《学术英语(理工类)》课后题答案

Reading: Text 1

1.Match the words with their definitions.

1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i

2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify

6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt

11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical

15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve

19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile

3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.

Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

ranging from（从……到）

arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）

leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）

opens a path for（打开了通道）

requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）

4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.

1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。

2) 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。

3) 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。

4) 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。

5) 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在几个真正需要的端口，如电子邮件和网站流量。

Reading: Text 2

1.Match the words with their definitions.

1d 2f 3h 4i 5a 6e 7b 8j 9g 10c

https://www.360docs.net/doc/6716089579.html,plete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 compromised 2notoriety 3 interchangeably 4malfunctioned 5squeeze

6 ingenious

7 emergence

8 humble

9 Cunning 10 vulnerability

11criminal 12patches 13 sinister 14daunting 15replicate

16malicious 17 spirals 18secure 19blur 20 stem

21 disrepute 22 sophisticated 23harness 24 recipient 25convert

3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.

Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

There is evidence（有证据表明）

so hasthe numberof hackers（黑客的数量也有很大增长）

are often referred to as（往往被称之为）

compromise your computer（损坏你的计算机）

capture your information（获取你的信息）

access your computer（进入你的计算机）

4 .Translate the following sentences from Text 2 into Chinese.

1 看似无害的编程错误可能被利用，导致电脑被侵入，为电脑病毒和蠕虫的繁衍提供温床。

2 当一个软件漏洞被发现，黑客可以将它变成一个侵入点，从而造成极大的破坏。在这之前，往往需要争分夺秒地利用正确的软件补丁来防止破坏的发生。

3 最简单的钓鱼骗局试图利用迅速致富的伎俩诱使诈骗目标寄钱。但网络骗子们也变得越来越狡猾，最近的陷阱是通过发送客户服务的电子邮件让用户进入假银行或商业网站，并在那里请他们“重新输入”他们的账户信息。

4 间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生厌的互联网害虫。尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着其他免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。

5 尽管因特网已经彻底改变了全球通讯，但是对于那些利用网络力量实现罪恶目的的人和那些负责阻止这些网络犯罪的人来说，他们之间的较量才刚刚开始。

Reading: Text 3

1. Match the words with their definitions.

1f 2d 3e 4j 5i 6h 7b 8a 9g 10c

2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 irrespective

2 be tailored

3 prone

4 opt 5maximum

6coded 7provision 8catered 9check 10ready-made

11modified 12on-demand 13 whereabouts 14Hazardous 15incurred

16applicable 17developer 18on offer19host 20nominal 21certified

22automated 23outage24sync 25back up 26minimal 27mobile

3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.

Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may referto the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

Irrespective of whether（不管）

saveusersthe trouble（使用户避免这样的麻烦）

caters to the needs of（迎合了需求）

for the purpose of（其目的就是）

4. Translate the following sentences from Text 3 into Chinese.

1 云计算可定义为一种按次付费模式，这种模式可以根据要求迅速得到计算机分配的可靠资源，用户很少需要自己进行管理。

2 由于云计算可以用来不断提供资源，因此当你需要扩充计算机容量时就不需要去买硬件，就不会因为用电去冷却计算机设备而产生更多的二氧化碳。

3 这意味着他们不需要开车到办公地点。这就可以省去燃料费，减少二氧化碳排放，从而保护了环境。

4 万一断电，客户可以在电脑再启动时使用和主机同步的备份。

5 除此之外，云计算还不容易受到黑客入侵和分布式拒绝服务的攻击，因为攻击者不知道数据的位置。

Reading: Text 4

1. Match the words with their definitions.

1c 2e 3a 4i 5g 6b 7d 8f 9j 10h

2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1 analogy 2compatible 3 Distribute 4 implement 5activated 6 static

7 aggregated 8 clone 9 innovative 10replacement 11 crashed

12 compromised 13 mine 14 substantial 15asset 16 centralize 17 facilities

18 loose 19 monitor 20integrate 21derived 22 update 23download

24 upgrade 25licensed 26differential 27 install 28 minimum 29 in-house 30crucial

3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.

Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may referto the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.

remains wide open（有很大的前景）

is derived from the way in which（来自这样一个方法）

becomes crucial（非常重要）

will be substantially reduced（会大大降低）

4.Translate the following sentences from Text 4 into Chinese.

1这个术语来自于因特网往往呈现为网络图的方法。

2目前云计算技术涉及一个数据中心的存在，这个中心能够为全世界用户提供服务。

3这就减少了由于没有硬件，如手提电脑带来的影响。

4虚拟化可以使一个损坏的云端服务器迅速找到替代品而不造成大的损失或破坏。

5云技术还处于起步阶段，更多新的优点会不断被发现。

III. Lecture Listening

Listening: Lecture 1

1.To help computer users to be aware of the ethical uses of computers and the Internet.

2. Because more and more people have started using computers and the Internet.

3.Number Eight.

4.Number Nine.

5. Respect and fairness.

6.Lecture 1 addresses the topic “how a computer user avoids being a conscious or unconscious hacker” while Text 1 and 2 deal with the way hackers “get inside” a computer and electronic threats a computer faces.

7.Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics.

Lecture 1 Computer ethics 8

Good morning. Did anyone hear the news about the teenager in New York who hacked into a bank’s database and stole about 30,000 credit card numbers over the week end? Hacking is related to computer ethics. Computer ethics deals with the proper use of information technology, such as computers and the Internet. By proper use, I mean socially responsible use. We’ll first talk about what ethical behavior is and then how this applies to computer use.

Ethics is about right and wrong or it deals with moral judgment, with what is acceptable or unacceptable to do. Now we learn ideas about what is right and wrong from our families, our friends, and from the culture we live in. Because of differences in our backgrounds, we may not always agree on what is right and wrong.

However, for our discussion today, I will define for you what I mean by an ethical action. An ethical action is something someone does that benefits someone and doesn’t hurt anyone. So, for example, if you see a man drop some money and you pick the money up and give it to him, this is an ethical action. On the other hand, if you pick up the money and don’t give it back to the man, this benefits you, but hurts the man. This is not an ethical action.

Now what about computers? What are the ethical boundaries for using computers and Internet? Most people agree that it is wrong to steal from a store. Would they also say it’s wrong to copy music files from the Internet? Or, to take another example, most people agree that it is wrong to open an envelope and read a letter to someone else. Would they also say it’s wrong to read someone else’s email?

In the past decade or so, many more people have started using computers and the Internet, so these issues have become important. In 1992, the Computer Ethics Institute was founded in the United States. This is a research, education, and policy study group whose goal is to increase awareness of the ethical issues that are likely to come up as technology develops. One concept the Computer Ethics Institute has developed is the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. These rules are important guidelines the Institute thinks all computer users should follow. Now some of you may be familiar with the Ten Commandments from the Bible, like, uh, “Thou shalt not kill.” or “Thou shalt honor thy father and thy mother.” The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics have been written in the same style of language used in the Ten Commandments from the Bible. For example, they use th e phrase “Thou shalt not”, “Thou shalt not” means “don’t” or “you shouldn’t”.

Let’s look at each commandment or rule.

The first commandment says: Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. Simple enough, right?

Number Two: Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work. I interpret this to mean don’t use a computer in any way that will affect or change the work someone else is doing.

Don’t move or edit someone else’s files without telling them.

Number Three: Thou shalt not snoop in oth er people’s files. To snoop means to try to find out something without another person knowing it. If you look at someone else’s files on the computer or read their email, you’re snooping. Respect other people’s privacy.

Number Four: Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. There are situations on the Internet in which you have to decide if you are stealing or not, like downloading music files, as I mentioned earlier.

Number Five: Thou shalt not use a computer to say things that are untrue. It is up to you to be truthful in your website, in your e-business, and in your email.

Number Six: Thou shalt not use software for which you have not paid. In other words, if the software is free on the Internet, it’s okay to download and use it. However, it is not okay to copy software from a friend, because you didn’t pay for it.

Number Seven: Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without telling them, or without paying them. For example, you shouldn’t use someone else’s computer, password, or Internet connection without asking them first.

Number Eight: Thou shalt not appropriate someone else’s ideas. Appropriate means to take words someone else wrote and say they’re yours. Uh, for example, you have to write a report for school. If you copy a term paper from the Internet and hand it in, you’re breaking the rule. Copying even a few sentences off the Internet and presenting them as your own is breaking the rule.

Number Nine: The ninth commandment says: Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing. Now, this applies mostly to computer programmers. Social consequences means how the program you’re writing might affect others in society. Could hackers possibly use your program to illegally gain access to a computer system? Skillful hackers can hack into banks and into credit card companies; they can alter accounts and steal money. They can also create viruses that can cause billions of dollars of damage worldwide.

Number Ten, The tenth commandment says: Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that are respectful of others. For example, sending unfriendly email to someone or about someone or creating websites with negative messages are examples of breaking this rule.

OK, the Computer Ethics Institute has sent these guidelines to many large companies and to schools across the United States. However, there’s no way to enforce these rules. Nevertheless, they would like to see schools, in particular, utilize these rules to help students develop a strong sense of computer ethics. Well, there are a lot of rules, but they all boil down to a couple of principles: respect and fairness. Respect what belongs to others and use resources fairly.

Now let’s go back to ethics. Now increasingly, schools are seeing that students need to be taught computer ethics as part of the school curriculum. Some schools have come up with acceptable-use policies, or rules about what is or isn’t OK for students to do regarding computer use. This is how the Computer Ethics Institute would like to see schools utilizing the rules. Generally, it’s considered wrong to steal someone else’s password or to read some else’s email. It’s also considered unacceptable in college classes for a student to download a term paper off the Internet and pretend that he or she w rote it. This is called “plagiarism”, and it’s a good example of breaking Rule Number Eight. Students are permitted to use the Internet for research, but are instructed to write the information in their own words and to explain where they got the information.

Now the ten rules are guidelines for us to follow. These rules help us to be aware of the ethical uses of technology. Let’s stop here for today. Think about these rules this week and we’ll talk about them. And read the next two chapters for next week.

Listening: Lecture 2

1 It’s a sophisticated group of politically motivated hackers.

2 We should talk to hackers and make use of them.

3 They do business by using the escrow system.

4 Hackers who have disabilities like autism.

5 Recruiting and mobilizing hackers on behalf of the state.

6 Faced with the threats of computer hackers mentioned in Text 1 and 2, the speaker suggests that we should talk to hackers, understand their disabilities, and make use of their talent.

7 Understand and Make Use of Hackers.

Lecture 2 Computer hackers!

Now this is a very un-TED-like thing to do, but let’s kick off the afternoon with a message from a mystery sponsor.

Anonymous: Dear Fox News, it has come to our unfortunate attention that both the name and nature of Anonymous has been ravaged. We are everyone and we are no one. We are anonymous. We are legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. We are the base of chaos.

Anonymous, ladies and gentlemen—a sophisticated group of politically motivated hackers who have emerged in 2011. And they’re pretty scary. You never know when they’re going to attack next, who or what the consequences will be. But interestingly, they have a sense of humor. These guys hacked into Fox News’ Twitter account to announce President Obama’s assass ination. Now you can imagine the panic that would have generated in the newsroom at Fox. “What do we do now? Put on a black armband, or crack open the champagne?” (Laughter) And of course, who could escape the irony of a member of Rupert Murdoch’s News Cor p. being a victim of hacking for a change. (Laughter, applause)

Sometimes you know you turn on the news and you say, “Is there anyone left to hack?” Sony PlayStation Network—done; the government of Turkey—tick, Britain’s Serious Organized Crime Agency—a breeze, the CIA—falling off a log. In fact, a friend of mine from the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies in the world: those that know they’ve been hacked, and those that don’t. I mean three companies providing cyb er security services to the FBI have been hacked. I mean is nothing sacred anymore, for heaven’s sake?

Anyway, this mysterious group Anonymous—and they would say this themselves—they are providing a service by demonstrating how useless companies are at protecting our data. But there is also a very serious aspect to Anonymous—they are ideologically driven. They claim that they are battling a dastardly conspiracy. They say that governments are trying to take over the Internet and control it, and that they, Anonymous, are the authentic voice of resistance—be it against global media corporations, or against intelligence agencies, or whoever it is. And their politics are not entirely unattractive. Okay, they’re a little inchoate. There’s a strong whiff of sort of half-baked anarchism about them. But one thing is true: We are at the beginning of a mighty struggle for control of the Internet. The Web links everything, and very soon it will mediate most human activity. Because the Internet has fashioned a new and complicated environment for an

old-age dilemma that pits the demands of security with the desire for freedom.

Now this is a very complicated struggle. And unfortunately, for mortals like you and me, we probably can’t understand it very well. Nonetheless, in an unexpected attack of hubris a couple of years ago, I decided I would try and do that. And I sort of get it. These were the various things that I was looking at as I was trying to understand it. But in order to try and explain the whole thing, I would need another 18 minutes or so to do it, so you’re just gonna have to take it on trust from me on this occasion, and let me assure you that all of these issues are involved in cyber security and control of the Internet one way or the other, but in a configuration that even Stephen Hawking would probably have difficulty trying to get his head around. So there you are. And as you see, in the middle, there is our old friend, the hacker. The hacker is absolutely central to many of the political, social and economic issues affecting the Net. And so I thought to myself, “Well, these are the guys who I want to talk t o.” And what do you know, nobody else does talk to the hackers. They’re completely anonymous, as it were.

So despite the fact that we are beginning to pour billions, hundreds of billions of dollars, into cyber security—for the most extraordinary technical solutions—no one wants to talk to these guys, the hackers, who are doing everything. Instead, we prefer these really dazzling technological solutions, which cost a huge amount of money. So nothing is going into the hackers. Well, I say nothing, but actually there is one teeny weeny little research unit in Turin, Italy, called the Hackers Profiling Project. And they are doing some fantastic research into the characteristics, into the abilities and the socialization of hackers. But because they’re a U.N. operation, maybe that’s why governments and corporations aren’t that interested in them. Because it’s a U.N. operation, of course, it lacks funding. But I think they’re doing very important work. Because where we have a surfeit of technology in the cyber security industry, we have a definite lack of—call me old-fashioned—human intelligence.

Now, so far I’ve mentioned the hackers Anonymous who are a politically motivated hacking group. Of course, the criminal justice system treats them as common old garden criminals. But interestingly, Anonymous does not make use of its hacked information for financial gain. But what about the real cybercriminals? Well, real organized crime on the Internet goes back about 10 years when a group of gifted Ukrainian hackers developed a website, which led to the industrialization of cybercrime. Welcome to the now forgotten realm of CarderPlanet. This is how they were advertising themselves a decade ago on the Net. Now CarderPlanet was very interesting. Cybercriminals would go there to buy and sell stolen credit card details, to exchange information about new malware that was out there. And remember, this is a time when we’re seeing for the first time so-called off-the-shelf malware. This is sort of ready for use, out-of-the-box stuff, which you can deploy even if you’re not a terribly sophisticated hacker.

And so CarderPlanet became a sort of supermarket for cybercriminals. And its creators were incredibly smart and entrepreneurial, because they were faced with one enormous challenge as cybercriminals. And that challenge is: How do you do business, how do you trust somebody on the Web who you want to do business with when you know that they’re a criminal? (Laughter) I mean it’s axiomatic that they’re dodgy, and they’re going to want t o try and rip you off. So the family, as the inner core of CarderPlanet was known, came up with this brilliant idea called the escrow system. They appointed an officer who would mediate between the vendor and the purchaser. The vendor, say, had stolen credit card details; the purchaser wanted to get hold of them. The purchaser would send the administrative officer some dollars digitally, and the vendor

would sell the stolen credit card details. And the officer would then verify if the credit card, the stolen credit cards worked. And if they did, he then passed on the money to the vendor and the stolen credit card details to the purchaser. And it was this which completely revolutionized cybercrime on the Web. And after that, it just went wild. We had a champagne decade for people we know as Carders.

Now I spoke to one of these Carders who we’ll call RedBrigade—although that wasn’t even his proper nickname—but I promised I wouldn’t reveal who he was. And he explained to me how in 2003 and 2004 he would go on sprees in New York, taking out $10,000 from an ATM here, $30,000 from an ATM there, using cloned credit cards. He was making, on average a week, $150,000—tax free of course. And he said that he had so much money stashed in his upper-East side apartment at o ne point that he just didn’t know what to do with it and actually fell into a depression. But that’s a slightly different story, which I won’t go into now. Now the interesting thing about RedBrigade is that he wasn’t an advanced hacker. He sort of understo od the technology, and he realized that security was very important if you were going to be a Carder, but he didn’t spend his days and nights bent over a computer, eating pizza, drinking coke and that sort of thing. He was out there on the town having a fab time enjoying the high life.

And this is because hackers are only one element in a cybercriminal enterprise. And often they’re the most vulnerable element of all. And I want to explain this to you by introducing you to six characters who I met while I was doing this research. Dimitry Golubov, aka SCRIPT—born in Odessa, Ukraine in 1982. Now he developed his social and moral compass on the Black Sea port during the 1990s. This was a sink-or-swim environment where involvement in criminal or corrupt activities was entirely necessary if you wanted to survive. As an accomplished computer user, what Dimitry did was to transfer the gangster capitalism of his hometown onto the World Wide Web. And he did a great job in it. You have to understand though that from his ninth birthday, the only environment that he knew was gangsterism. He knew no other way of making a living and making money.

Then we have Renukanth Subramaniam, aka JiLsi—founder of DarkMarket, born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. As an eight-year-old, he and his parents fled the Sri Lankan capital because Singhalese mobs were roaming the city, looking for Tamils like Renu to murder. At 11, he was interrogated by the Sri Lankan military; accused of being a terrorist, and his parents sent him on his own to Britain as a refugee seeking political asylum. At 13, with only little English and being bullied at school, he escaped into a world of computers where he showed great technical ability, but he was soon being seduced by people on the Internet. He was convicted of mortgage and credit card fraud, and he will be released from Wormwood Scrubs Jail in London in 2012.

Matrix001, Matrix Lunar Anx, who was an administrator at DarkMarket. Born in Southern Germany to a stable and well-respected middle class family, his obsession with gaming as a teenager led him to hacking. And he was soon controlling huge servers around the world where he stored his games that he had cracked and pirated. His slide into criminality was incremental. And when he finally woke up to his situation and understood the implications, he was already in too deep.

Max Vision, aka ICEMAN—mastermind of CardersMarket. Born in Meridian, Idaho. Max Vision was one of the best penetration testers working out of Santa Clara, California in the late 90s for private companies and voluntarily for the FBI. Now in the late 1990s, he discovered a vulnerability on all U.S. government networks, and he went in and patched it up—because this

included nuclear research facilities—sparing the American government a huge security embarrassment. But also, because he was an inveterate hacker, he left a tiny digital wormhole through which he alone could crawl. But this was spotted by an eagle-eye investigator, and he was convicted. At his open prison, he came under the influence of financial fraudsters, and those financial fraudsters persuaded him to work for them on his release. And this man with a planetary-sized brain is now serving a 13-year sentence in California.

Adewale Taiwo, aka FreddyBB—master bank account cracker from Abuja in Nigeria. He set up his prosaically entitled newsgroup, bankfrauds@https://www.360docs.net/doc/6716089579.html, before arriving in Britain in 2005 to take a Masters in chemical engineering at Manchester University. He impressed in the private sector, developing chemical applications for the oil industry while simultaneously running a worldwide bank and credit card fraud operation that was worth millions until his arrest in 2008. And then finally, Cagatay Evyapan, aka Chao—one of the most remarkable hackers ever, from Ankara in Turkey. He combined the tremendous skills of a geek with the suave social engineering skills of the master criminal. One of the smartest people I’ve ever met. He also had the most effective virtual private network security arrangement the police have ever encountered amongst global cybercriminals.

Now the important thing about all of these people is they share certain characteristics despite the fact that they come from very different environments. They are all people who learned their hacking skills in their early to mid-teens. They are all people who demonstrate advanced ability in maths and the sciences. Remember when they developed those hacking skills, their moral compass had not yet developed. And most of them, with the exception of SCRIPT and Chao, well, they did not demonstrate any real social skills in the outside world—only on the Web.

And the other thing is the high incidence of hackers like these who have characteristics which are consistent with Asperger’s syndrome. Now I discuss this with Professor Simon Baron-Cohen who’s the professor of developmental psychopathology at Cambridge. And he has done path-breaking work on autism and confirmed, also for the authorities here, that Gary McKinnon —who was who is wanted by the United States for hacking into the Pentagon—suffers from Asperger’s and a secondary condition of depression. And Baron-Cohen explained that certain disabilities can manifest themselves in the hacking and computing world as tremendous skills, and that we should not be throwing in jail people who have such disabilities and skills because they have lost their way socially or been duped.

Now I think we’re missing a trick here, because I don’t think people like Max Vision should be in jail. We need to engage and find ways of offering guidance to these young people, because they are a remarkable breed. And if we rely, as we do at the moment, solely on the criminal justice system and the threat of punitive sentences, we will be nurturing a monster we cannot tame. Thank you very much for listening.

Listening: Lecture 3

1.It can display different kinds of color depending on one’s fortune.

2 Because not many kids know where they can learn to make up a program.

3 The app store.

4 Because students at his school can come and learn how to design an app.

5 How should iPad be used and what apps should we put on the iPads.

6 How Can I Get Fascinated with the iPads and Design Apps?