2019年全国英语等级考试最新新东方英语语法最终珍藏版笔记
全国英语等级考试
最新新东方英语语法最终珍藏版笔记
Hello, everyone. Welcome to the English grammar lecture series.
欢迎大家参加英语语法系列讲座。
First, I’d like to ask you a question: “What is the most difficult thing for you in learning English?”
对你来说，学习英语最大的困难是什么？
对于这个问题，许多同学的回答是“语法”。中国学生为什么容易犯英语语法错误，从而觉得英语语法难学，甚至对之产生某种恐惧心理呢？这主要有两个原因：
一是汉语的语法相对简单，而中国学生在学习英语时习惯用汉语进行思维，在运用英语时套用汉语的语法；
二是对于英语语言的接触和分析不够：学习英语要多阅读、多听，对于一个英语句子，要分析其所以然，这样就能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点。汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。希望大家对英语语法充满信心，对学好英语充满信心。
下面我们从英语语法的难点和核心？动词？开始英语语法的学习。
一、英语动词的时态
（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：
英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。
例如：在“中国是个伟大的国家。”和“中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。”这两句话当中，汉语的“是”没有变化，而是用“曾经”这个词来表达时间的不同。
China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。
China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。
在这几句中，动词be的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
再如，“他经常帮助我。”“他昨天帮助我了。”和“他一直在帮助我。”这三句话当中，汉语的“帮助”没有任何变化，而是用“经常”、“一直”和“昨天”分别表达出时间的区别。英语就不同，它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。
He often helps me.他经常帮助我。
He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。
He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。
在这几句中，动词help的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
（二）英语动词的形式：
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：
(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后的讲座中会详细介绍。
下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同）举例
一般加-s Help---helps; read---reads 在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es Try, study --- tries, stuides
与名词变复数形式相同，读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：
词尾变化举例词尾读音
动词后面加-ed Help---helped Work---worked
Watch---watched
清辅音之后读[t] Want---wanted need---needed [t] ,[d]之后读[t] Turn---turned play--played
元音和浊辅音（[d]除外）
之后读[d]
以不发音的“e”结尾的词，加-d
Love---loved Serve---served
结尾是辅音字母+y时，y变i，再加-ed Study---studied Try---tried
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母
再加-ed Stop---stopped
Drop---dropped
清辅音之后读[t]
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆，同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则，即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则如下表：
词尾变化举例
一般加-ing Look---looking, try---trying 以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e，再加-ing Write---writing, dance---dancing
以一个辅音字母（x除外）词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾
的辅音字母，再加-ing Begin---beginning, swim---swimming, Run---running, sit---sitting
以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y，再加-ing Die---dying, lie---lying
为了学习的方便，人们把时间分为四个阶段：“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do 为例，列表如下：
时态一般进行完成完成进行
现在时Does; do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing 过去时Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been doing 将来时Shall/will+do Shall/will be +doing Shall/will have + done Shall/will+have been doing
过去将来时Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would + have done Would/should + have been doing “时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；
在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、
现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。
下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
（1）构成：通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为：
第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数Have Have Have Has
Be Am Are is
一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
动词be 与have（表示“拥有”）：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表：
否定式疑问式
Be Have Be Have
I am not (I’m not)…I have not (haven’t)…Am i…? Have i…?
You are not (aren’t)…You have not (haven’t)…Are you…? Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)…He has not (hasn’t)…Is he …? Has he …? 动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式肯定回答否定回答Am I not (aren’t i)…? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t Are you not (aren’t you)…? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
动词be 与have(表示“拥有”)：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表：
否定式疑问式
Be Have Be Have
I am not (I’m not)…I have not (haven’t)…Am i…? Have I …?
You are not (aren’t)…You have not (haven’t)…Are you …? Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)…He has not (hasn’t)…Is he …? Has he …? 动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式肯定回答否定回答Have I not (haven’t i)…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
注意：have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
行为动词（以study为例）一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答（注意要加助动词do/does）
否定式疑问式
I do not (don’t) study Do I study
You do not (don’t) study Do you study
He does not (doesn’t) study Does he study
否定疑问句式简单回答（肯定/否定）
Do I not (Don’t I) study…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
（2）用法：
1）一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
He has an uncle.他有个叔叔。
Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。
It is fine today.今天天气好。
You look pale.你脸色苍白。
He is good at music.他擅长音乐。
He knows a lot of English.他英语懂的很多。
这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如：
Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗？
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车，他走着去上班。
2）一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国的东边。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。
October 1st is our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。）
Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理，真理即美。（英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。）
3）少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
4）在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5）在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here they come. 他们来了。
6）在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如：Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots？A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，姚明投篮，好球！
7）在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中，可用一般现在时表示动作。例如：
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启，朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响，她拿起听筒，静静地听着。
Now please translate the following sentences into English:
1）见到你我很高兴。
I am very glad to see/meet you.
2）李华只懂一点英语。
Li Hua only knows a little English.
3）他们每天晚上看电视。
They watch TV every evening.
4）我坐飞机走，明天早晨六点到那里。
I leave by air and arrive there at six tomorrow morning.
5）你多久给你的母亲写一封信？
How often do you write to your mother?
6）你的朋友看起来很年轻。
Your friend looks very young.
7）汤姆经常在床上看书。
Tom often reads in bed.
8）你在发音方面有困难吗？
Do you have any trouble with pronunciation?
2、现在进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be ＋现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式：第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是：把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例：
否定式疑问式
I am not studying Am I studying?
You are not studying, Are you studying?
He is not studying. Is he studying?
（2）用法：
1）现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如：
I am writing a letter. 我正在写信。
They are learning English. 他们正在学习英语。
Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗？
有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如：
More and more people are paying attention to their health.
越来越多的人在关注健康。
He is translating a novel. 他在翻译一本小说。
2）有些动词，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等，它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如：Flight 1095 is landing soon. 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end is coming. 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
3）现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如：
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。
You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老爱说那样的话。
She is always complaining. 她总是喜欢抱怨。
4）在一定的上下文中，后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合，可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实，而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。例如：
He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皱着眉头，因为他在为他的孩子担心。
She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his bad habits. 她批评他，想纠正他的坏习惯。
She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。（结果）
翻译练习：
1）新生下星期到。
The new students are arriving next week.
2）那边出了什么事？
What is happening over there?
3）那辆汽车怎么停在门外？
Why is that car parking (stopping) outside the gate?
4）他们正在看电视里的足球赛。
They are watching a football match on television.
5）他老爱开玩笑。
He is always joking.
6）我们从国外进口机器，我们在学习新的科学技术。
We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.
3、现在完成时
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…?
否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解，因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响，很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上，这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如：
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意：
1）表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用“have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用“have
(has) gone”。试比较：
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.
3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用，但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
翻译练习：
1）他们已经答复了我们的信。
They have already answered our letter.
2）自去年以来我就未遇见过王英。
I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year.
3）他刚把他的名字告诉我。
He has just told me his name.
4）你到过杭州吗？到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes, I have. I went there a month ago. I have been there two or three times.
5）他在海外住了很长时间了。
He has lived abroad for a very long time.
4、现在完成进行时
（1）构成：第三人称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词；其他人称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：
1）表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning.我从早上8点钟一直在等你。
It has been raining for three hours. 雨一直下了三个小时了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在读什么书？
2）有些动词不能用于现在进行时，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time. 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time. 我认识他很久了。
3）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。如：
I have been reading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。（我仍然在读）
I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。（可能刚读过，也可能很久以前读的）
I have been writing letters. 我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters. 我已经写完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in. 既然我们已经打扫完房间，我们可以把东西搬进来了。
We’ve been cleaning the classroom, but we haven’t finished yet. 我们一直在打扫教室，但还没干完。
翻译练习：
1）你整个早晨在学习什么？
What have you been studying all the morning?
2）你已经参加过期末考试了吗？
Have you taken your final examination?
3）学生们一直在为高考准备功课。
The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination.
4）我们从小就认识。
We have known each other since childhood.
5）1949年以来，王先生一直在这所学校教物理。
Mr. Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949.
6）雨一直下了一个星期。
It has been raining for a week.
5、一般过去时
（1）构成：一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式疑问式
I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…?
否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）
Did I not (Didn’t I) study…? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
Di you not (Didn’t you) study…? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did he not (Didn’t he) study…? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
（2）用法：一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况，其中包括习惯性动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train arrived ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的？
I used to go to school early. 我过去总是很早去学校。
He always went to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。
Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young. 李红小时候在上海住过十年。（有的同学认为出现了for some time 之类的时间状语，就要用完成时态。这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间，就要用一般过去时）注意：在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语，表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语，那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
翻译练习：
1）他昨天晚上离开这里到上海去了。
He left for Shanghai yesterday evening.
2）你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的？我六点钟醒的，可是到七点才起床。
What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ？I woke up at six o’clock, but did not get up until 7.
3）星期一有个外国朋友来参观过我们学校了。
A foreign friend visited our school on Monday.
4）我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。
I used to get up at six when I was at middle school.
5）周总理曾经常在这里办公。
Premier Zhou used to work here.
6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be 的过去式＋现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时，汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候，灯灭了。
He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时，他在读书。
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2）过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用，表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如：
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时，中国总是对西方列强妥协。
翻译练习：
1）我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。
I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at primary school.
2）我母亲做饭的时候，我父亲在抽烟。
While my mother was cooking, my father was smoking.
3）我正在写东西，小明把灯关了。
When I was writing, Xiao Ming turned off the light.
4）夕阳西下，天渐渐黑下来了。
The sun was setting. It was getting dark.
5）你走进他们的房间时，他们正在听广播吗？
Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room?
6）她给你打电话的时候，你在干什么？
What were you doing when she called you on the phone?
7、过去完成时
（1）构成：一律用had + 过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。（“去过”发生在“告诉”之前）
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止，他在这里教学多长时间啦？（“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前）
When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours.到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时，他在那里很长时间了。
3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。
4）此外，过去完成时常用于no sooner…than…和hardly(scarcely) …when…这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面
部分用一般过去时。例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
翻译练习：
1）很幸运，下雨前我们已经到家了。
Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.
2）张华说他的笔记本丢了。
Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.
3）他曾告诉过我，会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后，我还得等到两点半。
He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.
4）他在这里住了两三天，才觉得没有什么拘束（feel at home）。
When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.
8、过去完成进行时
（1）形式：had been + 动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束（可以从上下文看出）。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如：
When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will. 谁能帮我一些吗？―？我来。（不能用be going to替换）
2）be going to 可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you.你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to + 动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。
In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。
The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin.咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1）What are you doing with that spade? ？I ___ (plant) some trees. (am going to plant)
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I ___ (help) you carry it. (will help)
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I ___ (go) and get it for you. (will go)
4) Who will post this letter for me? ？I ____. (will)
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)
10、将来进行时
（1）构成：shall/will be + 现在分词
（2）用法：将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候，我们将在那个工厂劳动。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时，我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。
I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair. 我们明天去赶集。
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。
一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来，那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢？将来进行时不表示个人意愿，强调主观上感觉某事即将发生，并对这一事情有着期待，感情色彩较浓，强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述，强调事实或意愿。
翻译下列句子：
1）下月这个时候，我们将呆在南京了。
This time next month we shall be staying in Nanjing.
2）在今天下午的会议上，你们讨论这个计划吗？
Will you be discussing the plan at the meeting this afternoon?
3）你会见到我的兄弟吗？
Will you be seeing my brother?
4）下学期你教我们吗？
Will you be teaching us next term?
5）你来的时候，我们将在开会。
When you come we shall be having a meeting.
6）下周这个时候，我们将在考试。
This time next week we shall be taking our exams.
11、过去将来时
（1）由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
（2）过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如：They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t.我告诉他马上离开，但他不。
He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits.他情绪低落的时候，就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候，每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
（3）其他表示过去将来时的结构：
1）were/was going to + 动词原形，表示过去的安排、打算或确信某事会发生，多用于口语。如：
I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。
I was sure (that) they were going to do that. 我确信他们要做那件事。
2）were/was to + 动词原形，表示安排，命令或后来将要发生的事。如：
He didn’t know he was to become famous later on.他不知道以后他会出名。
湖北省2019年高考英语试题及答案
湖北省2019年高考英语试题及答案 （满分150分，考试时间120分钟） 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分） 做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到 答题卡上。 第一节（共5小题；每小题 1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A. ￡19.15. B. ￡9.18. C. ￡9.15. 答案是C。 1. Where does this conversation take place? A. In a classroom. B. In a hospital. C.In a museum. 2. What does Jack want to do? A. Take fitness classes. B. Buy a pair of gym shoes. C. Change his work schedule. 3. What are the speakers talking about? A. What to drink. B. Where to meet. C. When to leave. 4. What is the relationship between the speakers? A. Colleges. B. Classmates. C. Strangers. 5. Why is Emily mentioned in the conversation? A. She might want a ticket. B. She is looking for the man. C. She has an extra ticket. 第二节（共15小题，每小题 1.5分，满分22.5分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
2019年高考英语语法填空合
2019年高考英语语法填空合 （全国卷I 全国卷II 全国卷III） 2019年高考英语（全国卷I）语法填空 The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence 61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 62 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide. Modem methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive 64 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut 65 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66 (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 67 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are 68 (high) than they actually are. Of 69 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 70 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
朱明zhubob-新思维综合英语2Unit8 语法知识点
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2014-2019 高考语法填空真题 1.(2019 全国卷I)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88° , there is evidence ___61___ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ___62___(poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000- 25,000 polar bears worldwide. Modern methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___(perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ___65___(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___66___(believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by ___67___(note) that hungry bears may be congregating( 聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion( 错觉) that populations are ___68___(high) than they actually are. Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _____________________________________________________________ 70 ____ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 2.(2018全国卷II)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A 90-year-old has been awarded “ Woman Of The Year ”__ f_o6r 1___(be) Britain 's oldest- tfiumlle employee —still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield , ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have ___63___(final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire 's Woman Of The Year. Picking up her “ Lifetime Achievement , p”rou adw Iarerdne ___64___(declare) she had no plans ___65___(retire) from her 36-year-old business. Irene said , “ I don ' t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years. I work not because I have to, ___67___ because I want to. ” Granddaughter Gayle Parks, 31—who works alongside her in the family business —said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award. She said, “We don't have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call ___68___(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was ___69___ joke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It 70 '(wso nder). ”
读书笔记-李笑来-人人都能用英语
人人都能用英语读书笔记 关键在于“用”，以“熟悉”代替“钻研”。开场白 1、大脑是可塑的，成年人是可以学习第二语言的理论基础。 Taub 教授CI 疗法的成功首先证明区域论是错误的（至少不是完全正确的）——大脑可以重新组织自己；其次证明大脑自始至终都是可塑的，甚至可以重组——即，用一个新的脑图完成原本由受损的脑图完成的功能；最后证明的也是最重要的：脑图之间存在着相互竞争——所以，为了治好受损的右臂，要先把未受损的左臂给限制住。如果不把未受损的左臂给限制住的话，那么左臂的脑图将永远处于优势，进而，使得大脑对已经受损的右臂产生“习得之弃用”（Learned Nonuse） 这最后一条可以用来清楚地解释原本用“关键期论”错误地解释的现象：为什么成年后学习第二语言显得更为困难？ 成年之后，第二语言学习显得更为困难的原因并不在于关键期论所说的“此后大脑不再可塑”，而实际上在于这是第二语言所使用的脑图要与已经形成强大势力的母语脑图竞争——当然越来越难。然而，恰恰是这样的认识给了人们希望。目前，有很多教育学家开始提倡“浸泡式学习”，有一定的依据，也有相当的效果。所谓“浸泡式学习”，就是在特定的时间、特 定的环境里，强迫学生只使用第二语言，禁止使用母语，进而刺激大脑加速构建新的脑图。风靡全球的罗赛塔石碑语言学习软体（Rosetta Stone9）就是基于这个原理开发出来的。 对于第二语言习得者来说，最直观、最有意义的好消息是：1) 什么时候开始学都不晚；2) 只要方法得当，并加以时日，一定能学好。在学习这件事儿是，相信自己一定能学好，并不一定保证真的能够学好；但是，反过来，如果相信自己不可能学好，那最终真的就不可能学好。所谓“自证预言”（Self-fulfilling prophecy10）就是这样，总是在负面起作用。事实上，“语言习得关键期”之说四十多年来在全球造成了难以估计的恶果，不计其数的人在不经意之间把“假说”当成了“定论”，相信自己不可能学好，进而成为“自证预言”注定的受害者。“我没天分”、“我就学不好”、“英语太难了”之类的话，甚至这类的念头，其实都是强大的诅咒。 2、短期内学好英语对一个正常的人来说是一个可行的目标。 我们衡量一个目标是否现实，有一个特别简单而又朴实的判断标准——“有没有人成功过？”如果答案为真，为了确定那不是小概率事件，还可以进一步问“是不是有很多人成功？”如果这次的答案还为真，那么这就是个现实可行的目标。习得第二语言就是这样一个现实而又可行的目标。 进而，习得第二语言本质上来看，相对于其他任何领域都更多依赖积累，更少依赖天分的学科。对大多数人来说，语言只是工具；学习语言几乎无需创意，因为它只是最终用来表达创意的东西而已。学一门外语理论上来讲应该比学计算机容易多了：计算机技术总是日新月异，每个领域都有更高更陡峭的学习曲线；而学外语则不同，它是越学越简单的东西，语法知识总有一天可以学完，单词总有一天不用再背，而不停地读书，实际上已经不是在学习英语了，而是在享用工具。