海外代购外文文献翻译最新译文字数3000多字
文献出处：Lurch R. Talk about overseas act as purchasing agency business model research [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 2015, 35(3): 265-278.
原文
Talk about overseas act as purchasing agency business model research
Lurch R
Abstract
With the continuous development of cross-border e-commerce, overseas act as purchasing agency gradually in consumer demand. Purchased overseas offer price advantage and brand advantages of international goods, meet the personalized needs of consumers. Overseas act as purchasing agency for the domestic related enterprises especially the severe impact of the retailer weakened the commerce promotion effect of consumption. Network overseas act as purchasing agency as B2C e-commerce in a niche market, has been gradually accepted by Internet users in the network consumption. It can avoid the problems in the international personal shopping link; just enter the act as purchasing agency website, after selected goods, direct payment, no international credit card, need not trouble to forward overseas relatives and friends. Overseas goods consumers not only consider the product quality, price, after-sales service, such as difference, also the comprehensive national policy, price and after-sale activist, technical support and other factors.
Keywords: Overseas act as purchasing agency; E-commerce platform; Commerce
1The present situation and operation mode of overseas purchasing development
1.1 statuses
Overseas act as purchasing agency is based on the network consumer demand for goods in other countries, by large community BBS, comprehensive e-commerce site purchasing platform, professional network "transit" and so on all kinds of ways to make consumers to purchase goods to overseas. There are professional purchased overseas act as purchasing agency web B2C website and attached to the big shopping website of C2C online personal bought two forms. Contemporary is larger, more concentrated procurement time, in order to save cost, can be bought by reality. Human act as purchasing agency buying more proficient in a foreign language; Stewardess,
students familiar with the import and export markets. At present, the independence of the strongest is the enterprise to build online sales platform to promote operation, using marketing network for distribution or distribution business outsourcing to a third party platform. Some trade through the international logistics company imported foreign electronic products, cosmetics, household goods, to avoid delivery channels of duties, through active in the border of and Hong Kong a batch of "water guest" will be split into more imported goods, false claim for personal items, use of personal items allowance preferential rules, through channels into China, the country of import goods management.
Purchased overseas divided into acquaintances purchased overseas and electronic purchased overseas, acquaintance between acquaintances and relatives overseas act as purchasing agency in consumers, is not a profit for the purpose of purchasing way. Electronic overseas act as purchasing agency refers to is the medium of electronic commerce, based on the international logistics and the Internet to provide buyers agent to buy foreign brand products services and related fee. With the traditional compared between e-commerce and international trade, the characteristics of the purchased overseas mainly: one is a general characteristic of the network shopping; Second, can provide convenient and quick for overseas products of domestic demand and safer buying channel, eliminate frontier barrier of international products and services; Three is to provide personalized services purchased overseas to meet the specific needs of consumers, to find a solution to the differential development as the goal.
1.2 purchased overseas operation mode analysis
At present, the domestic and overseas act as purchasing agency electric business platform mainly websites, involved in purchasing products are daily necessities, food, such as milk powder, health care products, consumer electronics, such as apple computer, mobile phone), high-grade products and collection, etc. According to the monitoring data of China electronic commerce research center of the market, in the first half of 2014 China's electricity network operators network market turnover shows mall occupy 57.4%, ranked second, occupy 21.1%, is located in the market
share is the third purchase up to 3.6%.According to the monitoring data of electronic commerce research center, China purchased overseas in 2013 top ten one of the most popular commodities including cosmetics, milk powder, cases, bags, etc. he cosmetic act as purchasing agency products more than 22% of the total, obviously than big than other products. Overseas purchasing platform for e-commerce sites provide consumers with information exchange, goods order confirmation and payment, and other functions, the operation mode of the purchased overseas roughly divided into three categories.
(1) Professional electrical business enterprises and cooperation
Most professional purchasing electricity companies have professional electronic trading platforms, foreign partners, international logistics partners as well as perfect after-sale pre-sale customer service center. Domestic electricity act as purchasing agency partners are divided into different situations, such as products for the United States purchase of specific act as purchasing agency network, there are some websites directly with B and C 2 C 2 C on international shopping platform for cooperation, act as purchasing agency web site in the United States, for example amazons, Macy’s online electricity products covering all the products in the field of circulation of the United States. On the basis of establish close cooperation with foreign partners, looking for fixed logistics company, and act as purchasing agency party can be a large number of the transport of the goods at a lower price to domestic, and be able to enjoy preferential treatment in foreign cooperation due to the tariff to offset the cost.
(2) By the private overseas act as purchasing agency model
Domestic C2C form of overseas act as purchasing agency works mainly has two kinds, one is by purchasing personnel in the name of the individual entity shop to buy abroad, after the goods carry back home or sent by post to domestic consumers. Second, the domestic act as purchasing agency personnel management enterprise with fixed establishment cooperation, overseas act as purchasing agency is responsible for procurement of goods and freight, received by the domestic business personnel and to consumers. Act as purchasing agency personnel in the name of the personal belongings of the freight to return home, the mode of transportation will typically
involve part or all of the tax evasion, easily affected by the customs supervision, in the act as purchasing agency items of the arrival of the goods time, act as purchasing agency costs, there is a risk, even by the risk of cargo was confiscated by completely.
(3) Outside the direct entry of international business
Professional electric business enterprise of the domestic and overseas cooperation and by private overseas act as purchasing agency model is a common mode of two kinds of overseas act as purchasing agency; the foreign merchant direct entry is already some international websites act as purchasing agency service behavior to our country. Act as purchasing agency personnel can only be responsible for international business order, international sites to be responsible for logistics. However, since in this mode of international logistics cost is higher, and consumers to goods logistics information can not be timely grasp and act as purchasing agency risk is higher, so this model is not common.
2 The mechanism of action of overseas act as purchasing agency
Overseas act as purchasing agency of commerce development in industrialization optimization perspective, the influence of commerce upstream industrial clusters involved: universal and special equipment manufacturing; Transportation equipment manufacturing industry; Electrical and mechanical manufacturing; Instrument and meter manufacturing; Transportation and warehousing; The postal service. Wholesale and retail; Accommodation catering industry; Leasing and business services; Comprehensive technical services, etc Downstream industry group include: producer services; Consumer products manufacturing; Consumer services; Processing industry of capital; Capital goods manufacturing; Power industry;The new energy industry;The new energy automotive industry;The new material manufacturing, etc.
The rapid development of overseas act as purchasing agency make the development of commercial and trade circulation industry affected by a lot of, mainly reflects in:
2.1 Enhance the international circulation market information symmetry, drive commerce promotion effect of consumption
Purchased overseas products pricing compared with the global prices of some
products is higher, in behalf of luxury goods for example, China's luxury and upscale product price is about 45% higher than the market average of Hong Kong, China, 51% higher than the price of the United States, 72% higher than the French luxury goods price. Overseas act as purchasing agency and the continuous development of information society, make China's consumers fully understand the product price difference of different country markets, overseas act as purchasing agency to drive the development of commerce information sharing, operating high-end products in the circulation industry can't keep the high price of luxury goods companies strategy, raising domestic product prices fall, prompting more consumers to buy products in China.
2.2 Overseas act as purchasing agency meet the personalized needs of consumers
To promote commerce product diversification and differential development. Purchased overseas products involving most of the products in the global industry, different from the traditional circulation industry, demand is provided by the seller; buy on his behalf by products to meet the personalized needs of consumers. Because customs supervision is not perfect, the part of domestic consumption going abroad, the commerce of consumer spends shunt. Purchased overseas product diversification enables consumers to gradually change the traditional consumption patterns, diversification of consumer demand has prompted commerce introduction and development of a variety of economic system structure of enterprise, establish a new type of ownership structure of commodities interflow and variety of the innovation of the mode of operation.
2.3 Consumers lose faith in their own brand gradually
Due to low quality inspection standards in China, a large number of domestic brands appear unqualified goods quality and in good condition after filling, consumers gradually to our country commodity brand trust declined significantly, although is the international brand licensing production of products, customers also questioned the quality of the goods. At the same time, foreign brand products of high quality standard, forming perfect credit system abroad. This makes consumers give up in the circulation market brand products in our country, increased the pursuit foreign brands, greatly
promoting the development of China's overseas act as purchasing agency.
2.4 Weaken the market competitiveness of domestic enterprises
Overseas act as purchasing agency shop is various, domestic e-commerce trading platform constantly open up foreign brand buy on behalf, has brought the huge impact to its brand, make the traditional commerce reduce the demand for domestic brands, indirect impact on the development of domestic brands. Such as milk powder, increasing domestic milk powder generation overseas in recent years, domestic milk powder enterprises form a larger impact to our country. Some domestic trade enterprises import and export business may not because of overseas act as purchasing agency through the normal import channels and lose market, dropping market share of commerce in logistics industry, logistics enterprises profit space compression. Because of the existence of overseas act as purchasing agency has kept the prices of some products regional difference product strategy not work, reduce the profits of the enterprise.
3 Conclusions
Overseas purchasing promote the optimized allocation of international resources, optimization of the consumption of the inhabitants of their choice, but can bring serious economic losses to countries, weakening national tariff protection ability, to the impact of domestic commerce, especially retailing. On the one hand, overseas act as purchasing agency for commerce has opened up a new e-commerce business model, enhance the circulation market of information communication, improve the circulation market mechanism, promote the development of commerce diversification and differentiation; Overseas act as purchasing agency, on the other hand, weakens the commerce consumption promoting effect, is not conducive to commercial and trade circulation industry of connection of the realization of the function of the production and consumption, hinder the commerce the establishment of the independent brand. Therefore, only will be purchased overseas rationalization and standardization, can urge its commercial and trade circulation industry structure upgrade and optimization. 译文
谈海外代购运营模式研究
Lurch R
摘要
随着跨境电子商务的不断发展，海外代购逐渐受到消费者的追捧。海外代购提供具有价格优势和品牌优势的国际商品，满足消费者的个性化需求。海外代购对本国相关企业尤其是零售企业造成严重冲击，削弱了商贸流通业的消费促进效应。网络海外代购作为B2C电子商务中产生的一个细分市场,在网络消费中已逐渐为网民所接受。它能避免国际性的个人购物环节中的问题,只需进入代购网站,选定商品后,直接支付,无需国际信用卡、无需麻烦国外亲友转寄。海外商品的消费者不但要考虑到产品质量、价格、售后服务等差异,还要综合国家政策、性价比、售后维权、技术支持等因素。
关键词：海外代购；电子商务平台；商贸流通业
1 海外代购的发展现状及运营模式
1.1 现状
网络海外代购是基于网络消费者对其他国家商品的需求,通过大型社区论坛、综合电子商务网站代购平台、专业的网络代购商“中转”等各种方式使消费者购买到海外的商品。网络代购主要有专业的海外代购B2C 网站和依附于大的购物网站的C2C 网店个人代购两种形式。当代购量比较大,采购时间比较集中,为了节约费用,可由真人代购。真人代购代购人大多精通外语；空姐、留学生等熟悉进出口市场。目前,独立性最强的就是企业自行建设网上销售平台来推广运营,利用营销网络实现配送或者配送业务外包给第三方平台。一些贸易公司通过国际物流进口国外电子产品、化妆品、日用商品,为逃避邮递渠道关税,通过活跃在深港交界处的一批“水客”将进口货物拆分成多票,伪报为个人物品,利用个人物品免税额优惠规定,通过旅检渠道进境,逃避国家对进口货物的管理。
海外代购分为熟人海外代购和电子海外代购，熟人海外代购出现在消费者熟人和亲属之间，并不是以盈利为目的的代购方式。电子海外代购指的是以电子商务为媒介，基于国际物流和互联网为购买者提供代理购买国外品牌产品的服务并收取相关费用。与传统的电子商务和国际间进行的贸易相比，海外代购的特点主要是：一是具有一般网络购物的特征；二是可以为海外商品的境内需求提供方便
快捷和较为安全的购买渠道，消除国际间产品和服务的国境屏障；三是海外代购提供个性化的服务来满足消费者的特定需求，以寻求差异化发展为目标。
1.2 海外代购运营模式分析
目前本国的外代购电商平台涉及代购的产品有日常用品、食品（如奶粉、保健品）、电子消费品（如苹果电脑、手机）、高档品和收藏品等。根据市场监测数据，海外代购最受欢迎的商品前十位包括化妆品、奶粉、箱包等。其中化妆品占据代购产品总量的22% 以上，明显比其它产品的比重大。海外代购的电商网站平台为消费者提供信息交流、货物确认和订单支付等功能，海外代购的运营模式大致分为三类。
（1）专业电商企业的境内外合作
大部分专业的代购电商企业拥有专业的电子交易平台、国外的合作商、国际性的物流合作商以及完善的售后售前客服中心。境内电商的代购合作方也分为不同情况，比如针对美国的产品进行专门代购的博购网，也有一些网站直接与国际上B 2 C 和 C 2 C的购物平台合作，以美国代购的网站为例亚马逊、MACY 等网上电商的产品覆盖美国流通领域中的所有产品。在与国外合作方建立紧密合作基础上，寻找固定的物流公司，代购方就可以将大批的货物以较低的价格运输到本国，并能够享受国外合作给予的优惠用以弥补由于关税带来的成本。
（2）由私人国外代购的模式
本国C2C形式的海外代购的运作方式主要有两种，一是由代购人员以个人的名义在国外的实体店进行购买，之后将货物携带回国或邮递给本国的消费者。二是本国的经营企业与固定的代购人员建立合作，国外代购人员进行采购商品和负责货运，由本国的经营人员接收并转交给消费者。代购人员以私人物品的名义货运回国，这些运输方式一般会涉及部分或全部的逃税，容易受到海关监管力度的影响，在代购物品的到货时间、代购成本方面存在一定的风险，甚至会遭受货物被完全没收的风险。
（3）境外国际商家的直接入境
专业电商企业的境内外合作与由私人国外代购的模式是常见的两种海外代购模式，国外商家直接入境是针对一些已经开展对本国服务的国际网站代购行为。代购人员可以只负责对国际商家下单，（完整译文请到百度文库）让国际网
中英文文献翻译
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英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文文献及翻译
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
数字电视外文翻译文献
数字电视外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Ginga Middleware and Digital TV in Latin America Gabriel Baum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Luiz Fernando G. Soares, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro In 2005, Brazil launched its digital TV (DTV) agenda. Its main premise was to reduce the digital divide present in the country, giving the lower social classes the right to access , produce, and distribute information . As a natural consequence, a second premise stressed the generation of local IT jobs and companies to support the entire effort. To bring the benefits of DTV to the masses, Brazil devised the Japanese-Brazilian terrestrial DTV(ISDB-T—the International Standard for Digital Broadcasting),taking the earlier ISDB Japanese standard as a base (with some video and audio coding updates) and introducing the innovative Brazilian middleware system, called Ginga. Argentina adopted ISDB-T in2009 with similar objectives to those of Brazil. Since then, Ginga has been adopted in 12 Latin-American countries. Several other countries in Central America and Africa are testing it as well.
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.360docs.net/doc/697553523.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 单片机简介 中英对
单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机简介中英对原文来源图书馆电子资源 Single chip brief introduction The monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice. The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part. It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability,
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。