赖世雄 英语语法

赖世雄 英语语法
赖世雄 英语语法

第1章句子的构成

最后,来翻译英文观止里面的句子。

弄完了以后,打印出来,装订好。

语法的目标:看懂句子,分析句子的结构,这是学习语法的终极目标。

修饰的时候不一定是连接在一起的, 要分清格局, 用大块结构的形式来分析.

动词块, 不定式块….

1.句子由主语(subject)+谓语(verb)构成;

2.主语省略时,构成祈使句。

Work hard!

Be quite!

Don’t be silly.

1.1 可充当主语的词类

1.名词

2.代词

3.动名词,不定式短语

Seeing him makes me angry.

其实应该是动名词短语做主语或不定式短语作主语

To see him makes me angry.

但是,这种动名词或不定式短语做主语时,一般用形式主语。

It makes me angry seeing him.这里不是修饰angry。

It makes me angry to see him. 分析句子时,先看一看是不是形式主语。

4.名词从句做主语

That he doesn’t work hard makes me angry.

三种形式:that从句,whether从句,疑问从句(when what how where why)

Where he lives is still a doubt.

一、名词从句:

名词从句作动词宾语

I know that he will go abroad in the nearest future(名词从句作动词宾语)

I don’t know how he’ll handle it.

名词从句作介词的宾语

I am worried about whether he can do it

I am sure of how he’ll cope with the problem

I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.

I am worried about the fact that he can do it.

这里因为介词+ that从句,所以,需要在介词后加the fact ,that 从句变为the fact的同位语,都是介词的宾语。

I am worried about his playing around all day.

I am worried about his not studying.

这里,介词后边的还是宾语,其实是由that 引导的。但是介词加that从句,需要变换,所以变成这样了。

原句是:that he plays around all day.->his playing around all day.

that he not study.-> his not studying.

变化的过程中,去掉that,助动词,变所有格,动词变成动名词。

that he doesn’t study-> his not studying.

That the team will win the game the team’s winning the game.

be + adj. + that 从句

I am worried that he plays around all day.(状语从句,修饰形容词)

I am sure that the team has won the game(状语从句).

有时,介词后也可以直接加that从句。

是固定的。

In that = because

Except that

He is great in that he can speak five different languages.

二、名词短语做主语

名词短语:疑问词+不定式短语

Where to live

Whether to try again.

When to talk to hime

三、表距离的地点副词短语做主语

From ...to …

It is about 160 kilometers from Beijing to Xiamen.

1.2 动词的种类及其用法

完全(complete) 及物(intransitive) 两种修饰,出来4个形态,还有一个是授予动词(Dative),所以总共有5种动词。

A transitive verb has a direct object. (动词) 及物的; 传递;及物动词

1.完全不及物动词

判断方法:把动词放入中间。

我。。。他

他被我。。

两句都没有毛病的及物,有毛病的,不及物。

如kill 我杀他他被我杀,可以,为及物动词

Dance 我跳他,他被我跳,不及物动词

有的动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。

如kill 有杀某人,也有杀戮的意思,前者是及物,后者是不及物动词

2.不及物动词+同源名词

有些不及物动词,以同源名词作宾语后,可以变为及物动词

Dream a terrible dream.

Live a happy life

Smile a bright smile.

3.完全及物动词与完全不及物动词

完全及物动词(需要加宾语的动词):即加了宾语后,意思完全。

He killed her. 有一个作用对象的动词。

完全不及物动词(无需加宾语):

He laughed.

The book was written by him

The book :主语,此时,为write的对象。

He wrote a book.

4.完全不及物动词出现的形态。

Something happened.过去时

Something was happening. 进行时。

完全不及物动词:完整的动词,放在主语后,可单独存在,意义完整,无需任何词类补充其意思的不足;但,完全不及物动词之后,可接副词或副词对等语(如介词短语,状语从句),以修饰该动词。

Something happened yesterday. 时间名词作状语,修饰happened.

这里,yesterday做时间状语

He died in an accident. 介词短语,做副词,修饰died.

He left because he didn’t want to see Mary again.状语从句,做副词,修饰left

5.不完全不及物动词

即,系动词,意思不完全,无法单独存在,周后要接名词、形容词的对等语(如代词,动名词,不定式,动名词从句,名词短语等),以补充其意思的不足。此类补足语,同时修饰主语,故称为主语补足语或表语。

He looks happy. Look是系动词,形容词happy做补语,做主语补语。

He became a good student. 名词做补语,做主语补语,修饰主语。

My trouble is that I have no money 名词从句做补语,做主语补语。

He is in danger now. 介词短语做补语,做主语补语。

6.不完全不及物动词的判定方法系动词

我。。。他

他被我。。。

如become

(1)确定及物不及物

我变成他

他被我变成。

所以为不及物动词

(2)确定完全不完全。

主语+动词

主语+be+动词-ing

我变成

我在变成。。。

所以为不完全动词。。。

综上为,不完全,不及物动词,需要加补语。

什么是完全,即看看要不要加补语。

7.不完全不及物动词的种类及其主语补语用法系动词

7.1be动词

be动词后用名词对等语(名词,名词从句,名词短语,动名词,不定式),形容词(做形容词的现在分词,过去分词,介词短语,地点副词或地点副词短语)做补语。

Be动词的三种翻译:

名词作补语时,翻译为“是”;

形容词做补语时,be动词,不翻译;

地点副词或地点副词短语做补语时,be动词,翻译为“在”。

He is a great hero 名词作补语。

The problem is whether he can join us 名词从句做补语。

The question is when to set off 名词短语做补语。

My hobby is collecting stamps. 做名词用的动名词短语,即名词,做补语

My purpose is to see him. 做名词用的不定式短语,即名词,做补语。

She is beautiful. 形容词做补语。

The question is interesting. 做形容词用的现在分词做补语。

I am interested in the question.做形容词用的过去分词做补语。

The book is of no use.做作形容词用的介词短语做补语。Of+抽象名词(形容词)

She is there.地点副词做补语。

They are upstairs.地点副词做补语。

Is he home now?地点副词做补语。

Be 动词后的现在分词有两种形式:做形容词,做动词。

形容词时,翻译为“。。。的”

动词时,翻译为“正在。。。”

Be 动词后的过去分词也有两种形式:形容词,动词的被动语态。

形容词时,翻译为:……的。

动词时,翻译为:被……

是哪个词性的判断方法:把be动词后面的和主语互换,看能不能换。

He is washing the car.

换了以后:Washing the car is he.不可以,所以是现在分词,不是动名词。

His job is washing cars.

换了以后:Washing cars is his job。可以,所以,是动名词,动词短语做主语。

Whether从句做及物动词的宾语时,名词从句连接词whether可用if代替。

I don’t know whether the typhoon will come.

= I don’t know if the typhoon will come. Whether引导的名词从句,作宾语。

介词之后无宾语时,可单独存在做副词使用,和地点副词一样,有形容词的功能,也可以作为be动词之后的补语。

He is in.介词副词。

He is in the house 地点副词短语,有形容词功能,做补语。

强迫/要求/催促。。。

此类动词+宾语+不定式短语。

此时,不定式短语宾语补足语。

I forced him to recite the lesson. 不定式短语做宾语补足语,即修饰宾语。

I asked him to write the letter. 不定式短语做宾语补足语,即修饰宾语。

He was asked to write the letter 不定式短语修饰主语,做主语的补语。

任命动词:选举,指派,宾语之后用表支委的名词作补语,通常该名词之前要省略冠词。Elect ,assign.

We elected him chairman of the committee.

We assigned him platoon leader.

认定动词:

即,表“视……为”的意思,加了宾语以后,用名词或形容词做宾语的补语

We regard him as a genius

We take him for a genius.

We consider him to be a genius.

也可以省略to be

We consider him a genius.

一般介词之后只能用名词或动名词做宾语,但表示“视……为”意思的动词与介词as或for 连用时,该介词之后省略了动名词being,而直接连接形容词与其后。

所以,动词表“视……为”的意思时,后面的介词后直接加形容词。其他情况,加名词或动名词。

I regard him as nice(adj. 介词后的形容词,做宾语的补语)

虚宾语:

Think,believe,find,deem,consider这五个动词做不完全及物动词时,不得直接用不定式短语做宾语,一定要用虚宾语,即it取代。

主语+think+it+宾语补语+to V(真宾语)

I think it necessary to do the job.

It是形式宾语,necessary 形容词,做宾语的补语,to do the job 真正的宾语。

但find, believe, think, deem, consider也可做完全及物动词,此时要用that引导的名词从句做宾语。

I believe that it is worthwhile to study hard. 宾语从句做宾语

有时,that从句做及物动词的宾语时,that可以省略。

I believe it is worthwhile to study hard. 省略that的宾语从句做宾语。

Make 表示“使……成为”时,为不完全及物动词,此时不定式短语不能做宾语,必须要用It做形式宾语。

He make it a rule to get up early. 不定式做真宾语it做形式宾语,a rule做宾语补语。

授予动词

授予动词有两个宾语:第一个宾语做间接宾语,表授予的对象,第二个宾语做直接宾语,表授予的东西。

I will give you his watch. you 做间接宾语,his watch做直接宾语。

直接宾语与间接宾语倒置的方法:

1.表“给予”的意思,用to.

I gave him the books.

= I gave the books to him.

2.表“代劳”的意思,用for

I made him a chair. == I made a chair for him.

3.表“从……中”用of.

I asked him a question I aske a question of him.

He required nothing of me. 这里me 和nothing都是宾语,不是做修饰。

与授予动词并用的of

He robbed me of my money. me和my money是宾语,但是rob时,对象是Of前面的。

表“提供”的授予动词。

Offer,proviede,除offer以外,要和介词with 连用。

He offered me all I needed. Me 间接宾语,all I needed直接宾语。

He provided me with all I needed = He provide all I needed for me.

Present时,用to.

He presented a watch to me = He presented me with a watch.

第2章句子的连接

2.1 破折号

破折号,连接句子或同位语。

第一种用法:补充第一个句子。

用来强调第一个从句,补充意思的不足,翻译为“也就是说”,“换句话说”。

He is a trash—he is good for nothing.

破折号前后都是句子,翻译为:

他是个垃圾,换句话说,他什么都不是。

第二种用法:连接同位语

His hobby—taking pictures—is a far cry from mine.

此时,不能His hobby—taking pictures is a far cry from mine.

He finally made his purpose known to us—to run after Susan

不定式,做purpose的同位语,即,放在修饰后面。不是直接连接一起的。

2.2 冒号

冒号连接句子时,强调句子中的名词。

He has made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.

2.3 分号

2.3.1分号=,+连词

He is a man of principle, so we all respect him.

→He is man of principle; we all respect him.

2.3.2 句号代替逗号。

He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on; and that he expected me to help him.

Because of his ill temper是插入语。

He said that he had no money, that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.

有三个that从句,做said的宾语,叫做,并列从句,用逗号相隔。

加上插入语because of his ill temper时,怎么插呢,插在中间时,因为插入语会引入两个逗号,这样就看不出来,哪个是并列从句,哪个是宾语,所以加上分号。这样一看就看出来是并列的宾语。

→He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on;

and that he expected me to help him.

划线的是said的三个that宾语从句。

He enjoys dancing, swimming and jogging.

加上插入语后。

He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming; jogging.

或者:

He enjoys dancing; swimming, which he often does on Sundays; and jogging.

或者:

He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming, which he often does on Sundays; and jogging.

2.4 并列连词

And ;or;but;not only..but also;rather than

1.连接单词词,只有三个and or ,but

He is kind and handsome.并列连词做主语补语。

2.连接短语

He came to see him and tell him the truth. 并列的不定式短语。

第二个to省略了,找不到的一般是省略了。

He came to see him and to tell him the truth.

4.连接句子

He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard. 并列的状语从句。

Not only can she sing, but he can dance. 并列的句子。

连词的独立用法:此时是根据上下文。

….And he took my advice.

2.5 连接副词

只能用于连接句子和句子之间,即连接从句。

I like him because he is easy to get along with.

When he came , I was writing a letter.

这里是,连接副词。

常用的连接副词:because, though, if, unless, as soon as, when, once等等。

连接副词引导状语从句,修饰主句。

连接副词冠于任何一个从句前面,该从句就成为一个状语从句,即状语从句。

状语从句不能单独存在,需要依赖主句,整个状语从句可视为副词,用来修饰主句。

I like him because he is nice 状语从句,修饰主句。

→Because he is nice, I like him.

任何一个连接副词引导的状语从句置于主句之后,两句间不置逗号,若,状语从句置于主句之前,则两句间通常置逗号。

Though he did poorly on the exam, his father didn’t blame him.

= His father didn’t blame him though he did poorly on the exam.

偶尔,当然,有的人也可以加逗号的,只是不专业。

His father didn’t blame him, though he did poorly on the exam.

连接性副词:

即,副词有连词的意味,但却不能做连词用,此类副词称为连接性副词;此类副词前要有分号,用以连接两个句子,即不加分号时,看着就不对。

He is nice; however I don’t like him.

He is kind; we, therefore, like him. 一样的,此时把however插入到句子中。

即。He is nice; however I don’t like him=

He is nice; I , however, don’t like him. 就是把逗号换成分号而已。

While做连接副词及并列连词

表“当……”时,while视为连接副词,引导状语从句;表“而……”时,视为并列连词,引导主句。

He is nice, while his brother is bad. 并列连词。

→While he is nice, his brother is bad. 把while提前了,但意思时一样的,都是引导主句。

He is nice 和his brother is bad 都是两个主句。

While I was writing a letter, she was doing dishes.

While I was writing a letter做状语从句

She was doing dishes 主句。

第3章关系词

3.1 关系代词

relative pronoun 关系代词;相对的代词。

关系代词有连词的功能,用以引导定语从句。

He is a man who always means what he says.

Who指代a man这个词。

That’s the book which I like.

Which 指代the book这个词。

He works hard, which is a fact that we all know.

Which前有逗号,所以which指代的是he works hard这个句子。

That指代的是a fact.

指代人时,主格用who,即在who引导的定语从句中做主语,宾格用whom,即,在所引导的定语从句中做宾语。

Which主格宾格都是which,代替事物和句子时也都是which

关系代词之前要有它要代替的先行词;

关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要做主语、宾语或be动词的补语(补语只有be动词有);否点关系代词之前一定要用介词。

He is a good student who studies hard.

Who指代student,在所引导的定语从句who studies hard中,who是主语,studies是谓语,hard做状语。

He is a boy whom everyone loves.

Whom指代a boy,在所引导的定语从句whom everyone loves中whom做及物动词loves的宾语,everyone做主语。

He is a man for whom I enjoy working.

Whom指代a man ,所引导的定语从句for whom I enjoy working中I做主语enjoy 做谓语,working做宾语,所以for whom什么都不做,即关系代词之前有介词即表示,只是一个连接词,什么成分都不做,但翻译时要翻译出来。

He is a man for whom I enjoy working

他是一个我很乐意为他工作的人。

He is man with whom I enjoy working.

The house in which we live is very large

Which指代the house ,引导的定语从句we是主语,in which we live中,live为不及物动词,所以which什么都没做,就需要在前面加上介词,怎么在关系代词前面加介词呢,看后面的谓语live而加上去。

关系代词之前有介词时,介词可移动到所引导的定语从句末尾,此时可省略关系代词。

即关系代词的省略。只是移动到所引导定语从句的末尾,而不是整个句子。

还原的时候找先行词的位置,加上去即可。

He is a man I enjoy working with. A man 是先行词,在后面加上关系代词即可,疑问是,什么都不做,为什么要用宾格呢,有介词要用宾格??

→ He is a man whom I enjoy working with.

→He is a man with whom I enjoy working.

The house we live in is very large. 找到先行词the house在后面加上which

→The house which we live in is very large

→The house in which we live is very large.

有些固定的动词短语,即动词+介词/动词+名词+介词,在定语从句中出现时,介词不能置于关系代词之前,以保持该动词的完整性。

如,pay attention to ; call on; take over; warm up等有介词的动词短语。

This is a question you should pay attention to .

→This is a question which you should pay attention to .

→This a question to wich you shoud pay attention.但这个句子不好,不要这么写。

John, who was lazy, scored quite high marks on the exam, which somewhat surprised me.

Which前面有逗号,所以代表整个句子。

那中间的插入语时怎么回事呢,只要是个句子,或者短语都可以做为插入语,或者看着像非限制性定语从句。

We spread our clothes in the sun to dry, which they did very quickly.

这里有逗号which, they 指代our clothes, which代替了dry的概念,这里,which指代了前句中的部分概念。

所以逗号+which可能是指代前面的一整句,或者指代前句中的部分概念。

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,即独一无二的就不能限定,比如妈妈,爸爸只有一个就不能限定。专有名词或独一性名词本身就有特殊性,不用再用形容词来限定。

I met John, who is my classmate.

I went to the train station this morning,写到这里,下边一句可以用非限制性定语从句来修饰其中的某个概念,这样就不用直接加which,还不知道修饰的什么。当不知道要定语从句要怎么加在后面时,这时,可以用非限制性定语从句来修饰。

所以这里我想修饰一下the train station就可以用非限制性定语从句。

I went to the train station this morning, which was crowded witch passengers.

限定修饰:一些名词本身未具有特殊性,可用定语从句加以限定修饰,以加强其特殊性。限定修饰的定语从句,其关系代词前不用逗号。翻译时,限制性的定语从句要先翻译定语从句部分,再翻译被修饰的部分。当时是直到翻译名词时,再用修饰来修饰名词。

He is a boy who works hard.

限定性的定语从句,翻译时先翻译后面的定语从句部分,而who就不要翻译。

他是工作认真的一个男孩。

当然也可以用非限制性定语从句。限制的可以用非限制,非限制的不能用限制。\

为什么呢,因为这时,一般名词已经有形容词在修饰了。

比如。

He is a good boy, who works hard.

关系代词的省略。

This is the boy I saw yesterday.

→This is the boy whom I say yesterday. 即,关系代词做宾语时,可以省略。

还有就是关系代词是介词的宾语,介词移动到句尾时,关系代词也可以省略。

This is the house we lives in.

→This is the house which we lives in.

→This is the house in which we lives.

3.1.1 That做关系代词

That可以做关系代词,去到who whom which,但that做关系代词时,不能有逗号,即只能用在限制性定语从句中,也不能用于有介词的定语从句中。

I like the girl that is sitting there.

→I like the girl who is sitting there. 为限制性定语从句that is sitting there是修饰作用的,不止是一个句子,还是一个定语从句。

He is a man that we all respect.

→He is a man whom we all respect.

还有一种情况是定语从句中不能用who whom which,只能用that.

The first man that came here was Peter. That came here was Peter是一个限制性定语从句,这里前面有一个first,即序数词,所以后面只能用that做定语从句的引导词。

Who is the man that is standing there? 这里前面有疑问词who,所以用who, which ,whom的话会重复,只能用that.

这里that引导的that is standing there做定语从句修饰man.

除了who之外,还有what where how 之后也只能用that.

He is the best student that I’ve ever taught.

这里有最高级,后面也只能用that.

He is the very man that I met yesterday.

The very+名词后面也只能用that.

…..还有几种情况,但不了解了,我的目的是看懂文章,不用理那么多,只要记住,that还可以引导定语从句。

限定修饰的定语从句简化为分词短语:

The girl dancing here yesterday is my sister.

其实原来是一个定语从句

== who danced here yesterday.

所以分词短语有时也是一种定语从句。

非限制性定语从句不可简化为分词短语。

I met John, who said that he loved Mary very much.

这里不可等价于saying that…

但是,非限制性定语从句可简化为先行词的同位语

I met John, a good friend of mine.

→I met John, who is a good friend of mine.

这里,a good friend of mine是John的同位语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句。即去掉who或which+和be动词之后就可以变成同位语。

He works hard, a fact known to us.

→He works hard, which is a fact known to us.

→He works hard, a fact t hat is known to us.

→He works hard, which is a fact that is known to us.

A good friend of mine, John came to see me yesterday.

→John, a good friend of mine, came to see me yesterday.

这里a good friend of mine是John的同位语。

主语的同位语可置于主语前或者后的位置。

3.1.2定语从句与插入语

什么是插入语?即主语+表认知的动词。其他的都是非限制性定语从句,或其省略。

I believe ; I think; I fell; I know; I consider; I find.

He is a man who I think never breaks his word.

I think 是插入语,who没有变成whom 因为who还是never breaks his word的主语。He is the man whom I believe I met yesterday.

当然有时,还是可以做后面的宾语的。

He is a man whom I think to be nice.

Whom做think的宾语to be nice做whom的宾语补语。

3.1.3定语从句变为不定式短语

He has no house to live in. 这里to live in实际上是一个定语从句。

= He has no house in which to live.

Lend me your pen to write my address with.

= Lend me your pen with which to write my address.

To write my address with是定语从句。

3.2 关系代词的所有格

关系代词所有格和关系代词一样,引导定语从句,修饰前面的名词。

She has an uncle whose name is Peter

→She has an uncle. His name is Peter.

可以断句,即关系代词的所有格,基本上可以断句处理。

但是翻译的时候也可以一句话一起翻译。

他有一个名叫做Peter的叔叔。

还是定语从句。

其实是这样的,想要在先行词后再接一个名词时,就可以用关系代词的所有格来进行处理。

I like that house, whose location looks good to me.

→I like that house. Its location looks good to me.

关系代词所引导的名词要做定语从句中的主语或宾语。

I hate John, whose words are seldom true.

Whose words做定语从句中的主语。

I hate John, whose words I don’t believe.

Whose words做定语从句中的宾语。

I hate John, whose words I have no trust in

Have及物动词no trust 宾语whose words 什么都不做,所以需要在关系代词之前要加介词in.

→I hate John, in whose words I have no trust.

即,关系代词引导的什么都不做时,要在前面后末尾加上介词,分析的时候要注意,什么都不做的这种情况,其实一种做法就是看看有没有介词,有介词的话,基本上都是这一种情况,即可认为,关系代词引导的名词什么成分都不做。

虽然不做成分,但是翻译的时候需要翻译出来的。

I like to study in this school, of which the faculty and facilities are topnotch.

→I like to study in this school, the faculty and facilities of which are topnotch.→I like to study in this school, whose faculty and facilities are topnotch.

Whose可代替人和物。

当代替物时,whose + 名词= the+ 名词+ of which=of which +the+名词。

This is a fancy car, whose color I like very much.

这里whose指代的物,所以可以做替换。

→This is a fancy car, the color of which I live very much.

→This is a fancy car, of which the color I like very much.

所以以后看到of which+the+名词时,可以直接理解为whose+名词。

This is Tom, whose father is an English teacher. 非限定定语从句。

Tom独一无二,所以无需再修饰。

I met a boy whose father is an English teacher. 限定修饰。

Boy没有最终确定是谁,所以可以加上限定的定语从句,进行修饰。

3.3 关系副词

关系副词有四个:where when why how 即除了what that which之外都是。关系副词都可由,介词+which替换而来。

Where = in which; at which; on which

When = in which ; at which; on which

Why = for which

How = in which.

即地点,时间,原因,方式;这4种为状语,或副词。

This is the city where I met Mary.

He came on Friday, when it was raining very hard.

I don’t know the reason why he cried.

That’s the way how he handled the thing.

关系副词引导的定语从句用于修饰前面修饰的词。

Where : 大地点时用in, 小地点用at ;

内部时用In, 外面时,比如在……上面时用on

This is the city where I met Mary.

→This is the city in which I met Mary. 大地点。

When:表那一天时,用on;表一段时间时用In,表时刻时用at.

He came on Friday, when it was raining hard.

→He came on Friday, on which it was raining hard.

Why:只有for which

Hoe:只有in which

That

→ That

即when why how都可以省略引导词,还是定语从句。

所以定语从句的几种情况:

Who;whom;which ;that; when; where;why;how;介词+which 引导,分词短语引导,不定式短语,省略的情况。

这都是定语从句。

定语从句省略名词的情况:

有be动词,定语从句做补语时就是省略掉了名词,而我们看不到。

That’s where he was born.

→That’s the place where he was born.

That’s when he’ll come.

→That’s the day when he’ll come.

That’s why he left.

→That’s the reason why he left.

That’s how he did it.

→That’s the way how he did it.

Where; when; why ;how也可以视为疑问代词,引导名词从句,做及物动词的宾语。

I don’t know when he’ll come. When引导的名词从句做宾语。

Put it where you found it. Where做副词,做连接副词。

→Put it at the place where you found it.

Where 做连接副词时,等语in/at the place where .

Where there is a will, there is way. Where 做副词。

The time he came, I was sleeping. 下划线部分做状语,修饰主句。

→The time when he came, I was sleeping.这里省略了when.

The moment;the instant ; the minute;后省略了when时,都相当于as soon as,引导副词从句。看不懂的成分一般都是状语。

有时,that代替when,why,how做关系副词使用,特别是口语中,但是其实这种用法很不正式。

比如:

That’s the way that he handles thing.that引导的定语从句。

为什么需要关系副词,即修饰时间,地点,原因,方式时,就用关系副词,其他情况时,就有关系代词。

关系指示代词:

关系指示代词就是由代词变化过来的关系词,即,引导定语从句修饰前面的名词。

Which可做关系指示代词。

指示代词:that this those these

He speaks German, which language I don’t understand.

即关系指示代词which+n,可代表先行词或前面的部分概念,在所引导的定语从句中做主语或宾语。

即,which language代表前面的German.

He is arrogant, which attitude I am sick of

→He is arrogant, this attitude I am sick of.

His car is blue, which color I like very much.

He stayed there for a week, during which time he did nothing.

复合关系代词:

即复合的关系代词

Whoever = anybody who.

Whomever = anybody whom

Whichever = any one which/who 三者以上

= either which/who 二者以上

What = the thing/things which

Whatever = anything which…

因此,复合关系代词由两个词类复合而成:先行词和关系代词。

Whoever makes such a mistake should be punished.

→Anybody who makes such a mistake should be punished.

→主语定语从句及物动词的被动语态

Give it to whomever you like

→Give it to anybody whom you like

What bother me is that I have no time.

→The thing which bother me is that I have no time.

However做连接性副词及连接副词。

He is nice; however, I don’t like him.

== He is nice. However, I don’t like him.

== He is nice. I ,however, don’t like him.

准关系代词:

有than, as ,but 三个

Than/as/but做准关系代词时,前面必须有一个名词作先行词。

Than之前有名词时== than+前面名词+who/whom/which

I have more money than is needed.

→I have more money than the money which is needed.

As:若as之前有名词,as=as+前面名词+who/whom/which.

As做准关系代词时,只能用于这三个短语sucn+名词+as

The same+名词+as

As+adj+名词+as

I don’t like such a ma n as tells lies.

→I don’t like such a man as the man who tell lies.

即as后面时一个完整的句子。

I have the same dictionary as is you bought yesterday.

I have the same dictionary as the dictionary which is you bought yesterday.

As we all know, he is nice.

单独使用as时,as可做关系代词,等语which.

He is nice ,as mentioned before

→He is nice ,as was mentioned before.这里省略了be动词。

He is nice, which was mentioned before.

第4章非谓语动词非谓语动词: 不定式, 分词, 动名词

4.1不定式

不定式的功能:

To take a trip around the world has been my dream. 名词性, 作主语

I have something to do. 充当形容词, 修饰something

I came to see her 充当副词修饰came

名词性不定式的用法

1.名词性不定式做主语

To see him is my purpose.

2.名词性不定式做主语时, 用it作为虚主语取代

It is my purpose to see him.

3.名词性不定式做及物动词的宾语

I want to see him. 名词性不定式做动词的宾语.

I find it interesting to climb mountains. 这里的不定式不是修饰, 是做宾语.

名词性不定式做不完全及物动词的宾语时, 用it做虚宾语, 不定式做真宾语.

所以, 有it时的句子要学会分析.

4.名词性不定式做be动词的补语

My plan is to see him.

To see is to believe.

主语补语

形容词性不定式结构的用法

形容词性不定式全都是采用后置修饰.

I have some work to do. 修饰work

I have no desire to enter into a controversy with him. 不定式结构修饰desire.

副词性不定式结构的用法

副词性不定式可以修饰, 动词, 形容词, 副词

He came to see me. 修饰动词

He has agreed to do it 修饰动词

He is able to handle the problem. 不定式结构修饰形容词

He is old enough to go swimming alone. 修饰副词enough

old 形容词enough 副词

修饰sang, 所以修饰的时候不一定是连接在一起的, 要分

清格局, .

副词性不定式修饰动词, 表目的时, 此时副词性不定式同时修饰含该动词的整个从句.

He sang a song to please her. 修饰sang

等价于, 修饰前面含有动词的整个句子.

He sang a song to please her. 不定式修饰前面的完整句子, he sang a song.

all the way 副词, 修饰rushed

here 副词, 修饰rushed

to catch the train 副词, 修饰rushed.

所以, 副词可以依次叠加. 并且可以不用出现其他的词.

4.2分词

分词做形容词, 做补语, 名词, 分词做副词.

做副词的一般是现在分词, 有副词very的意味, 修饰之后的形容词. It’s biting cold today. cold, adj. biting, 现在分词, 修饰cold.

He was exceeding glad to hear it. 现在分词, 做副词, 修饰形容词.

4.3动名词

动名词形态与现在分词一样.

差别就是, 动名词具有名词性质, 名词在句中做主语, 宾语, 补语. 动名词做主语, 动名词做主语补语, 动名词做动词的宾语

动名词做介词的宾语.

高中英语语法大全

(1)表语从句 1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类: (1) 从属连词that。如: The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如: He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如: All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如: It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释: 1.连词because可引导表语从句。如: I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如: My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。(2)主语从句 1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类: (1) 从属连词that。如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如: Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如: What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释: 1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有: A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如: It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that

英语语法、句式、简单句子结构(透彻分析)

LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型,注意词性和词序,以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单,但至关重要。掌握好它们,在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 其实英语只有三种基本句型 ▲主+系动词+表 词序 1 主语 2 系动词 3 表语 即句子的用于连接主语表示主语身份、状态以及主体和表语所处的位置 词性* 名词 代词 Be (is, am, are) * 名词形容词 介词+* 名词(介词短语) 注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语(名词) 2 他(是)很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语(形容词)▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。

3 她(是)在教室里。She is in the classroom. 主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语) ▲定语只修饰名词,不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当,形容词放在所修饰的名词之前,而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后,请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 4 幸福是太多和太少之间的一站。--- 英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness i s a station between too much and too little . -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 高个子的男人是从英国来的老师。

形容词介词短语 The tall man is a teacher from England. 介词短语形容词 6. 她在二楼的小教室里。 形容词介词短语 She is i n the small classroom on the second floor. The teacher in the classroom is handsome. My book is o n the deskin the classroom. 表语(介词短语)定语(介词短语)She is in the small classroom on t he second floor.

经典英语语法讲解解析

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初中英语语法知识—并列连词的经典测试题及解析(5)

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初中英语语法知识—名词的经典测试题含答案(3)

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(2)as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。 Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。 注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 c、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

简易英语语法总结

语法知识 1 句子结构 1.句子结构:主+谓+宾/ 主+谓/ 谓+宾 一个句子中只能有一个谓语。如果一个句子含有两个及以上谓语肯定就是错的句子,自己写作时需谨记。阅读时,分析难句可从谓语入手,因为它只有一个,好找。 从句也是句子,所以可包含谓语,但它是属于从句的谓语,与主句不同谓语不同,也就是说主句中的谓语还是仅有一个。 2.主语的引导词不能省,宾语的可以省。 2 非谓语动词 包括不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词)和独立主格。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。 1 不定式 1) 一般式。同时发生或将要发生。 He seems to know this.(同时) I hope to see you again.(将要) 2) 完成式。已经发生。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.(发生在sorry之前) He seems to have caught a cold.(发生在seems之前) 3) 进行式。正在进行。 He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成进行式。已经发生且一直进行 He was happy to have been staying with his uncle. 1.1不定式做表语 表将来,用于命令、要求等。 You are always to knock before you enter my room. 2 动名词 动名词格式:动词原形+ing 动名词和现在分词区别: 1)现在分词 作定语、表语、状语。起形容词、副词作用。有时也用在复合结构中。不能做主语,一看到是主语成分,必定是动名词。一般可翻译成“…的”的意思。 2)动名词 作主语、宾语、表语。起名词作用。单独用或动名词短语。表示抽象的一般行为。 3 分词 包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词:动词原形+ing;过去分词:动词原形+ed。现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动。具体方式参见上文动名词中的“动名词和现在分词区别”。 过去分词和过去式区别: 过去分词充当副词、形容词,是非谓语;过去式充当动词,是谓语。 ·过去分词:Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention,the plants could grow better. ·过去式:The new worlds Freud explored were inside man himself.

英语语法

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III.各个时态的构成法: 一般时态: a)一般现在时用原形,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s; b)一般过去时一般用V.+ed表示; c)一般将来时用shall/will+V.原形; d)一般过去将来时用should/would+V.原形; 进行时态:助动词be+主要动词的现在分词; 完成时态:助动词have+主要动词的过去分词; 完成进行时:助动词have+been+主要动词的现在分词。IV.时态形式: 1.一般现在时(present tense) ⑴.构成: ?疑问式 Do/Does… + 主要动词原形;be动词只需与主语位置对调就行了。 e.g. Do you know it? Is she a student?

?否定式 do(es)+not+主要动词(动词be则在后+not) e.g. You do not know it. She is not a student. ⑵.使用范围: ①表习惯的,永久或反复发生的动作。常与often, sometimes, always, twice a month, every week, on Sundays, occasionally, usually一些频度副词连用。 e.g. Birds fly.(永久) She always takes a walk in the evening.(习惯) ②表特征,能力或状态: e.g. She loves music.(特征) Contradictions exist everywhere. (状态) e.g. We were taught at school that the earth ( is/ was) round. (is) ③表普遍真理,事实,也用在格言中: e.g. No man but errs. (人非圣贤,孰能无错。) ④表现在瞬间(常用于体育报道,戏法演说,技术表演等的解说): e.g. Now , look, I open the box. He sits down, shivers a little. Clock outside strikes 12.(舞台说明) ⑤表一个按规定,计划或安排发生的情况。(这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语) e.g. The plane takes off at 11a.m.. The delegation arrives here tomorrow. 但这只限于少数的动词:begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, open, close, be, etc.在时间和条件状语从句中,将来动作或状态多用一般现在时表示。 e.g. Tell her about that when she comes. We can catch the bus if we hurry up. 有些状态和感觉的动词可用一般现在时:be, love, like, hate, want, hope, feel etc. e.g. I feel a sharp pain in my chest. The soup contains too much salt. 2.一般过去式(past tense) ⑴.构成: ?一般是:V.+ed; be-was/were

初中英语语法知识—名词的经典测试题附解析(5)

一、选择题 1.—_________ is it from Wuxi to Shanghai? —It’s about ________ drive. A.How long; a two hours’B.How far; a two-hours C.How far; two hours’D.How long; a two-hour 2.________the________Mike’ s and Jack’s? A.Is, rooms B.Are, room C.Are, rooms D.Is, room 3.— Do you know all the names in your class, Mr King? —No, only part of them. A.student B.students C.student’s D.students’4.Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A.May B.July C.September D.November 5.Is it a picture_________ your school? A.of B.to C.and D.with 6.—Let’s make a banana milk shake. —How many ________ do we need? A.bananas B.cup of milk C.honey 7.—Do _________ like going to ___________? —I don’t know. A.woman teachers, clothes shops B.women teachers, clothes shops C.woman teachers, sport shops D.women teachers, vegetables shops 8.—I hear your family have made up their ________ to India next month. Have a pleasant journey. —Thank you. A.mind travelling B.minds travelling C.mind to travel D.minds to travel 9.—Do you know Shanghai is one of _______ in the world? —Yes, it’s bigger than _______ city in China. A.the biggest city; any B.the biggest cities; any C.the biggest cities; any other D.the biggest cities; the other 10.—What does your mother have for dinner? — A.Chickens and tomato B.Chicken and tomatoes.C.Chicken and tomato.11.My sister and I like eating two _______ and some _______ for dinner. They are really delicious. A.salad; eggs B.salads; eggs C.salad; eggs D.salads; egg 12.—Do you think it is _______good advice? —Yes, it’s really _______useful suggestion.

初中英语语法专题讲座03冠词

初中英语语法专题讲座——冠词 【复习要点】 英语的冠词分为三种:不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词(即不用冠词)。 一、不定冠词: 英语中不定冠词有两个:a, an。a用于以辅音音素开头的词前,例如:a room, a red apple, a useful book;an用于元音音素开头的词前,例如:an egg, an old man, an hour。 1、不定冠词的基本用法: 不定冠词主要用于泛指和类指,有时也用于特指(如以下第⑵条)。 ⑴、表示“一个(one);每一个(each)”,例如:There is a table and four chairs in the room. 房间里有一张餐桌和四张椅子。He comes to visit me twice a year. 他每年来看我两次。 a和one有时可以互换,例如:There were nearly a / one hundred people at the meeting.有将近100人参加了会议。 但是,在一些习惯用语中,a和one是不可互换的。例如:once upon a time(从前)和one day(有一天)这两个短语中的a, one就不能互换;an hour or two 和one or two hours (一两个小时)这两个短语中的an, one也不能互换。 请注意: a (an) 虽表示“一个”,但不强调数量,而是强调类别;one则强调数量。 例:I bought a computer. 我买了一台电脑。(不是收音机和电视机)I bought one computer. 我买了一台电脑。(不是两台) ⑵、表示“某一个(a certain)”,例如:She went to buy a dictionary. 他去买了一本词典。(没有买别的东西)We used to live in a small house. 我们曾经住在一间小屋子里。 ⑶、表示一类中的任何一个,通常不必译成中文。例如:A horse is an animal. (= Horses are animals. / The horse is an animal.) 马是一种动物。 提示:表示某一类人或物时,可用下面三种方法: The dog is a faithful animal.(用定冠词)A dog is a faithful animal.(用不定冠词) Dogs are faithful animals. (用复数形式,不加定冠词) 2 、不定冠词的特别用法: 用在序数词前,表示“再一次,又一个”。例如:You’ll have to do it a second time. 你得再做一次。I don’t think we’ll need a third person. 我认为我们不再需要第三个人了。 二、定冠词: 定冠词只有一个:the其发音是:在元音音素前读/eI/,在辅音音素前读/e? /。 1、定冠词的基本用法:一般情况下,定冠词主要用于特指和类指,例如: ⑴表示前面提到过的人或物,例如:There is a chair in the room. An old man is sitting on the chair.房间里有一把椅子,椅子上坐着一位老人。 ⑵表示谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如:I don’t know the man. Is he your English teacher?我不认识那个人,他是你们的英语老师吗?

初中英语语法知识—并列连词的经典测试题附答案解析

一、选择题 1.Would you like to live a house a flat? A.between; and B.from; to C.on; and D.in; or 2.I like math______ I don't like P.E. A.and B.but C.because 3.Mike does his homework and __________ to play football after school every day. A.goes B.go C.to go D.went 4.Don't run so fast, ____________you might fall over. A.or B.and C.unless 5.Don't came in ____________ you are called. A.after B.until C.since 6.—Alice didn't go to the party ______her illness. —I'm sorry to hear that. A.because B.but C.so D.because of 7.Everyone knows fire is very useful in our daily life, it is also dangerous. A.so B.or C.because D.but 8.It's raining hard outside, _______ we have to watch TV at home. A.so B.but C.because D.if 9.—Have you ever tried food in Singapore? —Ye s.______ you like Indian food, Western food ______ Japanese food, you’ll find it all in Singapore. A.Either;or B.Neither;nor C.Both;and D.Whether;or 10.I don’t like running, I like swimming. A.and B.but C.with D.so 11.My grandfather is over 70 ______ he thinks he is very young. A.and B.so C.because D.but 12.—Can you play soccer? —No, I can't.________I can play basketball. A.But B.Because C.So 13.His schoolbag _____ his baseball are on the sofa,____ his clock is not. A.and ,and B.but, but C.and ,but D.but, and 14.A break between classes is a good time for students to play sports and talk with their classmates, so it __________helps with students' health,___________ improves their social skills. A.either; or B.neither; nor C.not only; but also D.not; but 15._______ we were tired, we continued our journey. At last, we reached the top of the mountain. A.If B.Though C.While D.After

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