

Which are yours?哪些是你的?

Who would like to come for a game of football?谁愿意来踢场足球呀?

What did you say?你说什么?

Why didn’t you tell me?

你为什么没有告诉我?

(2)特殊疑问句有时可有一个以上的疑问词,如:Which present did you give to whom?

你把哪件礼物给了人啦?

When and where did you meet?你们何时在何地相遇的?

(3)特殊疑问句有时须以介词开首,如:

By whom is the book written?此书是谁写的?

Since when have you lived here?

你从什么时候起住在这里的?

(4)疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的语序相同,如:

Who is in the room?谁在房间里?

(5)“why+一般疑问句否定式”这种结构一般表示劲告、建议、责备等,而不能归为特殊问句,如:

Why don’t you come earlier?

你为什么不早些来呢?

Why not go skiing?为何不去滑雪呢?

3、特殊疑问词

特殊疑问词可分为两类:疑问代词和疑问副词

(1)疑问代词

疑问代词主要有五个,分别为:who,whom,which,what,whose。它们没有性和数的变化,除了who外也没有格的变化。

疑问代词

意义作用例句

who谁作主语, 用来指人

Who is the girl under the tree?

Who is not here?

Whom谁作宾语,用来指人

Whom are you writing to?

Whom do you want to see?

Whose谁的用来指所属关系,如果作定语,一般后接名词Whose pen is this?

Whose are those shoes?

Which哪个,哪些用来指对人或物在一定范围之内进行选择

Which girls will be in the sports meeting?

Which hat is lily’s ?

What通常指物,也可指人,一般用在没有指出范围的情况下

What can you see in the picture?

What is in the teacher’s room?

(2)疑问副词

疑问副词包括when,where,why,how及how与其他副词和形容词组成的疑问词。

疑问副词

意义,用法,例句

when何时

询问时间

When will she return?

Where

何地询问地点

Where do you come from?

Why

为什么询问原因

Why are you late for school?

How

如何询问手段、方式、工具以及程度等

How do you usually go to school?

How old

多大询问年龄

How old is Jim’s little brother?

How much/many

多少询问数量

How many friends do you have?

How far

多远询问距离

How far is it from your home to school?

How long

多长、多久询问时间的长度或距离

How long will you stay in Beijing?

How often

多长时间一次询问频率

How often do you go to see your grandparents?How soon

多久询问时间

How soon will you come back?

4、特殊疑问句的答语

特殊疑问句的答语的重点是对疑问词的回答非所问,因此,不再需要用yes或no。在回答时,可以用一个词或词组,也可以用一个较为完整的句子。

问句

简略答语整句答语

Who has borrowed my bike?谁借了我的自行车?Jack. 杰克。Jack has borrowed your bike.

Where is he?他现在在何处?

At the office. 在办公室。

He is at the office.

(三)选择疑问句

1、选择疑问句概述

选择疑问句(alternative questions)一般提出两种或两种以上的可能,问对方选择哪一种。其结构可用一般疑问句,也可用特殊疑问句,供选择的两部分由or连接,前者用升调,后者用降调,如:

Will you go there by bus or by train?

你准备乘汽车,还是乘火车去那儿?

What would you like,coffee or tea?

你想要什么,咖啡还是茶?

2、一般疑问句演化来的选择疑问句

Were you or he there?是你还是他在那儿?

Are they reading,chatting or watching television?他们是在看书、聊天,还是在看电视?

Do you want to go there by land or by air?

你将乘车还是乘飞机去那儿?

3、特殊疑问句演化来的选择疑问句

Which do you like better,coffee or milk?

你更喜欢喝什么,咖啡还是牛奶?

What colour is it,red,blue or yellow?

它是什么颜色,红的,蓝的,还是黄的?

Where are you going,to the classroom or to the library?你要去哪儿,教室还是图书馆?

4、or not构成的选择疑问句

Do you want to buy it or not?

你是想买它还是不想买?

Are you ready or not?

你准备好了还是没有准备好?

5、选择疑问句的答非所问语

选择疑问句的答语必须是完整的句子或其省略式,不能用yes或no,如:

—Do you go to work by bus or by bike?

你乘公交车还是骑自行车去上班?

—By bus.乘公交车。

—Which would you like, tea or coffee?

你要茶还是咖啡?

—Coffee.咖啡

6、or连接的选择疑问句

并列部分可以是多种句子成分

(1)表语,如:

—Are you an Englishman or an American?

你是英国人还是美国人?

—I’m from England.我是英国人。

(2)状语,如:

—Is the delegation arriving today or tomorrow?

代表团今天到还是明天到?

—Today,I think.我想是今天到。

(3)宾语,如:

—Would you like coffee or tea?

你要咖啡还是茶?

—Tea, please.请给我茶。

(4)谓语,如:

—Shall we watch TV or go to the concert?

我们是看电视还是去听音乐会?

—I’d prefer to go to the concert.

我宁愿去听音乐会。

(5)分句,如:

—Shall I come to pick you up or shall we meet at the airport?

我来接你还是咱们去机场碰头?

—As you please.随便。

(四)反意疑问句

1、反意疑问句的构成

反意疑问句(disjunctive questions)是一种常用于口语的疑问句,这种问句由两部分组成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是附加的一简短问句(称为question tag),中间用逗号隔开,因此,反意疑问句又称附加疑问句。如果陈述句是肯定句式,附加问句用否定句式;如果陈述句是否定式,附加问句用肯定句式。附加问句一般为“be动词(助动词、情态动词)+代词”构成,如:

They didn’t clean the classroom yesterday,did they?

他们昨天没有扫扫教室,是吗?

You’re coming,aren’t you?你会来的,不是吗?John doesn’t like tea,does he?

约翰不喜欢茶,是吗?

She can’t swim,can she?她不会游泳,对吗?

This is your car,isn’t it ?这是你的车,对吧?You don’t like rock music,do you ?

你不喜欢摇滚乐,对吧?

2、反意疑问句需注意的问题

(1)附加问句中的主语要用代词,如果陈述句的主语是代词,用相应的代词即可,如果陈述句的主语是名词,用相应的代词指代该名词,如:

He is your teacher,isn’t he?

他是你的老师,是吧?

Li lei gets up at six in the morning,doesn’t he?

李雷每天早上6点钟起床,是吗?

(2)如果陈述句中有系动词或情态动词或助动词,附加疑问句中用与它相应的肯定或否定形式即可;如果没有,就要根据陈述句的时态选择适当的助动词,如:

Tom has finished his homework,hasn’t he?

汤姆己经完成了他的家庭作业,是吗?

She went to Shanghai yesterday,didn’t she?

她昨天去上海了,是吗?

(3)有些句子包含表示否定意义语,也算否定句,如:There’s little water in the bottle,is there?

瓶子里没有水了,是吗?

(4)在个别情况下,前后两部分可以都是肯定或都是否定。这时有特殊的涵义,如:

You sold that lovely bracelet,did you ?(=I’m sorry you did.)

你把那只漂亮手镯卖了,是吗?(真遗憾。)

3、反意疑问句的语调

(1)通常陈述句部分用降调,附加问句用升调,如:

He can’t swim,can he?他不会游泳,是吗?

Lily likes sports,doesn’t she?

丽莉喜欢运动,是吗?(2)对自己的看法比较肯定而又希望听者同意这种看法时,前后都用降调:

You don’t like rock music,do you?期望回答:No,I don’t.

You like rock music,don’t you?期望回答:Yes,I do.

4、反意疑问句的答语

(1)反意疑问句的答语一般由yes或no引导的简略答语来回答,但是要注意时态及代词的呼应,如:—She is your teacher,isn’t she?

她是你的老师,是吧?

—Yes ,she is.是的,她是。

—No,she isn’t.不,她不是。

(2)在前否定后肯定的句子中,yes含义为“不”,no含义为“是”,如:

She can’t swim,can she ?她不会游泳,对吗?

Yes ,she can.不,她会。

No,she can’t.是的,她不会。

5、一些特殊句式的反意疑问句

(1)陈述句是I am…结构,反意问句用aren’t I 或am not I,如:

I’m right,aren’t I?我是正确的,对吗?

I’m late,am not I?我迟到了,是吗?

(2)陈述句的主语是不定代词时,如果是表示物的everything,anything,something,nothing时,反意问句的主语it,谓语动词用单数,如果是表示人的everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,no one时,反意问句的主语可用they,也可用he,谓语动词用相应的单、复数,如:

Nothing is serious,is it?没什么严重的,是吗?Everybody knows what I said,don’t they?

每个人都懂了我所说的,是吗?

(3)如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词this,that时,疑问句的主语用it,谓语单数;如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词these,those,则疑问句的主语用they,谓语用复数,如:

This is very important,isn’t it?

这是非常重要的,是吗?

Those are cups,aren’t they?

这些是茶杯,是吗?

(4)如果陈述部分以不定代词one作主语,附加疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you,如: One can’t be too careful, can one(you)?最认真不过如此了,是吗?

(5)陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式或动名词时,疑问部分的主语用it,谓语用单数,如:

What you said is wrong,isn’t it?

你说的错了,不是吗?

To learn English well isn’t easy,is it?

学好英语不容易,是吗?

Practising speaking English every morning will do you good,won’t it?

每天早上练习说英语对你有好处,不是吗?

(6)陈述句中的谓语动词是there be,后边的疑问部分也用there be形式,如:

There is an apple on the table,isn’t there?桌子上有只苹果,是吗?

(7)陈述句谓语动词是wish,表示征求意见时,反意问句用may,如:

I wish to go home now ,may I?

我想现在就回家,可以吗?

(8)陈述句句中有hardly,seldom,rarely,no,nothing,never,little,few,nobody,nowhere,barely,neither,too…to等表示否定意义的词时,反意问句用肯定式,如:

You will never forget it ,will you?

你永远不会忘记这件事,是吗?

There is nothing on the table,is there?

桌子上什么也没有,是吗?

(9)如果陈述句中的否定式仅带有否定词缀(前缀或后缀),则将其看成肯定句,反意问句一般仍用否定式,如:He is unfit for his job,isn’t he?

他并不适合他的工作,是吗?

(10)陈述句中的谓语动词为have/has to/had to时,其疑问部分的谓语动词应用don’t /doesn’t/didn’t,如:

He has to get up at four tomorrow,doesn’t he?他明天不得不4点钟起床,是吗?

They had to leave early,didn’t they?

他们不得不早些离开,是吗?

(11)陈述句中的谓语动词为used to时,其疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式,如:

He used to live in London,usedn’t he/didn’t he?他过去住在伦敦,是吗?

There used to be a cinema here before the war,usedn’t there/didn’t there?

战争前,这儿有一家电影院,是吗?

(12)陈述句中的谓语动词是ought to,则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn’t代替,如:

Such things ought not to be allowed,ought they?

这样的事情是不允许的,是吗?

He ought to be punished,oughtn’t he?

他应该受到惩罚,是吗?

或We ought to go ,ought we not?

我们应该去,是吗?或we ought to go ,should we not?

(13)当陈述部分有dare或need时,若dare和need为实义动词,疑问部分的谓语动词用do的适当形式;若dare 和need为情态动词,疑问部分用dare或need构成,如:We need to do it,don’t we?

我们需要做这种事,是吗?

You daren’t go there,dare you?

你不敢去那里,是吗?(14)含有情态动词must的句子

1)若陈述句中强调对现在的情况的推测,疑问部分用aren’t/isn’t+主语,如:

You must be tired,aren’t you?

你一定很累了吧,对吗?

2)陈述句中谓语动词是must have+过去分词时,若陈述句中强调过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn’t +主语,如:

He must have met her yesterday,didn’t he?

他想必是昨天下午见过她了,是吗?3)若陈述句中强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven’t/hasn’t+主语,如:

You must have seen the film,haven’t you?

你想必是看过这部电影,是吗?

4)若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句的部分则用needn’t,如:

You must go home right now,needn’t you?

你有必要马上回家,是吗?

5)当mustn’t表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用may,如:

You mustn’t walk on grass,may you?

不许在草地上走,知道吗?

(15)祈使句的反意疑问句,一般在句尾加will you,如:Give me a hand,will you?帮帮我,好吗?

Stop that noise,will you?别吵了,行不行?

Don’t forget it, will you?

别忘了它,好吗?

Don’t talk any more,will you?

别再说话了,好吗?

注意:在陈述部分是肯定的句子中,也可用won’t you。(16)let’s开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用shall we;let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用will you,如:Let’s go there, shall we?我们去那里,好吗?

Let us go there,will you?

在口语中,也可用下面形式:

Let’s go fishing. All right(or OK)?

我们去钓鱼,好吗?

(17)主从复合句的附加问句

1)复合句的反意疑问句一般是根据主句的主语和谓语形式构成反意疑问部分的,如:

He said that we were happy,didn’t he?

2)复合句的主句是I think(expect,suppose,believe,suspect,imagine)时,附加问句要根据主句而定,主语是第一人称时,要根据从句而定,主语为第二、三人称时,与主句保持一致,并且要注意否定的转移,如:

I suppose he is serious,isn’t he?

我想他很严肃,是吗?

You think she is a good teacher,don’t you?

你认为她是一个好老师,是吗?

I believe he can find her mother nowhere,can he?

我相信他到哪里也找不到她的妈妈,不是吗?(注意,用nowhere为否定句)

I expect they will win the match,won’t they?

我希望他们赢得那场比赛,不是吗?

I don’t think he is the suitable man for the job,is he?

我认为他不是做那项工作的合适人选,不是吗?

(18)并列复句的反意疑问句

这种反意疑问句,其疑问部分一般与最接近的分句的主、谓语保持一致,如:

We must start at once or we can’t get there on time,can we?

我们必须马上出发,否则我们将不能按时到达那里了,对吗?

He is a teacher but his wife isn’t a teacher,is she?

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一、引导名词性从句的连接词

1. 分类

2. 比较

二. 主语从句

三、宾语从句

四、表语从句

五、同位语从句

六、名词性that-从句

七、名词性wh-从句

八、if, whether引导的名词从句

1. 1)yes-no型疑问从句

2. 2)选择性疑问从句

九、否定转移

十、高考热点透视

十一、专项考点练习

一、引导名词性从句的连接词

1. 分类

2. 比较

二. 主语从句

三、宾语从句

四、表语从句

五、同位语从句

六、名词性that-从句

七、名词性wh-从句

八、if, whether引导的名词从句

1. 1)yes-no型疑问从句

2. 2)选择性疑问从句

* 九、否定转移

* 十、高考热点透视

* 十一、专项考点练习

一、引导名词性从句的连接词

分类

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:

连词(5个):that(无任何词意)

whether,if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)

as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)

以上在从句中均不充当任何成分

连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever

连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however

不可省略的连词:

1. 介词后的连词

2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.

We heard the news that our team had won.

比较

whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,只可用whether:

1. whether引导主语从句并在句首

2. 引导表语从句

3. whether从句作介词宾语

4. 从句后有"or not"

Whether he will come is not clear.

大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语。

It is not important who will go.

It is still unknown which team will win the match.

二. 主语从句

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why 等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:

What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。

Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。

有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句

(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句

(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句

(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句

另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:

It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …

It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…

三、宾语从句

名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句

由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。

注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+

动词原形”。例如:

I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。

The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。

2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:

I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。

3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether 与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:

a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;

b. 引导表语从句时;

c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;

e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。

The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试?

Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。

I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。

Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?

4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用

不同时态。例如:

he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)

he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)

I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)

he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)

当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.

5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。

I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。

四、表语从句

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:

The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。

That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。

This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。

It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that 引导而不是because。例如:

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .

【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。

五、同位语从句

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:

The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。

同位语从句和定语从句的区别:

that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。

试比较下面两个例句:

I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)

Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)

六、名词性that-从句

(1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:主语:That she is still alive is her luck. 他还活着全靠运气。

宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。

表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。

同位语:The fact that he has not been seen

recently disturbs everyone in his office.

近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。

形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.

你对工作满意我感到很高兴。

2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。

It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:

a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句

It is necessary that…有必要……

It is important that…重要的是……

It is obvious that…很明显……

b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句

It is believed that…人们相信……

It is known to all that…众所周知……

It has been decided that…已决定……

c. It + be +名词+ that-从句

It is common knowledge that………是常识

It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是……

It is a fact that…事实是……

d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句

It appears that…似乎……

It happens that…碰巧……

It occurred to me that…我突然想起……

七、名词性wh-从句

1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why 等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。

直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。

间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.

俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。

表语:My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。

宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。

同位语:I have no idea when he will return.

我不知道他什么时候回来。

形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。

介词宾语:That depends on where we shall go.

那取决于我们去哪儿。

2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:

It is not yet decided who will do that job.

还没决定谁做这项工作。

It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。

八、if, whether引导的名词从句

1)yes-no型疑问从句

从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型

疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同,例如:

主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。

宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期

五以前把文章写完。

表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。

同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值

得信赖。

形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。

介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。

2)选择性疑问从句

选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如:

Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。

I don't care whether you like the plan or not.

我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。

if和whether的区别:

1、在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如:

例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。

2、在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如:

例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。

3 、在介词后,只能用whether。如:

例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。

4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether 。如:

Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道。

(例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还

是个问题。--此例为主语从句,有误,感谢指出)

5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如:

例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ?

这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether 可避免歧义.

九、否定转移

1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy,

imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。

I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。

I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。

注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。

I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。

2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.

看来他们不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.

看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。

3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。

I don't remember having ever seen such a man.

我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语having…)

It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.

在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。

(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)

4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。

The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。

He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。

She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个星期,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。[编辑本段]

十、高考热点透视

1. ___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)

A. There

B. This

C.That

D. It

答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无实义。此句也可以改写为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.

2.A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do.(NMET2001)

A.how B.after C.what D.when

答案C。从句子结构可知,句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词,做主句谓语动词do的宾语,同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语,因此,此处的连接词应该用what。

3. He asked ____ for a violin.(MET1992)

A. did I pay how much

B. I paid how much

C. how much did I pay

D. how much I paid

答案:D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,句子语序要用陈述语序。

4. What the doctors really doubt is ____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.(上海2001年春季招生)

A. when

B. how

C. whether

D. why

答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知,所怀疑的应是是否能治好病,所以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。”

5.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (NMET1997)

A. however

B. whatever

C. whichever

D. whenever

答案B。根据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。”可以看出后面的从句应是一个宾语从句,而从

句中wants缺少宾语,A. however 和D. whenever是不能作宾语的;排除A和D,whichever表示“无论哪一个,无论哪些”,应表示一定范围内的人或物,此处没有涉及

事物的范围,所以应选 B.whatever,表示“无论什么”。

6. ______leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)

A. Anyone

B. The person

C. Whoever

D. Who

答案C。本题句子的意思是:无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句,连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句,并在从句中作主语,相当于any person who或The person who, 意

为“一切……的人”。而anyone和the person均非连词,不能引导从句,况who leaves the room last意为“某

个最后离开房间的人”,与题意不符,如果要选A. Anyone

或B. The person,都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D. Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。

7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (Shanghai1995)

A. anyone

B. whomever

C. whoever

D. no matter who

答案为C。本题句子的意思是:Sarah希望跟自己有

共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是:前者既可以引导

名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D,从句中需要的是主语,所以whomever也不行。

8. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

---- Is that ______ you had a few days off ?

A. why

B. what

C. when

D. where

答案A。根据语境,甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的原因,故答案是A。答案B,C, D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境,下句应该问“那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗?”

9. I still remember ______ this used to be a quiet village.

A. when

B. how

C. where

D. what

答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语,排除D.what,而答案C, D均与题意不符,所以应选A.when。used to be表示一种过去存在的状态,本句的意思是“我

仍然记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。”

10.I read about it in some book or other,does it matter ____ it was?(2001春季招生)

A.where B.what C.how D.Which

答案D。这是一个主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析,应是哪本书,所以要填which,这句

话的意思是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容,是

哪一本书重要吗?”。

11. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. while

B. that C when D. as (2001年上海)

答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语

从句通常由that引导,接在fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后,

用来解释或说明名词的内容。

12. —I think it is going to be a big problem.

—Yes, it could be.

—I wonder ______ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季)

A、if

B、how

C、what

D、that

答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder 后面应跟宾语从句,而从句中的谓语动词do是及物动词,可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分,我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的if和that,再排除引导方式状语的how,答案是C,句子的意思是“我们能就此做些什么”。

[编辑本段]

十一、专项考点练习

1. ________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.

A. It is said

B. They are said

C. It said

D. It says

答案A:句型It is said that+主语从句。类似的还有It is believed that……etc

2. _____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

A. What

B. That

C. How

D. Where

答案A:观察此从句中缺少主语,而能在主语从句中即充当主语成分又引导的就只有what了

3. It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination.

A. whether

B. if

C. that

D. how

4. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isn’t like _____ it used to be .

A .what B. how C. that D. which

5. ____ is no possibility ______ Bob will win the first prize in the match.

A. There, that

B. It, that

C. There, whether

D. It, whether

6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before.

A .that B. how C .what D. where

7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.

A. had his daughter grown

B. would his daughter grow

C. his daughter would grow

D. his daughter had grown

8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _______.

A. how she is getting along

B. how is she getting along

C. what she is getting along

D. what is she getting along

9. ____surprised me most was _____such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.

A. That; what

B. What; that

C. That; that

D. What; what

10. These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.

A. whatever

B. which

C. that

D. whichever

11. _____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.

A. Who

B. Anyone

C. Whoever

D. The person

12. Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.

A. any; who

B. every; whoever

C. whichever; whoever

D. either; whoever

13. ____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.

A. What; why

B. That; why

C. What; because

D. Why; that

14. It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.

A. What; that

B. That; that

C. What; what

D. That; what

15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.

A. should send

B. must be sent

C. should be sent

D. must go

16. The true value of life is not in ______, but _______.

A. which we get; what give we

B. what we get; what we give

C. which do we get; what do we give

D. how we get; that we give

17. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _______.

A. be put off

B. was put off

C. should put off

D. is to be put off

18. Go and get your coat.It's ____ you left it.

A. where

B. there

C. here where

D. where there

19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.

A. anyone

B. whomever

C. whoever

D. no matter who

20. You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.

A. how they were excited

B. how excited they were

C. how excited were they

D. they were how excited

Keys:

1---5 A A A A A 6---10 C D A B A 11----15 C C A A C 16---20 B A A C B

十六、There be句:

There be 代、动、名结构

There be 的就近原则,and用于肯定句,or用于否定句

和疑问句。

十七、复合句:

My friend asked me? Where can tom find the hospital? My friend asked me where he find the hospital.

在复合句中,连词以后的是从句,宾语从句先翻主句。

十八、单复句转换:

That ------those This ------those

It is --------they are He/she-----they

My hat is old → Our hats are old

what color is it? → Those colors are they? That is a lovely hat.→ Those are lovely hats This is a book → Those are our dress

1.名词单三:元音+y结尾直接加s

辅音+y结尾去y直接加ies

2.动词过去式:元音+y结尾直接加ed

辅音+y结尾去y直接加ied

3.过去式的实标:last month, last night, a moment ago, this morning, last year, last week, just now

刚刚, that day

4.but表示并列,前一句什么时态,后一句也用什么

时态

名词变复数

1.单数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees,

books, brothers. 清辅音后面读成【s】元音和浊

辅音【z】

2. 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.

3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.

以元音字母加y结尾的名词,直接加s:boys keys monkeys

4. 以f或fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs , proof s, chiefs.

5. 辅音字母+o结尾的名词,大多数加es: Negroes(黑人), heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.

元音字母+o结尾的名词加s: radios, zoos, pianos, photos.

6. 不规则名词:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→me n, woman→women, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, mouse→mice.

7. 某些外来词变复数:datum→data, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria, curriculum→curricula, criterion→criteria, phenomenon→phenomena. ( um/ on→a) analysis→analyses, basis→bases, crisis→crises, diagnosis→diagnoses.( is→es ) 8. 复合名词变复数:以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复

数形式,如:homework.

以man或woman为前缀的复合名词变复数,前后两个名词

都变复数,如:manservant→menservants, woman student—— women students.

其它复合名词变复数:grown up→grown ups, brother in law→brothers in law, stand by→stands by.

合成名词,只变主体词: girl student—girls students

9. 复合形容词做定语时,其中的名词保持单数:a six year old boy,a two hundred page book

10.姓氏是专有名词,后面+s前面+the表示一家人如:the Blacks 布莱克一家 the lius

11.特殊形式: man-men woman-women child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth German-Germen mouse-mice ox-oxen

名词变复数的测验:knife( ) roof( )baby( )monkey()housewife()deer()Mouse()brother in law()half ()

go — goes — going — went

buy — buys — buying — bought

get — gets — getting — got

take — takes — taking — took

write — writes — writing — wrote

swim — swims — swimming — swam

begin — begins — beginning — began

play — plays — playing — played

enjoy — enjoys — enjoying — enjoyed

eat — eats — eating — ate

walk — walks — walking — walked

dance — dances— dancing — danced

run — runs — running — danced

find — finds — finding — found

study — studies — studying — studied

roof—roofs

German—Germans

Girl student—girl students

photo—photos

zoo—zoos

hero—heroes

Cry — cries

Ask — asks

baby—babies

photo—photos

knife—knives

policeman—policemen

tomato—tomatoes

watch—watches

child—children

sheep—sheep

不规则动词过去式

Feed — fed

Meet — met

Get — got

Hold — held

Sit — sat

Win — won

Find — found

Lie—lay—lain—lying

lay—laid—laid—laying

lie—lied—lied—lying

规则hang—hanged—hanged

不规则hang—hung

find—found—found

found—founded—founded

◆名词所有格

1. 单数名词所有格只需在词尾加:“s”

例:某人的 Tom’s pen

2. 以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格直接加“’”

例:学生们的书The students’ books

The teachers’ offices

3. 不以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格加“’s”

例:Children’s Day 儿童节

Women’s Day 妇女节

4. 表示几个人共有的东西,在最后一个人的名词后加’s

例:Lucy and Lily’s room

5. 如果各自拥有,每个名词后都加’s

例:Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms 她们各自的房间

6. 名词所有格省略式

At the doctor’s 在诊所

At my grandmother’s 在姥姥家

7、当主语和宾语是同一个人用反身代词,单数形式-self myself yourself herself himself itself

8、复数形式- selves ourselves yourselves themselves

冠词:

◆反义词

Old—new lazy—“hard-working”

Busy—free Same—different

例:our books are the same (same前加“the”)our books are different

these —those sell—buy heavy—light

here—there early—late cheap—expensive wrong—right small—big easy—hard

◆同音词

meat—meet two—too或to their—there write—right

◆现在分词

swim—swimming get—getting run—running stop—stopping

◆三个句型

1.What’s this ? It’s a

2.What color is it ? It’s

3.What are they ? They’re s

例:? what are Jim’s father and mother? They are teachers.

? Who is the girl in the picture? She is Jim’s sister.

? Do Jim and his sister look like their mother or their father? They look like their mother ? Are Jim and his sister in the same grade?

No, they aren’t

◆ 1. It is march 27th today.

提问日期:what’s the date today?

2. Today is Monday.

提问星期:what day is today?

3. Mr. Wu is an English teacher.

what is Mr. Wu?

提问职业:What + be + 主语

4. We like playing table tennis after school.

提问爱好:what do you like doing after school

5. Daniel usually has lunch at home.

提问事实:Does Daniel usually have lunch at home?

No, he doesn’t

询问工作:What are their jobs?

What are they?

What do they do?

回答They are sales reps

提问地点:Where + be + 主语

提问年龄:How old + be + 主语

◆What + do + 主语,助动词帮助动词构成否定句和疑

问句,包括一般疑问句,回答时不用do。如What do

they both like to do ? like 后面+ to do 的时候,

回答用动词。

◆My friend’s father = a friend of my father

of 表示所有关系…的

◆be good at(擅长做某事) + n/doing

at 是介词,动名词和现在分词变化时一样的

◆how many + 可数名词复数

how much + 价钱+一般疑问句

多少+不可数名词

◆like to do / doing

◆on the way to school go to school

on the way to the park go to the park

on the way home go home

◆talk about 谈论

spend holiday 度过假期

must + 动词原形

◆It’s time for home.或

It’s time go home.该干什么事情了。

◆Can I help you ? 在商店表示你要买点什么?在日

常生活中表示我能帮助你吗?

◆What’s the time ? 或What’s time is it?都表

示询问时间的,回答:必须是时间点。例如:What time

do you have supper?’回答:At 6:30. When time do

you have supper? 回答:时间不具体。

◆Enjoy 享受、祝福 enjoy yourselves 祝你玩的愉

快。

◆Take care,后有名词用of,如take care of

yourself ,look after = take care of

◆Neither …nor 原句是肯定,也用肯定

Either …or 原句是否定,neither或nor

Both…and

Neither + 单数名词

Neither 两个都不是,是both的完全否定形式

neither of + 复数名词

Both两个人以

too用于肯定句either用于否定句

例:I like apples,too.

I don’t like apples,either.

◆not only…but also 不但…而且

◆So(谓主)+ 助词 + 另一主语:表示对上一句的肯

定,主语在前,谓语在后,(感叹)肯定。

例:so do we 我也是

“另一者也是”(跟原句时态一致)

◆呈现倒桩句是另一者也是(和现在主语一致)

◆Thanks a lot. 名词 + a lot .

◆Be made of 由…做成的,

Be made from 看不出什么材料做的

例:The desk is made of wood.课桌是用木头做的。

◆It take sb sometime to do sth. 花费时间做什么◆例:It took me one and a half hours to read ◆Miss + doing. 例:does well in dancing. 这里

do well in 替换be good at.

◆Be good for 对…有益的

Be good at 擅长的

◆much、even修饰比较级,more 修饰原级

A lot of = lots of

A few people 一点人

Few people 一点人也没有

◆Very much 修饰情感动词,在名词前做定语,在不定

代词做后置定语,做表语,在adj原级做宾补。

◆stop doing. 停止做某事

stop to do. 停止开始做另一件事

◆ 1. Be ready for为…做准备

例:Be ready for school 为上学做准备

2. be ready to do sth. 做…事情做准备动词用to

◆Be surprised 令人惊奇的

Be surprised in +名词性的词或短语(什么事情感兴趣)

◆be famous for 因…闻名,包括其中的一部分

be famous as 作为…而闻名,同一事物

◆Grade one

Class three

class three grade six 六年级三班(英语先说小范围再说大范围)

◆问路的方式:

1、Can you tell me the Bank of China?

你能告诉我去银行的路吗?

2、Can you tell me how to get to Bank of China?

你能告诉我怎样去中国银行吗?(较委婉)

◆问候常用语: Greetings(问候语)

A.Hello!/HI

回答:Hello!/HI

B. Nice to meet you!和Nice to see you

回答: Nice to meet you ,too.

C. How do you do?(初次见面,正式场合用)

回答:.How do you do?

D. How are you(至少见了两面以上,主要问身体好不好)

回答:I’m fine /very well/ok

I’m fine, thanks ,and you ?

E. How is your mother ?

回答:she is very well .

How old are Lucy and Lily? They are eleven.

不管人或物的复数都用They are in the desk.

◆1、用于地理、国家机关、城市等名词,例如:Beijing's

future, the government's decision.

2、用于时间、价值、距离、重量等名词,例如:today's assignment, ten dollars' worth, five miles' distance, twenty pounds' weight.

3、表示理发店、商店等名词或一些习惯用法,例如:at the butcher's, at one's wit's end.

◆单词短语

1.Day 天,日子 three days

2.Well 形容词 (身体好)只可以做表语

副词(干得好)例:He works well.

名词井

感叹词(喔)

表语放在be动词后面做表语 be+形容词做表语

例:I am very well.

副词用来修饰动词

3. see同音词sea(大海) son同音词sun

4.Business 生意、商人

On business 出差 my father is on business. Business card 名片 Business营业时间

5.上午时间用am 下午时间用pm “二小时制”

例:9:30am 8:00pm =16:00

7. come come here

come on 加油努力

come in

come out 出去,开花

go out 出去

come up stairs 到楼上来

come down stairs下楼来

8.upstairs楼上 downstairs楼下

9.hat (礼帽) cap(鸭舌帽)

10. lovely(可爱的) 一般情况下ly 结尾都是副词,而

lovely是形容词

例:The hat is lovely. 那顶帽子很可笑

Tom is lovely 汤姆很可爱

Friendly (友好的)------形容词

11.Suitcase 手提箱 case 箱子

12.custom 风俗、习惯(民族、群体)

Habit 个人习惯

Customs 海关

13、Green 格林(人名)green绿色

14、Dane 丹麦

15、make friends 交朋友

Make friends with sb和某人交朋友

例:A makes friend with B

16、give sb. sth.给某人某物如:Give me a pen.

give sth. to sb. 如:Give a pen to me.

Sb.(间接宾语) sth.(直接宾语)

17、Little(小的)情感方面的大小有可爱的意思 a

little baby

Small(小的)体积的大小

18、glass 杯子 (可数n) glasses眼镜(必须是复数

形式)glass 玻璃(不可数n)

The glass is made of glass.这个杯子是玻璃制作

的。

19、employee 雇员 employer雇主 employ(动词)雇佣

20、Jim is hard-working 吉姆勤奋工作

Work hard 努力工作努力学习

Hard work困难的工作

Hard working勤奋的工作(反义词)lazy懒惰

21、Sales reps(复数结构) They are sales reps 他们

是推销员

Sales rep(单数)-sales reps(复数)

22、an assistant 一名助

23、Go to school. 去上学

Go home. 回家

Answer the teacher’s question.回答老师的问题About大约、关于

问路时先说:Excuse me.

表示感谢:Thank you all the same.

Intersection 十字路口

Go straight 直走

turn left 向左走

the way to 去……的路

go along 沿着

go down

walk down

reach=get to 到达

例:The way to the Bank of China?

wrong what’s the matter with you ?

what’swrong with you ?

你怎么了?

Sub—下属附属

Sub – zero零度以下

Sub – worker 副手

Sub – college 准大学

Sub – Way地铁

Do + 副词

What’s your sister do like.

She likes pears.

1、动词get + 形容词,Read + 副词 carefuly

形容词做定语breakfast.用”a”必须在形容词前定义”a”或”an”.

Look at 有目标的看

Look for 不一定找到、找的过程、寻找

Look out 小心

I hope so 我希望如此

Dislike doing 不喜欢做某事

Hate to do like to do

picture

a picture of

behind / in front if

in the same school

in different grade

look like

Be able to 有各种时态 can 只有过去时

The whole 全部(指一个不可分割的整体)

All the 全部(一个个部分组成的一个整体)

After school 放学以后

Play sth with sb 和谁一起玩

Be strict with sb. 对某人严格

Be from.来自那里=come from.

Be worried.不要担心,动词过去式,过去分词可以做形容词

I’d like to do sth. 我想干什么。Be pleased to do. 我乐于干什么

A little time . a little 修饰不可数

Just now (过去时);just (现在完成时)

Was/were doing. 过去进行时,实义动词后是副词,went 定义动词。

Be in trouble . 陷入困难之中

Be late for sth. 干什么事迟到了

Not…at all 根本不喜欢,

not at all.没什么、别客气

I’ve go to do=I have got.表达你不得不做的事

Have to do sth.

See you = Bye.

See you + 时间限制,例:See you later! See you next week.

Have a good/nice 祝你……

make friends with 和谁交朋友(固定搭配)

think of 想起

think over 仔细考虑=think about 想出

be angry with 生某人的气

ask sb to do sth. 要求某人做某事

I hope to do sth. 我想干什么。

Talk to 跟你谈话

See you around =see you soon

Catch you later 回头见

Catch a bus 赶上汽车

Be free 空闲、自由的

On the bed 在床上

Go to school 上学

It’s time for sb to do sth. 到什么时候该干什么了。Be busy doing sth.重点强调做什么事情

Of course 当然

It doesn’t matter 没关系

Hide and seek 藏猫猫

Come up 上来

On time 按时

As hot as 和…一样

Take … with 带着…东西

Much 、many用于否定句、疑问句,a lot of = lots of 用于肯定句,都是许多的意思

Enough 休息名词既可以放前面又可以放后面

Turn on 打开

Turn off 关闭

Turn up 开大,代词必须放在中间,例turn it up. Turn down 关小

A very nice girl = quite a nice girl 一个非常可爱的小女孩

Help yourself 多吃一点,请自便

be like = look like = look the same 看起来像

good 原级一个人 better 比较级两个人 best 最高级三个人或三个人以上

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小学英语语法大全(全套十八讲)

小学英语语法大全 第1讲字母 1、英语中共有26个字母。Aa,Ee,Ii,Oo,Uu是元音字母,Yy是半元音字母,其余是辅音字母。英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。Aa和Ii可以独立成词,分别表示“一个(张……)”和“我”的意思,Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。 2、英语字母可以分为印刷体和书写体。在书、报、杂志上见到的一般都是印刷体。在四线三格上书写时应注意书写位置,可以记住以下口诀:大写字母不顶格,小写字母占满格。书写时还要注意字母的笔顺。 3、英语句子的第一个单词的首字母要大写。单词与单词之间在书写时必须保持适当的距离,一般以空出一个小写字母的宽度为宜。句子的末尾要有标点符号。 4、英语中的句号是一个实心圆点(.),省略号是三个居下的实心圆点(…),英语中没有顿号和书名号,顿号用逗号替代,书名用斜体字表示。 5、英语缩写词 PRC中华人民共和国UN 联合国 WHO 世界卫生组织NBA美国职业篮球联赛KFC 肯德基 IT 信息技术 EQ 情商 CCTV 中国中央电视台kg 千克 a.m. 上午USA 美国 HK 香港 WTO 世界贸易组织 CBA 中国男子篮球联赛 ATM 自动柜员机 ID 身份证 CPU 中央处理器 BBC 英国广播公司 cm 厘米 p.m. 下午 UK 英国 SOS 国际求救信号 UFO 不明飞行物 VIP 贵宾 EMS邮政特快专递 IQ 智商 RMB 人民币 VOA 美国之音 No. 号码 6

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3. 一般过去时 (1)表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用“last …上一个…, just now刚才, a moment ago刚才,yesterday昨天”等词。 (2) be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were (3)过去式基本结构

(4)词过去式的变化:规则动词的变化: 不规则动词的变化: 原形过去 式 原形过去式原形过去式原形过去式 sweep swept t each taught have had go went keep kept think thought do did find found

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小学英语语法总结文档编制序号:[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

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