《大学高级英语》中的修辞格

《大学高级英语》中的修辞格
《大学高级英语》中的修辞格

Dec. 2008, Volume 6, No.12 (Serial No.63) US-China Foreign Language, ISSN1539-8080, USA

《高级英语》中的辞格

宋燕

(山东科技大学外国语学院,山东青岛266510)

摘要:辞格是用来产生特殊文体效果的单词或短语,既可增添文字的色彩,又能产生极大的美学效果,是英语学习中不可缺少的内容。本文以高校英语专业精读课程通用教材《高级英语》为例,概括分析了其中的十五种辞格,从一个侧面展现了英语语言的丰富多彩。

关键词:《高级英语》;辞格;类型

1. 引言

《高级英语》(修订本,张汉熙,外语教学与研究出版社)适用于英语专业高年级精读课程,被国内多所高校选作通用教材。全书分两册,共收集三十篇课文,皆为二十世纪现代英语的原文,题材和体裁广泛、多样,利于学生扩大知识面和接触不同的文体。课文的文字尤其值得推崇,不但使用规范,而且各种语言特色尽现,彰显了英语语言的丰富多彩,其中最为突出的一个特点就是多种辞格的运用。

辞格,也称修辞格或修辞手段,是一种特殊的语言形式,是“用来产生特殊文体效果的单词或短语,它故意偏离字面陈述或普通用法,以加强口头或书面语言的语气,使之明晰而优美”(徐鹏,2000)。在语言交际中,辞格起着很重要的作用,既可增添文字的色彩,又产生极大的美学效果。因此,如何赏析和恰当运用修辞手段是英语学习中必不可少的内容。

2.《高级英语》中的辞格例析

多种辞格遍布《高级英语》全书各篇,概括起来共有如下类型(书中例句以●标注)。

2.1 明喻(simile)

明喻是指将两类不同的事物直截了当地加以比较,突出两者的相似之处,通常使用as, like, as if, as…so 等明显性喻词实现连接。例如:

(1)Records fell “like ripe apples on a wi ndy day”.

(记录像被大风吹落的熟苹果一样纷纷落地。)

(2)“as strong as an ox”

(健壮如牛)

(3)● The crowds along the racecourse are “like a field of grass and flowers in the wind”.

(聚集在赛马道沿线的人群东倒西歪,宛如原野上的一片花草迎风起伏。)

(4)● My brain was “as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist?s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel”.

(我的大脑像发电机一样发达,像化学家的天平一样精确,像手术刀一样锋利。)

(5)● She gasped “like a bee had stung her”.

(她像挨了蜂蛰似的惊叫了一声。)

【作者简介】宋燕(1972-),女,汉族,硕士生导师,山东科技大学外国语学院副院长,副教授;研究方向:应用语言学。

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2.2 隐喻(metaphor)

隐喻是指在两类不同的事物(本体和喻体)之间含蓄地比较,以表明两者的相同关系,其作用在于可以更鲜明、生动地描述本体,使人通过联想更深入地了解本体。例如:

(1)The world is a “s tage”.

(世界是个大舞台。)

(2)Jim was a “f ox”.

(吉姆是只狡猾的狐狸。)

(3)● The Elizabethans “b lew on it (Queen?s English) as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied and floated to the ends of the ea rth”.

(伊丽莎白时代的文人没费吹灰之力,使“标准英语”影响日盛,遍及全球。)

(4)● Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is “a living thing, full of beauty, passion, and traum a”.

(逻辑学非但不枯燥乏味,而且活泼、清新、富于美感和激情,并给人以启迪。)

(5)● We have rid the earth of his “shado w” and liberated its peoples from his “yoke”.

(我们将他的魔影从地球上消除,将纳粹统治下的人民从他的枷锁中解放出来。)

2.3 换喻(metonymy)

换喻不直接说出要说的人或事物的本来名称,而借用和该人或该事物密切相关的词去代替,目的在于突现描述对象的特征。例如:

(1)He chose the “g un” instead of the “cap an d gown”.

(他选择了参军而不是上大学。)

(2)The “he ad” of our school is a doctor.

(我们学校的校长是位博士。)

(3)● For making money, his “pen” would prove mightier than his “pickax”.

(在挣钱方面,他的笔杆要比他的锄镐有效得多。)

(4)● Surgeons have “X-ray s” to guide them during an operation.

(外科医生在做手术时可以看X 光片。)

2.4 提喻(synecdoche)

提喻也是一种替代形式,或以部分代整体,或以整体代部分。例如:

(1)They were short of “h ands” at harvest time.

(收割庄稼时他们人手不够。)

(2)The doctor cut “m e” open and took out the appendix.

(医生打开我的腹部,切除掉阑尾。)

(3)● The case had erupte d round “my head”.

(这件案子突然降临到我头上。)

(4)● Neither his vanity nor his “purse” is any concern of the dictionary?s.

(词典既没有义务去满足他的虚荣心,也没有义务去关心他与人打赌赢钱还是输钱。)

2.5 平行(parallelism)

平行是指用结构相同或相似、语气一致的词语或句段,以表达相关内容,通常句势匀称,起到加强语势、提高表达效果的作用。例如:

(1)She was a woman of “m ean understanding, little information, and uncertain temp er”.

(她是个智力贫乏、不学无术、喜怒无常的女人。)

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(2)● We observe today not “a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as chang e”.

(我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会,而是一次自由的庆典。这是一个承前启后、继往开来的大事件。)

(3)●“To” those old allies…

“T o” those ne w states…

“To” those peopl es…

“To”our sister republics…

“To” that world assemb ly…

“T o” those nat ions…

(对于??的传统盟邦??

对于??的新兴国家??

对于??的各民族??对

于??的姊妹国家??对

于??的联盟组织??对

于??的国家??)

(4)● We shall “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe” to assure the survival and the success of liberty.

(为维护自由,使其长存不灭,我们将会不惜付出任何代价,肩负任何重担,迎战一切困难,援助一切朋友,反击一切敌人。)

(5)●“He?s a liar. He?s a cheat. He?s a r at”.

(他是一个说谎的人,一个骗子,一个可耻的家伙。)

2.6 平行对照(antithesis)

平行对照把结构相同或相似、意义相反或相对的语言单位平行并列,以求得一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对比感。例如:

(1)“Penny wise” and “po und foolis h”.

(小事聪明,大事糊涂。)

(2)“A bird in the hand” is worth “two in the bush”.

(一鸟在手,胜于二鸟在林。)

(3)●“United, there is little we cannot do” in a host of co-operative ventures. “Divided, there is little we can do”, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.

(只要我们团结起来,我们在许多合作性事业中就会无往而不胜;而一旦彼此分裂,我们就会无所作为。)

(4)●“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”.

(你们应该问的不是你们的国家能为你们做些什么;而是你们自己能为你们的国家做些什么。)

(5)● It is easier to “make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful”.

(使一个漂亮的笨姑娘变得聪明比使一个聪明的丑姑娘变得漂亮更容易些。)

2.7 重复(repetition)

重复指重复使用同一词语或同义词语,以加强语势,抒发强烈的感情,增强语言的节奏感。例如:(1)There she stretched, growin g “warmer and warmer, sleepier and sleepier”.

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(她伸了个懒腰,觉得越来越暖和也越来越想瞌睡。)

(2)Would you “please, please, please” do me a favor?

(求你,求你,求求你,帮我个忙,好吗?)

(3)● Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish “all forms of” human poverty and “all forms of”human life.

(人类手中掌握的力量,既足以消除一切形式的人类贫困,也足以结束一切形式的人类生活。)

(4)●We will never “parle y”. We will never “negotiate”.

(我们绝不妥协,我们决不议和。)

(5)●…to convert our “g oo d”words into “goo d” deeds; to assist “free”men and “free”government in casting off the chains of poverty.

(把我们美妙的言辞付诸行动;帮助自由的人民和自由的国家政府挣脱贫困的锁链。)

2.8 押头韵(alliteration)

押头韵是指在一组词或一行诗中用相同的字母或声韵开头,以便诵读起来朗朗上口。例如:

(1)“World Wide We b”

(网络名:万维网)

(2)“P eter Piper picked” a “peck” of “pickled peppe r”.

(绕口令:彼得·派珀吃了许多盐渍的胡椒。)

(3)●It was a splendid population-for all the “slow”,“sleepy”,“sluggish-brain ed”“sloth s”“stay ed”at home.

(这儿的人们真是了不起---因为那些笨手笨脚、无精打采、呆头呆脑的懒汉都呆在家里。)

(4)●“Let” us “learn” the “lessons” already taught by such cruel experience.

(让我们从过去的残酷的历史经验中汲取教训吧。)

2.9 夸张(hyperbole)

夸张是指故意夸大表达对象的某种特征或品格,以增强话语的表现力。例如:

(1)He almost “died laughin g”.

(他差点笑死。)

(2)Belinda smiled, and “all the world was gay”.

(比琳达微微一笑,全世界为之快乐。)

(3)● You are “the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space”.

(对我来说,你就是整个世界,是月亮,是星星,是整个宇宙。)

(4)● Here was wealth “b eyond computation”, almost “beyond imagination”.

(这儿的财富多得无法计算,简直无法想象。)

(5)● The trial that “rocked the worl d”.

(震撼世界的审判。)

(6)● What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness, the sheer revolting monstrousness, “of every house in sight”.

(我指的是所看到的房子没有一幢不是丑陋得令人难受、畸形古怪得让人作呕的。)

2.10 反语(irony)

反语使用和本意相反的词语来表达本意,或可使语言活泼、幽默,或能蕴涵深刻的思想和激越的情感,有强烈的讽刺作用。例如:

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(1)A “fine” friend you are!

(你可真够朋友!)

(2)That?s really a “good” i dea!

(那个主意可真不赖!)

(3)● We are marching backwards to the “glori ous” age of the sixteenth century.

(我们的社会正大踏步地退回到十六世纪那辉煌的年代。)

(4)● When it (brick) has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the “color of an egg long past all hope or caring”.

(砖头一经工厂排放出来的烟熏染,蒙上一层绿锈,它的颜色便如无人问津的臭蛋一样了。)

2.11 矛盾修辞(oxymoron)

矛盾修辞将两个意思互相矛盾或排斥的词语紧密地联结在一起,用来描述一个事物或表达一种思想或说明一个道理。例如:

(1)a “public secret”

(公开的秘密)

(2)a “true l ie”

(真实的谎言)

(3)It (New York) has the “poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties…”

(这里有的是心里最空虚的百万富翁,人格最渺小的伟人,最目空一切的草包,最使人瞧不起的美女??)

(4)● Malone called my conviction a “victorious defe at”.

(马隆称这次庭审结果对我来说是一次“胜利的败仗”。)

2.12 拟人(personification)

拟人故意把物当作人来描写,赋予物以人的形态、性格或感觉,使无生命物体、动物、思想或抽象概念富有生命感。例如:

(1)“Mothe r” Earth

(地球母亲)

(2)The wind “whistl ed” through the trees.

(风呼啸着穿过树林。)

(3)The waves “clap their hands”.

(波浪拍手喝彩。)

(4)● It (hurricane) “seized” a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and “dum ped” it 3.5 miles away.

(高尔夫港的一个60 万加仑的油罐被狂风抓起,摔到3.5 英里以外。)

(5)●The “young”moon lies on “her ba ck”tonight as is “her habi t”in the tropics, and as, I think, is suitable if not seemly for a “virgin”.

(今夜的一弯新月仰面斜躺在天空,这是月亮在热带地区常见的姿势。在我看来,这种姿势对一个少女来说虽说有些不雅,但却还是适宜的。)

2.13 双关(pun)

双关运用一个词语来暗示两层或两层以上的意思或不同的联想,或者运用两个或两个以上同音异义或近音异义的词语,使语言诙谐活泼,收到滑稽幽默或冷嘲热讽的效果。如:

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(1)Lay down you r “a rm s”.

(放下胳膊/放下武器。)

*arms 既指“双臂”又指“武器”。

(2)“When does the baker follow his trade?”

“Whenever he …kn e ads? the …dough?.”

(“面包师什么时候营业?”“当他揉

面的时候/当他需要钱的时候。”)

*knead 发音同need; dough 既指“生面”也指“金钱”。

(3)The Unique “Spirit” of Canada

(别具风味的加拿大酒/加拿大独特的国民精神。)

*spirit 既指“酒”又指“精神”。

(4)●“D arwin” is “right inside”.

(店主达尔文就在店内/进化论者达尔文其实是正确的。)

*Darwin 既是店主的名字也是学者的名字;right 既指“恰恰”又指“正确”;inside 既指“里面”又指“实际上”。

(5)●“It?s” bound to end soon.

(飓风马上就会过去的/我们的性命马上就会结束的。)

*it 既指代飓风又指代性命。

2.14 转移表述词语(transferred epithet)

两项事物相关联,叙述中将原描写此事物的表述词语移来描写彼事物的性状,可以使事物或行为带上人的情感。例如:

(1)He crashed down on a “protesting ch air”.

(他一屁股坐了下去,椅子吱吱嘎嘎地响着,仿佛是在提抗议似的。)

(2)He passed many “anxious ho urs” on the way.

(他在路上度过许多焦躁的钟头。)

(3)● Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulders.

(达罗亲切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰我。)

(4)●“Gray pea ce” pe rvaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland.

(一片灰色的宁静笼罩着蛮荒环布的纽芬兰阿真舍湾。)

(5)● The sailors swarmed into a “laughing, che ering ring” around the two men.

(水手们欢笑着将两位大人物团团围住。)

2.15 委婉语(euphemism)

用婉转含蓄或转弯抹角的说法代替会使人不悦或不够尊敬的言辞。例如:

(1)an “industria l” action

(指labor strike,罢工)

(2)a “slow-thinking” student

(指stupid,不太聪明的学生)

(3)His father “passed away” pe acefully.

(指die,他父亲安详地去世了。)

(4)●He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who “diligently avoided contact with the enem y”.

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(指retreat,他在南方联邦游击队的一支杂牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵,那支队伍想方设法避免与敌军交战。)

(5)● He commented with a crushing sense of despair on “man?s final release from earthly struggl es…”

(指death,他以极端绝望的心情谈到人从尘世的苦难中的最终解脱??)

3. 结语

以上例证已经足以使我们强烈地感受到,各种辞格对丰富和表现英语语言所起到的良好作用。窥斑见豹,可以想见原文的精彩。因此,的确应该感谢撰写如此美妙文章的作者们和将之展现在我们面前的编者们,是他们使每一个英语学习者和爱好者有幸领略到大师的文采和语言的魅力。

参考文献:

冯翠华. 英语修辞大全[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.

梅仁毅,王立礼. 高级英语教师用书[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.

徐鹏. 英语辞格[M]. 北京:商务印书馆,2000.

张汉熙. 高级英语[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.

张鑫友,等. 高级英语学习指南[M]. 武汉:湖北人民出版社,2002.

Figures of speech employed in Advanced English

SONG Yan

Abstract: Figures of speech refer to those rhetorical devices which have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply. They are capable of making our language figurative and vivid, hence a necessary part of English learning. The present paper summarizes and analyzes fifteen types of figures of speech employed in the widely accepted textbook for English majors—Advanced English, in order to reveal the colorfulness of the English language.

Key words: Advanced English; figures of speech; types

(Edited by Jim, Tina and Sunny)

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英语写作常用修辞格

英语写作常用修辞格 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice. 鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart. 品尝Mozart的音乐.

高级英语第一册修辞手法总结

Lesson 1 1."We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4) metaphor 2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 、metaphor 3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (Para.11) simile 4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: “Get us through this mess, will Y ou?”(Para. 17) alliteration 5. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. (Para.19) personification 6. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. (Para.19) simile、onomatopoeia(拟声) 7. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. (Para. 20)transferred epithet 8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.(Para. 20)simile、personification 9. and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28) simile 10.household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphor Lesson 4 1. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2) Transferred epithet 2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3) Synecdoche 3. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.(para14) Irony 4. '' There is some doubt about that '' Darrow snorted.(para 19) Sarcasm 5. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.(para 20) Antithesis 6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie.(para 22) Alliteration; Simile 7. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breadth of his oratory as he should have. (Para 22) He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. (Para 23) The court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that Bryan. Snowball:grow quickly; spar: fight with words; thunder: say angrily and loudly; scorch: thoroughly defeat; duel: life and death struggle; storm of applause: loud applause by many people; the oratorical duel; spring the trump card.Metaphor

英语中常见的修辞手法

英语中常见的修辞手法

英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile -简明英汉词典['s?m?li:] n. (使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如: Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor -简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻

暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词,只是在暗中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如: I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧,孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如: The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧,”医生说,“我会尽力做到科学能做到的,但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时,药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)(大学英语第三册第六单元课文A) 4夸张(the exaggeration) exaggeration -英汉双向大词典 D.J.[?g?z?d???re???n] - exaggeration n. 1.夸张,夸大 2.夸张的言语;夸张的手法 - Exaggeration n. 夸张;夸大 把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张,即采用“言过其实”的说法,使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如:

高考英语作文常用修辞手法

高考英语作文常用修辞手法 高考英语作文常用修辞手法 文章最忌语言枯燥无味,一篇好的作文,语言应该生动形象。而恰当 地运用修辞手法,可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真,大大增强艺术表 现力,扩大语言表达的范围;而且还可以激发读者的想象,给人留下 深刻的印象。下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。 1 比喻(etaphr) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻: 明喻(siile): 用lie, as, asas, as if(thugh) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如: lve’s lie a red, red rse 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The an an’t be trusted He is as slipper as an eel 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He uped as if he had been stung他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 hildhd is lie a siftl passing drea 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻(etaphr): 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如: He has a heart f stne 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The rld is a stage 世界是一个大舞台。 2 换喻(etn)

用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称,只要一提到其中一种事物,就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the hite Huse 代替美国政府或者总统,用the bttle来代替ine 或者alhl,用the bar 来代替the legal prfessin,用rn代替ing等。例如: His purse uld nt all hi that luxur 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种 奢华。 The ther did her best t tae are f the radle 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He sueeded t the rn in 1848 他在1848年继承了王位。 3 提喻(snedhe) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分,以特殊代表一般或者用 一般代表特殊。例如: He earns his bread b riting 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The fars ere shrt f hands during the harvest seasn 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat anada at riet 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿 大队。 He is the Netn f this entur 他是这个世纪的牛顿。 4 拟人(persnifiatin) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如: heart as singing 我的心在歌唱。 This tie fate as siling t hi 这一次命运朝他微笑了。

英语中19种修辞手法及解释

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.

2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

高级英语(1)修辞格汇总

一、词语修辞格 (1)simile 明喻 ①...a memory that seemed phonographic ②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?” ③Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. ⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. ⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her. (2)metaphor 暗喻 ①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,… ②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A ④the last this intermezzo came to an end… ⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse… ⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me … ⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... ⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart ⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up... ?When railroads began drying up the demand... ?...the epidemic of gold and silver fever... ?Twain began digging his way to regional fame...

英语文学中得修辞手法

明喻( simile )是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似 关系,两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though 等, 补充: 二、隐喻( metaphor )这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事 物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 补充: 三、提喻( synecdoche )又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具 体,或以具体代抽象。四、拟人( personification )这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。五、夸张( hyperbole )这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。六、叠言( rhetorical repetition )这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。七、借代( metonymy )是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。八、双关语( pun )是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。九、拟声( onomatcpocia )是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。十、讽刺( irony )是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。十一、通感 ( synesthesia )是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。十二、头韵法( alliteration )在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。 英语修辞手法 1)Simile :(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor :(暗喻) It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy:(类比)It is also a form Of COmPariSon, but UnIike SimiIe Or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several Common qualities or points of resemblanCe. 4) PerSOnification:(拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objeCts, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.

英语写作技巧:英语写作中的修辞

英语写作技巧:英语写作中的修辞 修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要使用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段,而且使用得好,会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。所以,掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说,主要应该掌握以下修辞手段,又称语句辞格,包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格,转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。 1.对比正反对比就是要巧妙地使用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思,所以恰当地使用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况,就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来增强语句,实现语句的亮点。 1)如“很多人很快就会发现,他们在物质上是富裕了,精神上却很贫乏”,能够这样达: Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit.(注:句中rich in与ragged in,goods与spirit 具有正反对比的关系和效果。) 2)如“利远远大于弊”,能够这样表达: The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.(注:句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。) 3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理,但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”,能够这样表达: They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements,but have ignored a more important fact.(注:句中have noticed与have ignored,a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

英语中常见的修辞手法11928

英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如: Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词,只是在暗中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如: I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧,孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如: The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧,”医生说,“我会尽力做到科学能做到的,但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时,药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)(大学英语第三册第六单元课文A) 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张,即采用“言过其实”的说法,使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如:Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中,马克.吐温是位伟大作家,他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)(eternal和endless都是夸张用语,表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。) 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写,赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如:The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)(采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.) The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶,藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) (这里作者运用了拟人手法,将秋天比做人,秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力,让人有身处其境的感觉)(大学英语第三册第六课课文A) 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话,用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如: “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了,于是出现了上面的这句话,通过反语达到讽刺的效果,从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)

高级英语(1)修辞格汇总

一.词语修辞格 (1) simile 明喻 它根据人们的联想,利用不同事物之间的相似点,借助比喻词(如like,as等)起连接作用,清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。 They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ①―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird . ―C an I have these old quilts?‖ ②Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ③My skin is like an uncooked(未煮过的)barley pancake. ④The oratorial(雄辩的)storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools… ⑤I see also the dull(迟钝的), drilled(训练有素的), docile(易驯服的), brutish (粗野的)masses of the Hun soldiery plodding(沉重缓慢地走)on like a swarm(群)of crawling locusts(蝗虫). (2)metaphor 暗喻 暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。 All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台,男男女女,演员而已。 Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats ) 教育不是注满一桶水,而是点燃一把火。 ①It is a vast(巨大的), sombre(忧郁的)cavern(洞穴)of a room,… ②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ③main artery(干线)of transportation in the young nation's heart ④The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. ⑤Her voice was a whiplash(鞭绳). ⑥We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air,

英语中的修辞手法

明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人.

英语中常见的修辞手法

英语中常见得修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile - 简明英汉词典 ['s?m?li:]?n. (使用like或as等词语得)明喻 ?明喻就是一种最简单、最常见得修辞方法,就是以两种具有共同特征得事物或现象进行对比,表明本体与喻体得关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式就是“A像B”,常用得比喻词有as, like,asif, asthough等。如果使用得当可以把深奥得道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单得事物表达得更为形象更为生动。例如: Like climbing amountain, westruggleup three feetand fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B)?I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutishmasses of the Hun soldiery bloddingon likeaswarmofcrawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当得比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor —简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻 ?暗喻也就是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了得明喻(a compressed simile)。它就是根据两个事物间得某些共同得特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物得比喻方式。本体与喻体之间不用比喻词,只就是在暗中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言得表现力。例如:?I will do anythingI can t ohelp him through life's dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助她穿越人生得惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producingthe English languagealso nourishedthe great principlesof freedom and right of manin the modernworld、(想想吧,孕育英语得文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由与人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each letter was a seed fallingon a fertileheart. Aromancewas budding。(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上得种子,浪漫之花含苞待放、)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(themetonymy) ?转喻就是通过相近得联想,借喻体代替本体。转喻就是比隐喻更进一步得比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物、例如: The busesin America are on strike now.美国得公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。?“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish、But wheneve rmy patientbegins to count the carriages in herfuneral porcessionI subtract50percent from the curative powerofmedicines、"(“好吧,”医生说,“我会尽力做到科学能做到得,但每当我得病人开始数自己葬礼上得马车时,药物得疗效就会减掉一半。”)(大学英语第三册第六单元课文A) 4夸张(theexaggeration) exaggeration -英汉双向大词典 D。J、[?g?z?d???re???n]?— exaggeration?n、 1. 夸张,夸大? 2. 夸张得言语;夸张得手法?— Exaggeration?n、夸张;夸大 ?把事物得特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张,即采用“言过其实”得说法,使事物得本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张得功能就是突出事物得本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发、例如:?MostAmericanremember Mark Twain as thefather of Huck Finn’s idylliccruisethrough eternal boyhood and TomSawyer’s endless summer of freed om andadventure、(在大多数美国人得心目中,马克、吐温就是位伟大作家,她描写哈克。费恩永恒得童年时代中充满诗情画意得旅程与汤姆、索亚在漫长得夏日里自由自在历险探奇得故事。)(eternal与endless都就是夸张用语,表示哈克、费恩童年时期田园般得旅游与汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇得故事都已成为永恒不朽之作、) 5 拟人(the personifjcation) ?所谓拟人就就是把无生命得事物当作有生命得事物来描写,赋予无生命之

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