英语写作复习

英语写作考试题型

一．填空。

1.The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view,

into three types: formal, common, and informal.

2.According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative,

or exclamatory.

3. A paragraph is like a mini-essay; it should be unified, coherent and ..........

二．简答：

Five possible directions in describing a space

三．写作

Chapter 1

Arrangement

Either lined exercise books or regular office paper (size 19 × 27 centimetres) may be used.

Leave a margin on each side of the paper - about two centi-metres at the top and a centimetre and a half at the left, the right and the bottom. In an exercise book the top and bottom margins are already there, so you need only to draw a vertical line to mark the left margin.

You cannot make the right margin very straight, but you must not write to the edge of the paper. When there is not enough space left for a word, write it on the next line if it cannot be divided. In other words, there must be some blank space on the right side of the paper.

Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), short prepositions, and the “To” in infinitives:

No period is used at the end of a title. Use a question mark if the title is a direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect question. Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles; and underline names of books.

Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters. Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, a question mark or

an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, quotation marks, or parentheses. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning, of a line.

Word Division

When you write near the edge of the paper, take a look at the space left. If it is not enough for the word you are going to write, you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. Never squeeze a word into the margin.

The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables. Pay attention to the following:

One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided.

Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lone, trick. y.

Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat. ed, cab. in.

Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi. na, Aus. ten.

Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed.

Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea. cock, re. ally.

Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.

Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re. state. ment, un. relent. ing.

Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug. gle, shat. ter.

Chapter 2 Diction

Levels of Words

The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and colloquial.

Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or "big" words. They mainly appear in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses.

those that people use every day, and appear in all kinds of writing are called common words.

colloquial words are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their main use is to record people's thoughts and dialogues.

The Meaning of Words

The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative. A word's denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.

Chapter 4 paragraphs

What is a paragraph?

A paragraph is a group of sentences that all relate to a single main idea or a central point to describe something，argue about something, question something，demand something，define something，reject something。

Types of paragraphs

A. Independent paragraph

An independent paragraph is an isolated one which has its own separated existence and it is like a complete essay by itself.

Components: a topic sentence; supporting sentences and a concluding sentence

B. Special paragraphs

In an essay, there are often special paragraphs which begin it, link parts within it, or end it.

Introductory paragraph

Transitional paragraph

Concluding paragraph

C. Body paragraph 主体段落(Supporting/Amplifying)

一．Effective paragraphs

Demands for a good paragraph

1. unity 统一性

Is concerned with its content; all the sentences in the para. lead to one central theme which is usu. summarized in what is called the topic sentence.

If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified.

The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with a focus or major point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas.

一个段落只能表达一个中心意思或中心思想，而这个中心最好限于一至二个句子的表述，其余表示事实、范例、原因、论证等的扩展句必须为这个中心服务。

Unity,必须扼要注意的两个问题:

a：论述中不介入不相关的材料No irrelevant sentences

b：不转移话题Stick or hold to the topic;

2. completeness or adequateness 完整性

a. topic sentence

b. developing/supporting sentences(扩展句)

c. concluding sentence=Closing Sentence

主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况：

1）段首（At the beginning）

2）段末（At the end）

3）段中（In the middle）

4）隐含（Implied）

3 Transition （手册80页）

What are transitions?

Transitions are tools to create coherence and consistency (i.e., “flow”) in your paper. Without them, your writing is likely to seem choppy or disorganized, and the relationship between ideas may be unclear to the reader. English relies heavily on these transitional words to clarify relationships among ideas and sentences. 过渡词则强调的是语言表达形式上的连贯，它服务于逻辑关系的表达。段落的过渡词指的是段落中句子与句子间过渡的接连纽带.

A. Using parallel structures as transitions:

B. Repeating words or word groups as transitions:

C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences as transitions:

D. Use synonyms (同义词、近义词) as transitions:

E. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs

F. Using transitional expressions

4. coherence 连贯性

concerned with its form or its organization; all the sentences should be arranged in

a clear, logical order & the transitions should be smooth and natural.

段落的连贯性指的是段落所表达的中心合乎逻辑地发展。段落中的各个句子不是简单地、杂乱无章地堆在一起，而是按照一定逻辑关系，结合一定的语言形式有机地组合在一起，从而自然、流畅地smooth and natural.展开中心。

Ways of coherence:

1) coherence by meaning (意连)

A．chronological arrangement 按时间先后排列

B. spatial arrangement 按位置远近排列

C. logical arrangement 按逻辑关系排列

①arrangement in order of importance 按重要性顺序排列

②general-to-specific arrangement由一般到特殊排列

③specific-to-general arrangement由特殊到一般排列

2) coherence by linking words (形连)

即用过渡的方式

二．Ways of developing a paragraph

1. Development by Time按时间展开

2. Development by Process按过程展开

When we use this way to write a paragraph, there have something we need to pay attention to it.

make clear the right sequence of the things to be done

follow a chronological order

state every step in a clear way/ a step-by-step description

use present tense (usually)

use imperative sentences, the indefinite pronoun you as the subject

3. Development by space按空间展开

In the arrangement many directions are possible:

From left to right or from right to left

From top to bottom or from bottom to top

From front to back or from back to front

From the center to the outside or from the outside to the center

clockwise or the reverse.

4. Development by Example or Generalization举例和归纳

5. Development by Comparison and Contrast 类比和对比

1）What is comparison and contrast?

Comparison or contrast paragraphs are used to show similarities or differences between two things.A comparison paragraph focuses on similarities, while a contrast paragraph on differences比较（comparison）主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似之处，如人物、地点、事物、思想、观点等。

对照（contrast）主要是指出它们的不同点。相同的或类似的特征可以组成比较，不同的特征则可以组成对照。

2）What are the purposes of comparison and contrast?

?To observe two or more things in a better way to point out similarities and differences

?To show the superiority/ advantages of one thing over another.

?To explain something which is unfamiliar to the reader by comparing it with something familiar;.

?to show the similarities or differences of two things to help the reader evaluate

them.

4）Please keep in mind the following points:

Of the same principle;

Of the same type; Only subjects of the same general class can be

compared/contrasted.

Of the same number: no more, no less;

Of the same order.

A paragraph usually concentrates only on similarities or differences, not both at the same time.

Patterns of Organization:

?The alternating pattern ( point-by-point) 逐点对比法逐项比较点式比较?The block pattern (subject-by-subject)整体对比法(side-to-side)块式比较逐点对比法examining two things at the same time, discussing them point by point

整体对比法examining one thing thoroughly and then start the other

Which pattern to choose

?The block pattern is useful in short writing where only a few points to be discussed.

?The alternating pattern is preferable in long writing in which there are numerous points under discussion.

Generally speaking, the block pattern is used less often than the alternating pattern. 6. Development by Cause and Effect原因和结果

Types of the Cause-Effect Pattern

Single-cause-single-effect pattern (seldom used)

Single-cause-many-effects pattern

Many-causes-single-effect pattern

Causal chain pattern

7．Development by classification分类法

To classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. We classify many things: trees, rivers, cities, companies, college students. 分类是根据事物的特点分别归类。我们对各种人或事物进行分类，如树木、河流、城市、公司、大学生等等

We group things according to their similarities and differences. If we classify rivers, we separate them into wide ones, narrow ones, long ones, short ones, deep ones, shallow ones. Apples may be classified according to size, place of origin, color, price, or quality.

The principle of classification

●Be significant

●Be consistent一致性

●Be exclusive唯一性

●Be complete

8. Development by definition定义法

I. 本科教材162页What is definition? Why do we need definition in our communication?

Definition means establishing limits or marking boundaries of a subject.

By using definition, we can avoid confusion or misunderstanding of some symbols or ideas.

Sometimes, to avoid confusion or misunderstanding, we have to define a word, term, or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open to various interpretations.

II. Three basic ways to define a term

?Give a synonym

?Use a sentence

?Write a paragraph or even an essay

III. The types of definition

?formal definition

?personal definition

?extended definition

Extended definition means to use various other methods to define it. You will find that some of these methods such as the uses of comparison/contrast, description, example, and so on.

1）Definition by description

2）Definition by examples

3）Definition by using negation (telling what it is not)

4）Definition by using enumeration (listing its characteristics)

5）Definition by using analogies (comparisons that identify similarities between the IV. Rules observed when giving a definition（手册101页）

?We should avoid circular definitions.避免循环定义

?We should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be defined is an abstract one.

?We should avoid loaded definitions.带有个人成见的

Chapter 5 Types of writing

一．Narration

见本科教材和手册

二．Description

三．Exposition

The characteristics of exposition说明文的特点

?objective客观性：说明的目的是介绍事物、阐明事理，所以，作者的态度

必须冷静、客观、尽可能不含自己的主观感情色彩。说明文通常没有个人的评论，因此常常采用被动语态。

?informative信息性：所有说明的内容不仅要给读者提供足够的信息还必须

客观真实。

?explanative解说性:说明文要求对事物的性质、形状、特征等进行直接解

说，因而写作要深入浅出、条理分明、通畅易懂。

1. 定义说明

2. 举例说明

3. 列举说明

4. 分类说明

5. 对比对照说明

6. 因果说明

四．Argumentation

本科教材44页

Requirements of a good argumentative essay:

1．A debatable point

the following are not good themes.

1) Mere statements of facts.

"Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations"

2) Statements of personal preference

"Ba Jin is my favorite author"

3) Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verified

2．Sufficient evidence

3。Good use of the other three types of writing - description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition.

4．An honest and friendly attitude

5．Clear logic

Organization:

All argumentative topics have PROs and CONs.

Three possible organizational patterns:

Pattern 1:

Thesis statement: 有争议的论点

PRO ideas 观点1论据

CON(s) +Refutation(s) 观点2 论据（反驳）

Conclusion 总结

Pattern 2:

Thesis statement: 有争议的论点

CON(s) + Refutation(s) 观点1论据----观点2（反驳）

PRO idea 观点2 论据

Conclusion 总结

Pattern 3:

Thesis statement:

CON idea 1 -----> Refutation

CON idea 2 -----> Refutation

CON idea 3 -----> Refutation

Conclusion

写作作文的评分标准

(1)文章内容切题、丰富，文章通顺，表达清楚。

(2)行文流畅。

(3)组织严密，逻辑性强。

(4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。

(5)用词得体、恰当、丰富，拼写正确

(6)语法正确。

(7)标点正确，书写整洁。