M5U2Grammar and usage

Unit 2 The Environment

Grammar and usage

Teaching aims:

1.Learn the functions of V-ing form in sentences.

2.Enable the students to master the usage of V-ing form.

Difficult & Important points:

1.Why should we use v-ing from?

2.How do we use v-ing form?

Teaching methods:

Deductive teaching.

Discussion.

Teaching aids:

A projector.

A computer.

Procedure:

Step 1 Lead in

We have learned the text and the language points in it. Now please find as many sentences with V-ing form in them as you can in the text.

Then let’s t ell the functions of these V-ing form in the sentences.

Step 2 The usage of V-ing form

Today we will learn the functions of the V-ing form in sentences and how to use V-ing form as an adjective or adverb.

Now please look at your books (page 28)

Verb-ing form as an adjective or adverb

The v-ing form can also be used like an adjective or adverb.

?We can use a verb-ing as the:

?Attribute

? A verb-ing form can appear before a noun. It modifies the noun as an adjective does.

?This will have a lasting effect.

?We can sometimes put an adverb before the verb-ing form.

?That was an extremely interesting speech.

?We can also use a verb-ing form to form a compound with an adverb or a noun.

?The fast-growing economy has caused environment problems.

? A wood-burning stove is environmentally unfriendly.

? A verb-ing form can appear after a noun to modify it as an attributive clause does. It can be changed into an attributive clause.

?People running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.

Practice 1 Translate the following phrases into Chinese

?reading room ?swimming pool ?dining car ?sleeping car ?singing competition ?waiting room

? a waiting car

? a sleeping child ?flying fish

?the exciting news ? a boring speech ?阅览室

?游泳池

?餐车

?卧车

?歌咏比赛

?候车室

?一辆等待着的车?一个酣睡的孩子?飞鱼

?令人振奋的消息?令人乏味的演出

Practice2 Fill in the blanks with the verb given in its proper form

? 1. Sixty million people_____________ (live) in rural areas are moving to the cities every year.

? 2. The bottle ___________( contain) the poison was sent to the laboratory.

? 3.The man ________(sit) on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.

? 4. Who is the girl _________(walk) along the river?

? 5. The children ____________(practice) playing the violin over there will give

a performance next week.

? 6. The man with sun-glasses __________(stand) near a car is a detective.

?7. The old lady _____________(talk) to the children is a famous musician.

?8. The person _______________ (translate) the songs can speak seven languages.

We can use a v-ing as the predicative

Practice 3 Fill in the blanks with the following in their proper form.

?shock astonish excite disappoint encourage invite

? 1. Our trip was ______________ .We did not find any unusual plants.

? 2. The food at the dinner party did not seem very ____________.

? 3. The program for the weekend looks __________ . I am looking forward to ?it.

? 4. The news was __________ . All the three boats had sunk in the storm.

? 5. The report from Cook was _______ . The captain decided to attack the

?following night.

? 6. It was ________ to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world.

We can use a verb-ing as the object complement

We all found his argument convincing and interesting.

Practice 4 Fill in the blanks with the following in their proper form.

?perform drop march help enter

?force whisper quarrel dive share

? 1. I saw them _____________ the door open with a hammer.

? 2. We heard them ____________ about money after the concert; they looked very angry.

? 3. I heard him ____________ lots of coins into the collecting tin.

? 4. You can see them _____________ every night this week at the New Theatre.

? 5. I could hear them ______________ to each other during the first part of the play.

? 6. We watched the army _______ down the street towards the park.

?7. I saw the people ________________ the theatre, and there were 286 of them.

?8. We watched three old men ________ their food with each other.

?9. We watched the children ______________ into the water from the top diving board.

?10. I noticed you __________ the performers with the ticket sales. That was kind of you.

2. A verb-ing can be used after verbs like stand, sit and lie. These two actions are happening at the same time.

They stood talking to each other. = They stood when they were talking to each other. Practice 5Rewrite the following sentences

? 1. When he heard the music, he began to get homesick.

?Hearing the music, he began to get homesick.

? 2. When they saw the flame on top of the mountain, they knew that another war would begin soon.

?Seeing the flame on top of the mountain, they knew that another war would begin soon.

? 3. When he was driving to the airport, he hit a boy on a bike.

?Driving to the airport, he hit a boy on a bike.

? 4. He wrote a letter and said he was satisfied with the work.

?He wrote a letter, saying he was satisfied with the work.

? 5. He sat in his seat while he was thinking of the problem.

?He sat in his seat thinking of the problem

? 6. While he was reading, he nodded from time to time.

?Reading the book, he nodded from time to time.

3. A verb-ing has perfect form, e,g., having worked

Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy

environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.

Practice 6 Rewrite the following sentences

? 1. She gave her opinion about the new building. Then she left the meeting.

Having given her opinion about the new building, she left the meeting.

? 2. She made one last effort to see her husband. Then she returned home.

Having made one last effort to see her husband, she returned home.

? 3. I admired her writing for many years. Then I finally met her.

Having admired her writing for many years, I finally met her.

? 4. I was interested in the Koories for many years. Then I decided to learn their language.

?Having been interested in the Koories for many years, I decided to learn their language.

? 5. The settlers seized the natives’ tents. Then they bur nt them.

?Having seized the natives’ tents, the settlers burnt them.

Step 3 Consolidation

We have learn the use of V-ing form as an adjective or adverb. Now please finish the exercise on page 29.

A. This is a letter to the editor of a newspaper. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms using the grammar rules you have learnt.

?Dear Sir/ Madam,

?I am delighted by your newspaper’s decision to start a campaign for protecting the environment. I am glad that you have asked readers to write in with their suggestions. The state of our parks is very (1)___________ (shock), with rubbish everywhere. I used to find a trip to the park very (2)________(relax).

Now I just find it (3)___________(tire) because I have to pick up the rubbish where I am going to sit. The grass is covered in plastic bags and food, and I am sad that the young people of today do not clean up after themselves when they have been to the park. It is (4)_____________(disappoint) that none of the schools ask their students to do park clean-ups as part of their Science class. Perhaps they could start doing this. There are so many

(5)_____________(interest) animals and insects (6)__________(live) in our

parks. It would be a shame if they were destroyed because of people’s activities in the park.

?Yours,

?Wang Qiang

B. Read this new report and fill in the blanks with words from the box below.

following sleeping pleasing exciting

walking moving falling keeping

(1)_________________ News for Animal Lovers

Two people were arrested yesterday at a Paris airport for bringing animals into Europe from South America illegally. One of the customs officers was watching the arrivals very closely. He could see a woman(2)_________________ in front if a group. Then he saw feathers (3)___________from under her coat.

Having seen this, the customs officer asked the woman to come over to his desk.

He was surprised to fine ten birds inside her coat. There was a short fat gentleman

(4)__________ her. Another customs officer called him over when it seemed he

had a (5)____________stomach. On taking off his jacket, a

(6)____________tortoise was found on his stomach. Apparently he had traveled

on the plane like this, (7)___________ the tortoise hidden in a blanket. Such arrests are very (8)___________ for Paris officers.

Step 4 V-ing phrases

Verb-ing phrases can express

Time

Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.=

When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.

Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.=

After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now

facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.

Practice 1. Multiple choice.

1. After seeing the movie, _____.

A. the book was read by him

B. the book made him want to read it

C. he wanted to read the book

D. the reading of the book interested him

2. The next morning she found the man in bed, _____ dead.

A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying

3. There was terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.

A. followed

B. following

C. to be followed

D. being followed

4. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.

A. to prepare

B. preparing

C. prepared

D. was preparing

5. “Can’t you read?” Mary said_____ to the notice,

A. angrily pointing

B. and point angrily

C. angrily pointed

D. and angrily pointing

Verb-ing phrases can express

Reason

We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.

=We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.

Practice 2 Join these pairs of sentences, using the -ing form.

1 He was a very musical child. He spent a lot of time practicing.

Being a very musical child, he spent a lot of time practicing.

2 He learnt a lot of techniques from his teacher. Then he played better and better.

Learning a lot of techniques from his teacher, he played better and better.

3 He begged his parents to borrow a piano. Then he practiced more and more.

Begging his parents to borrow a piano, he practiced more and more.

4 He persuaded his parents to send him to Paris. He then studied there for five

years.

Persuading his parents to send him to Paris, he studied there for five years.

5. He knew no one in Paris. He joined a group of musicians.

Knowing no one in Paris, he joined a group of musicians.

6. He earned so little money. He did not have to pay taxes.

Earning so little money, he did not have to pay taxes.

7. He discovered that Gary had nowhere to live. He then invited him to share his

flat.

Discovering that Gary had nowhere to live, he invited him to share his flat.

8. He was out of work. He was often hungry.

Bing out of work, he was often hungry.

Verb-ing phrases can express

Result

The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.=

The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.

Practice 3 Multiple choice

1. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus ______ the delay.

A. to cause

B. causing

C. caused

D. cause

2. One by one Peter sold his bits and pieces, _______ only a mite of their worth.

A. getting

B. got

C. to get

D. get

3. He worked day and night, ______ his task ahead of time.

A. finished

B. finishing

C. finish

D. to finish

4. I was in the bathroom, not ______ the knock at the door.

A. hear

B. to hear

C. hearing

D. heard

Verb-ing phrases can express

Condition

Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.=

If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.

Practice 4Rewrite the following sentences:

1. Meeting anywhere else, we wouldn't have recognized him

If we had met anywhere else, we wouldn't have recognized him

2. Heating water, you can change it into steam

If you heat water, you can change it into steam .

3. Working hard, you will succeed.

If you work hard, you will succeed.

2 We can also use the pattern conjunction+verb-ing to express time. The common conjunctions are when, whenever, while, once, and until.

We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.

Practice 5 Rewrite the following sentences

① When working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

When he worked in the factory, he was an advanced worker

② Though willing to attend the party, he refused the invitation.

Though he was willing to attend the party, he refused the invitation.

③ While staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice.

While he was staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice.

④ If playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time.

⑤ Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

Though it was raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

3 The understood subject of a verb-ing clause is usually the same as the subject the main clause.

He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket.=

When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket Practice 6 Choose the correct sentence.

1. a. Hearing the news, tears ran down her face.

b. Hearing the news, she cried out sadly.

2. a. Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it.

b. Entering the classroom, nobody was found in it.

3. a. Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.

b. Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.

4. a. Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.

b. I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.

5. a. Being fine, we will have the sports meeting next week.

b. It being fine, we will have the sports meeting next week.

4. We put not before the verb-ing to create its negative form.

He sat there, not knowing what to say.

Practice 7Choose the best answer

1. _____ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving

B. Receiving not

C. Not having received

D. Having not received

2. What worried the boy most was ______ to visit his father in the hospital.

A. his not allowing

B. his not being allowed

C. having not been allowed

D. his being not allowed

3. They apologized for ______ to attend the meeting.

A. their not being able

B. their being not able

C. them not able

D. them being able not

Step 5 consolidation

Do the exercise in page 31

Read this conversation and change the highlighted sentences into verb-ing clauses.

James Long: Well, (1) after listening carefully to you two, I am surprised that you agree with each other.

Qian Liwei: (2) When I look back, I find I didn’t like s ome of the questions the audience asked though. It was as if people were not listening.

Lin Shuiqing: I think the audience was interested in what you said. I liked it when you told that joke. I heard the audience laughing. I think

they really liked you after that. (3)When I heard what you said

about the environment and the economy needing to work together

more, I was very impressed.

Qian Liwei: I certainly think we need to use all our resources in the best possible way. After that, they are limited. We also need to clean up the mess

we made in the past. I like the idea of taxing factories that pollute

although getting them to agree would be difficult.

Lin Shuiqing: Also ,you are right about many business people trying to protect the environment and build the economy at the same time. (4) You

made that statement forcefully. As a result, you impressed the

audience. They clapped so hard.

Qian Liwei: Environmentalists have been seen as heroes while economists have been seen as bad boys. That impression needs to be changed and (5)

after I talked to you today, I think we should work on some projects

together.

Lin Shuiqing: Good idea.

Step 6 Homework

Do the exercises in students’ workbook.