2014考研英语辅导语法基础讲义(海天屠浩明)

考研英语语法基础讲义

一、考研语法考什么？

二、定语从句

1．关系词的产生

练习一

Model: The boy is my brother. He helped me. The boy that (who) helped me is my

brother.

1．I have the watch. The watch was given by my girlfriend. 2． The UFO is 50 years old. The UFO is working in that school.

3． He enjoys watching newspapers. Newspapers can tell him a lot of knowledge. 4．The boys wanted to play football. They were disappointed when it rained.

5．We are shown pictures about a region. The region was threatened by growing poverty. 练习二

1. All those____________ (想去长城的) will get together at the bus—stop at six tomorrow

morning ．

2. The building ________________________ (座落于我们学校附近的) is a hospital.

3. Tom is really the bravest boy _________________________ (我所认识的)。

4. Have you received the letter ___________________________ (我上星期六写的)?

课程内容 一、 考研语法考什么？

二、 考研语法巅峰考点——定语从句、名词性从句 三、 考研语法重点考点——状语从句 四、 考研语法特殊考点——倒装结构 五、 长难句四步拆分

—— 选自《考研工具书之语法长难句》（屠皓民编）

5. Can you help me find the person ________________________（救我女儿命的）

6. This is the one hundredth letter_________________________ (我上个月收到的)。

7. Tennis______________ (夏季最好的运动之一) can be played by two or four players．

8. I shall use the machine in such a way____________________________ (他使用过的)．

2. 限定性与非限定性从句区别与翻译

3．介词+which/whom的由来

4．when/where/why的演变

5．定语从句省略

(1) 关系代词充当从句宾语

连接词充当从句宾语时，可以直接省略。例如：

1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.

2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.

(2) 关系代词充当从句主语

当关系代词充当从句主语时，也可以省略，但是省略后的从句要发生形式的变化，原从句若为主动语态，后面的动词结构要变成分词ing形式，原从句若为被动语态，后面的动词结构直接为过去动词结构。这种结构在英语语法中称为分词作定语。

The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.

The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.

The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.

The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.

（3）定语从句时态为将来时

The team which will find the underlying relationship is funded by the government.

三、从句区分

1．名词性从句形式

2．定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1. That he is still alive is beyond my imagination.

2. She has the confidence with which she can overcome every obstacle that she may

come across in her life.

3. John said that he was to be promoted to general manager next month.

4. The debate whether there should be more free sports facilities for the public

continued.

5. An elephant and a mouse fell in love with each other, which is most unusual.

6. The question what the topic of the report should be remains unsolved.

7. The child whose parents died in the car crash was left in the care of his grandparents.

8. The truth is that the finest looking shoes pinch the foot.

9. His proposal that college students should wear uniforms met with strong resistance.

10. Whether he agrees to the plan or not makes no difference.

11. The first case of bird flu that was reported in Thailand captured the attention of

officials from WHO.

12. The speed at which China’s economy has been growing in the past decade is

remarkable.

三、状语从句

1．九大状语从句类型

从句形式常用连词特殊连词

时间状语从句when, while, as, before,

after, since, till, until, as

soon as

the moment, the instant, the minute, instantly, immediately, directly, no sooner…than,

hardly…when

条件状语从句if, unless, suppose,

supposing, so long as on condition that, providing,

provided,

结果状语从句so…that, such…that, with the result that

原因状语从句because, as, for, since seeing that, considering that,

now that, given that, in that 地点状语从句where, wherever, anywhere,

everywhere

让步状语从句 although, though, even though/if, while ，as whatever, whoever, wherever,

whichever, however, whenever, 目的状语从句 so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case;

in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that 比较状语从句 as, than the more…the more; no more…

than, not more…than

方式状语从句

as, as if, the way

2． 状语从句省略

3． 虚拟语气

四、倒装结构

1． 全部倒装

2． 部分倒装

3．特殊句型真题再现

z Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested

from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.

z Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more

regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

z Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity

known to geologists as hot spots.

z Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping

routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls.

五、长难句四步拆分策略

长难句是考研的重点，完形和阅读中需要通过理解来解答题目，翻译部分直接考查考生对于长难句的理解和中文转换能力。因此，分析长难句对于后续的解题技巧和能力提高起着至关重要的作用。

第一步：寻找特殊标点，隔离插入成分

在大量的修饰成分中，首先要将句中无关紧要的成分先清除出去，减少对于结构划分的干扰，也就是先将句中的插入语隔离开来。

插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用两个逗号或者两个破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。要注意的是两个破折号是插入语，一个破折号是后者对前者的解释，不是插入语。

z While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.

z Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).

z Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people ——especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations ——apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.

第二步寻找分号或连词，判断句子类型

1．分号——并列两个句子

通常当两个句子之间没有任何连接词连接，这时要采用分号进行分离。因此，分号所起的作用是连接两个句子。在看到句间出现分号时，可以直接将两个句子断开。

例如：

Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.

2．断句连词

常见的断句连词有and, but, yet, or, so, for ,not only...but also...，还有before, after, when, as soon as, until, if, although。看到这批单词，一般就可以直接断开前后两个分句。

例如：

They are the possessions of the autonomous man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

3. 从属连词

什么是从句？从句就是句子前面有一个引导词。所以找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句。

例如：

Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society。

第三步寻找谓语动词，抓住句子核心

找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。首先，如何寻找谓语动词呢？很简单，be动词、有时态的动词、情态动词引导的动词等就一定是谓语。

例如：

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

第四步确定整句框架—— 标出主从句主干部分

顺着谓语动词往前找，如果没有引导词存在，那说明是主句的谓语动词，那它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语。如果有引导词存在，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句：

例如：

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

真题句经典破解

z Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

z Neither kind of sleep is at all well understand, but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.

z They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.

z Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.

z Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent — and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance — have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

z The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep——when most vivid dreams occur——as it is when fully awake.

z President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.

z From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

z It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific

techniques.

z There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

z He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.

【经典剖析】

本句的主干在冒号前: He must use this surplus in three ways，冒号之后的部分包含三个as引导的并列结构作状语，其中第三个as结构的核心部分是as a commodity...，后面的which 引导的定语从句修饰commodity。

【妙译】

他必须以下列三种方式使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作保障以对付恶劣天气可能造成的无法预测的影响，并留作必须出售的商品以替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养料。