肯定形式否定意义与否定形式肯定意义
英语肯定、否定句子结构解析
一、部分否定
常用词有代词或副词：all、both、every、everybody、every day、everyone、many、everything、entirely、altogether、absolutely、wholly、completely、weathered、always、often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”。
Both of them are not my brothers.
All is not gold that glitters=not all is gold that glitters.
Every man cannot do it=not every man can do it
I don't remember all these formulas.
This kind of tree is not found everywhere.
The rich are not always happy.
Every couple is not a pair.
二、转移否定
a.否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语。
Everybody cannot enjoy pop music.（not everyone）
b.否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语。
The cloth does not feel very soft.=The cloth feels not very soft.
I don't agree with all of you. (some of you)
I don't like both of the books. (I like not both of them.)
c.否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语。
He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly)
I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself.)
The students did not sit there listening to the teacher.
d.在not…and 结构中，否定的往往是and 后的部分，但否定词not往往否定谓语。
The house is not big and comfortable.
The house is not big、but comfortable.
The house is not big or comfortable.
He doesn't speak Russian and French.
Don't drink and drive.
We can't put on airs and make people like us.
正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。
a.I don't know anything about her.（一无所知）
I don't know everything about her.（并不全知道）
b.None of the answers are right.（都不正确）
All the answers are not right. （并非都正确）
c.I don't know any of them.（全不认识）
I don't know all of them.（并非都认识）
三、双重否定意义肯定
双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词，即否定之否定，双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些，译成汉语就译成肯定形式，也可以保持双重否定的形式。
否定词＋without 意为“ 每…… 必”
What appeared to me wonderful was that none of the ants came home without bringing something. 使我感到惊奇的是每只蚂蚁回来都带回一些东西。
There is no smoke without fire. 有烟必有火。无火不起烟。
No one can command others who can't command himself.
There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness.
There are no roses without thorns.
You can't make something out of nothing.
What's done can't be undone.
Nothing is nothing at all.
Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new.
可用于表示双重否定的词有：
no…not、no (not)…without、no……but、cannot but+v、cannot help+v-ing、without doubt、without fail、cannot help + v、without exception、nothing less but、（正是）
none but （除…外，…别无）、no one but （除了… 外，没有别人）、none too （一
点也不）have no alternative/choice but to do （除……，别无选择）、There is no doubt
that…、There is no denying that…、There is no question that……、not seldom、not
infrequently、not unlike、not displeased
四、几乎否定
几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有：
little、few、barely、hardly、rarely、scarcely、seldom
This problem has been little studied.
He little realized the danger he was in.
She is barely right.
I seldom got any sleep last night.
Scarcely anything remains to be said.
五、形式否定意义肯定
英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，这是为了达到某种交际的目的而采取一种以否定句式来表达肯定含义的修辞方法，以加强语气或使语气更加委婉含蓄。译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。
1、cannot wait 后跟不定式，cannot 也可改用can hardly，scarcely，never, 意为“急
于
做”，表示强调的肯定
I couldn’t wait to s ee her. 我渴望见到她。
I cannot wait to read the book. 我非常渴望读到这本书。
2、cannot/couldn’t＋too意为“越……越……，非常，无论怎样……也不过分” 在此结构
中，cannot 也可改用can hardly，scarcely，never；too也可改用over，enough 等。
A man can never have too many friends. 朋友越多越好。
He cannot see you quickly enough. 他想很快见到你。
You cannot be too cautious.
You can hardly praise him too much.
A man can never have too many friends.
Newton's contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated.
He can't see you quickly enough.
I cannot wait to read your new book.
I cannot wait to see her.
否定词no,not,little,nothing,none,nobody,etc 与but,beyond,except,etc连用eg: Nobody but
Peter can do it well.(=Only Peter can do it well.)。
3、not,no (nobody)… but 都、没有…，不，只有…，才
There is no man but has his faults. 人皆有过。
No one believes but she will succeed. 人们相信他会成功。
There is no one but knows him. 人人都认识他。
There is no man but has his faults.
There is no rule but has exception.
Nobody reads the book but will be moved.
There exists no man but has an enemy.
这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that、which、who does/will/have not.
4、never (not)…but (that)每当…总是…，没有哪次不是……
I never see you but I think of my mother. 每当看见你时,我总是想起我的母亲。
He will not be angry but that he is offended. 人们惹了他他才会生气。
I never see you but think of my mother.
It never rains but it pours.
Never a day passed but brought us good news.
He will not be angry but that he is offended.
5、nothing but、none but 仅仅，只，只有…才
nothing but后接非指人的名词、none but后接指人的名词，与nothing other than 同义
意为“仅仅，只有…才”
We can see nothing but water. 我们只能看见水。
None but me knew what happened. 只有我知道发生了什么事情。
He chose none but the best. 他只选最好的。
We found none but an old man in the room.
None but me knew what happened.
None but a fool would do such a thing.
You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia.
6、nothing else than（仅仅，完全）
His failure was due to noting else than his own carelessness.
7、no (none) other than正是、仅仅是
She is none other than my teacher. 她正是我的老师。
The letter was written by none other than Mary. 写这封信的正是玛莉。
This is no other than the book we want to buy.
She is none other than my adviser.
8、more often than not、as often as not常常、往往
During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not.
9、否定词+比较级（相当于最高级）
I couldn’t agree more. 我非常同意。
Nothing is more valuable than health. 健康是最宝贵的。
He could not feel better.
The film cannot be better.
He wants nothing more than time.
10、no otherwise than只是，仅仅
He is no otherwise afraid than of his father.
He does no otherwise than fool around all day.
11、否定词+without （见双重否定）
There is no smoke without fire.
12、not long before 意为“不久……就……”
It was not long before he appeared. 他不久就出现了。
13、含有not+表瞬间动作的动词+till/until短语或从句，意为“直到……的时候才”
He didn`t come back till 12:00(=He came back at 12:00.)。
People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.人们失去时间后才知道时间的价值
It was not until the next day that I knew that truth. 直到第二天我才知道真相。
He did not go to bed until his mother came back. 直到他母亲回来他才睡觉。14、too + 形容词/ 副词+ not ＋不定式“非常……必定能，太……不会不”
本句型是对too … to 的否定，表示肯定意思。
His speech was too good not to stir the audience. 他的演讲太好了，不会不使观众轰动。
He is too foolish not to say it. 他那么傻，不会不把这事说出来。
若把否定词放到前面not too … to 表示这并不太……所以能。
He is not too old to do it. 他做这件事，年龄并不老。
never too … to (永不/决不……)。
It is never too late to give up prejudices. 放弃偏见永远不晚。
15、not a little意为“很,很多”
He is not a little tired. 他非常累。
He has not a little experience. 他有着丰富的经验。
16、more often than not意为“常常,往往”
John is a good swimmer. He wins more often than not.
约翰是个游泳健将,他常常在比赛中获奖。
The street is crowded more often than not. 这条大街常常很拥挤。
17、否定感叹疑问句表示的肯定。
Isn’t that beautiful! 多么美丽呀!
Isn’t she a sweet girl! 她多么可爱啊!
注：这种疑问句用来回答别人的问题或对别人的谈话做出反应,以强调自己和对方的意见一致。
---Lovely day, isn’t it? 天气真好啊,是不是?
---Yes, isn’t it! 是啊,真好!
18、祈使疑问句。
Won’t you have some beer? 请喝点啤酒吧！
Won’t you sit down! 请坐呀!
19、否定形式的虚拟语气句
If he had not study hard, he could not go to college now.(Thanks to his hard work, he is in
college now.)，
20、否定的一般疑问句
Don`t you think we should try again?(=I think we should try again.)或特殊疑问句.eg: There
is a lift, but why not use the lift?(=You should use the lift since there is a lift.) 。21、过去时的no so oner…than否定结构的句子
No sooner had she got to Guangzhou, she called me.(=She called me the moment she reached Guangzhou.)。
六、形式肯定意义否定。在英语中，有些句子没有含否定结构却表达了否定意义,这一情况通常被称为隐藏否定(concealed negation)。熟悉了这些常见的隐藏否定句子结构会有利于英语初学者对英语句子的理解，从而更好地掌握英语内容。常见的隐藏否定结构有以下一些形式:
22、more than…can=cannot简直不、无法，难以
The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.
This is more than I can tell.
23、more than one can help尽量不，绝对不
This is more than I can help.
24、more A than B是A不是B，与其说是B，不如说是A.
在此结构中，A和B必须是同一比较的对象，同一人或事的不同性质或特征。
Zhangfei is more brave than wise. (张飞有勇无谋。)
He is more a scientist than a writer.
25、no+形容词/副词的比较级+than，对双方进行否定，意思为：并不比
Tom is no cleverer than his brother. （汤姆并不比他兄弟聪明．（一样笨/都不聪明．）
26、“less+形容词或副词原级+than”结构表示否定的对比。
The results left us less than satisfied. （结果让我们不太满意。）
27、用“still/much/even/ a little less”等表示否定程度。
She hasn't cleaned her own room, still less mine.
(她自己的房间都没有打扫，更不用说我的了。)
对比：We should thank him for his advice, still more for his financial help.
（我们应该感谢他的建议，更要感谢他的资金援助.)
▲still more用于肯定句, still less用于否定句。
28、anything but绝对不，根本不是，一点也不，决非,决不，but后跟名词/代词/形容词，
有强势否定之义。
My father likes anything but beef. (我父亲最不喜欢吃牛肉。)
The painting is anything but beautiful. (这幅画根本就算不上美。)
The draw bridge is anything but safe.
He is anything but a scholar.
29、everywhere but 表示“决不在……”
He will work everywhere but in Shanghai. (他根本不愿意在上海工作。)
30、let alone“更不必说”
He can't ride a bicycle，let alone a motorbike. (他不会骑自行车,更别说摩托车了。)
31、may/might as well 还不如…
It's still raining hard outside.
we may as well stay here over the night.
32、用“the last、the least、the limit”等词组可表示强烈否定，意思是：“最不……”。
例如：
She’s the last one that I want to see in the world. （她是我最不愿见的人。)
He speaks ill of me, and that's the limit. (他常说我的坏话，那真让人无法忍受。)
33、but for（要不是/倘若没有）后接名词或代词、but that（要不是/倘若没有）后面应
跟从句，二者均表示虚拟的条件，谓语动词须用虚拟语气结构。
But for your help, I couldn't have succeeded.
But that you had helped me, I couldn't have succeeded.
要不是你的帮忙/如果没有你的帮忙，我是不会成功的。
34、1、unless 引导的从句，意为“除非”, 相当于if...not... He never speaks unless
he is spoken to.
＝He never speaks if he isn't spoken to. (如果别人不和他说话,他就不说话。) 35、since引导的状语从句中，若谓语动词为延续性动词且为一般过去式时，从句所
表示的时间从动作终止或状态不再继续时算起,用否定翻译法翻译句子。
We've been out of touch since we lived together(自从我们不在一起住，就失去了联系。)
对比：It's 20 years since I graduated from Anhui Normal University。
（我从安徽师范大学毕业到现在已有20年时间了。）
36、before引导的状语从句也可以表达暗否定义
The audience had all left before the play finished. （戏剧还没有结束观众就已经走光了。）
Three months went by / on before Xiao Wang knew it. (不知不觉中小王度过了三个月。)
He left before I got there(=when I got there he wasn`t there.)
37、“too...to...”相当于so...that...can't或not...enough to...
It was too difficult for us to work out the problem.
注意对比：He is too glad to receive your letter. （他收到你的来信非常高兴。）38、prefer ...to .../ prefer to do ...rather than do .../ would rather do…than do/
prefer doing to doing/ would do A rather than do B宁愿…也不愿…
eg: ①They prefer to tire themselves out in work rather than sit doing nothing.
(他们宁愿累死在工作中也不愿无所事事。)
② The Red Army soldier would rather die than give in.
（红军战士宁死不屈。）
39、某些情态动词跟动词完成式也可表否定意义, 常见的有:
should have done (本应做而没做）
need have done（本需要做而没做）
could have done(本能够做却没有做/可能已做过)
would like to have done (本愿意已做过而没做)等。
①I would like to have gone to your birthday party last night，but I had
to do homework.(昨天晚上我本来要参加你的生日晚会的，但因做家庭作业而没有去成。)
②Our team could have won the football game if it had not been because of the
absence of Jack.(要是杰克不缺席，我们就能赢那场球赛。)（实际上我们队没有赢。）
③As his best friend，you should have helped him out.
(作为最好的朋友，你本应该帮助他摆脱困境的。) （实际没有帮助他。)
40、在名词及短语中,常见的有absence不在，stranger不熟悉
I am a stranger in this city.(=I am not familiar with this city.)
41、.动词或动词短语引起的否定意义
miss、deny、lack、refuse、escape、resist、reject、decline、doubt、wonder、give
up、to say nothing of、not to mention、turn a deaf ear to、lose sight of、let alone、leave alone、fail to、differ, escape，keep from，desert、let alone，
I missed the early bus.(I didn`t catch the early bus.)
42、形容词引起的否定
far from、free from/of、safe from、short of、ignorant of、wanting of、reluctant to、immune
to、exempt from、be inferior / second to，be junior to，be blind to，be absent from，be short of，last不愿意的，deaf to不听，blind to看不见,
eg: He is the last man I want to see.(=I don`t want to see him at all.)
I'm junior to Xiao Wang. (我没有小王年龄大。)
The boss was blind to Tom's excuse. (老板对汤姆的借口置之不理。）
43、介词，介词短语
past、above、beyond、without、instead of、in vain、in the dark、at a loss、but for、
in spite of、over，below，beneath，beside，behind，past，against，except，beyond，from，far from，off，to，without，out of等。一些介词和名词连用时所表示的暗否定能达到一定的修辞效果，如: beyond words (beyond description /
praise), beneath notice，in spite of，instead of，out of work / power.
①This maths problem i s beyond me.
②——Are you satisfied with the speech？
——No, far from it. I've never seen a more boring one.
I`d like all kinds of food except noodle.(=I don’t like to noodle.)
44、副词短语引起的否定
much less、still less、let alone、by no means、in no way、no longer、no more、on
no account、under no circumstances、in vain、not …at all、not …in the least 45、数词
He is second to everyone else in maths in Class 1. (他的数学在一班里是最差
的.)（试比较：second to none最好的）
英语中为表达否肯含义的肯否句式精彩纷呈,了解、熟悉并掌握这些表意手段不仅可以帮助我们正确地理解英文，还可以丰富我们的表达手段。以肯表否或以否表肯的语言现象说明：学习语言不仅要注意语句的表层结构，更要研究其深层结构，即要研究其形式和传达的意义之间的各种不同类型的生成关系，切不可不求甚解，望文生义，将语句误解或错用。
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