(课标通用)2017高考英语一轮复习专题20七选五教学案

(课标通用)2017高考英语一轮复习专题20七选五教学案
(课标通用)2017高考英语一轮复习专题20七选五教学案

专题20 七选五

考纲展示命题探究

1 命题方式的特点

(1)题型特点

从题型和选项内容我们可以归纳出选项可分为三种类型:

①主旨概括(文章整体内容);②过渡性句子(文章结构);③注释性句子(上下文逻辑意义)。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置,如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题,过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构,注释性句子与上文脱节等。

(2)语篇结构

分析篇章结构,把握全篇文脉是七选五解题的关键。分析文章的层次包含两种形式:一种是分析整篇文章的层次,也就是段落,另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次,也就是语篇层次。语段与段落是有区别的,语段是篇章结构的中间层次,是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式,段落是在某些语体(如记叙文、议论文)中比语段更大的意义单位,较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子,一般来说,一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种,一是靠句与句意义的结合,二是靠句与句的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接,在分析语段层次时,可以借助句与句的连接词语作出判断,但最主要的还是要真正体会句与句的意义关系,把握作者的思路,从语序上去发现断续点,理清层次。好文章的层次非常清晰,只有层层入手,才能真正理解文章。

2 选项的特点

(1)正确项特点:主旨概括准确、上下文无缝衔接、注释与说明正确。

(2)干扰项特点:①主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题;②过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构;③注释或说明性文字的意思与上文脱节等。

3 七选五解题的三个切入点

(1)从语境入手

在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子,明白这几句话的确切意思,然后根据意思

的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上,再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。

(2)从词汇入手

做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感,最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名词和动词,寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下,利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。

(3)从逻辑关系入手

由于英语的句、段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡,使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯,因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。

在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如,在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时,一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性;而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指,但句意对立,或褒贬对立或肯否对立;而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子,往往会有复数名词出现。常见的关联词主要有:

并列与递进关系:and, or, also, neither, nor, either, or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, the same as, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to, what is more等。

因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, of course等。

转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of, it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of等。

时间关系:afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with, in the meantime, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with等。

4 七选五的解题步骤

七选五阅读理解的题目常常出现以下几种情况:一是描述性结构,主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点,因此时间、地点常是出题重点(记叙文);二是释意性结果,解释某一理论、学科、事物,主要用比喻、类比阐述(说明文);三是比较性结构,把两个人或事物的功能、特点、优缺点进行对比(议论文);四是原因性结构,主要分析事物的成因,有客观的、主观的,也有直接的、间接的(说明文);五是驳斥性结构,主要是先介绍一种观点,然后对其评论或驳斥,再分析其优缺点、危害性,最后阐明自己的观点(议论文)。具体答题步骤如下:步骤一:快速浏览一遍七个备选答案,先确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置。通常有四个位置:标题,段首,段中,段尾。不同位置的句子有不同的特征。有时有的答案表述上就是错误的,可以直接从备选项中清除,以降低难度。

步骤二:快速浏览文章,确定文章体裁,抓住文章结构。

不同的文章有不同的结构形式,确定文章体裁有利于我们确定各段之间的关系。一般说来,记叙文的语言是按时间发展顺序或因果关系排列的,常用的连接词有:then, later, after that, soon, after a while, in the end, so, as a result, because of that等。说明文常采用总—分—总的结构形式,第一段说明要说明的主题,下面几段多是从不同的角度来说明问题,最后总结,所以各段之间多是平行关系,经常出现举例说明的现象。议论文先抛出议题,然后从正、反两个方面进行讨论,最后得出结论。新闻体裁的应用文首句为主题句,下面展开细节性的报道。确定文章体裁有利于预测文章各段主要内容和结构形式,形成重要的选择依据。

步骤三:分析篇章结构,找出各段的主题句或主旨大意。

分析文章的层次包含两种形式:一种是分析整篇文章的层次,也就是段落,说明文和议论文这样体裁的文章,每段的第一句多是主题句。找到主题句有助于帮助确定选择的范围,即所选句子必须和该段主题一致。另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次,也就是语篇层次。要真正体会句与句的意义关系,把握作者的思路,从语序上去发现断续点,理清层次。

步骤四:注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段,寻找句中衔接标志词。

文章的行文需要通过一定的衔接手段来实现。文章的衔接手段有:重复使用某一词语或范畴的词语,使用同义词表达,用总称指代具体事物或用具体事物指代整体,使用代词避免重复等。上述方法有助于段落的思路在句子之间平稳过渡,使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语融为一体。段落一致与句子衔接是文章连贯的两个必要因素。

步骤五:区分相似项

七选五备选答案中有两个多余的选项,会对文章中两个空的选择构成干扰,这时要特别细致地比对相似选项,方法和解答阅读理解时区分相似项一样。

步骤六:用代入法,检查答案是否合理。

将所有选择答案放回空白处,通读全文,检查文章内容是否语义连贯合理、紧扣主题,语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑,写作思路是否清晰明了,格式以及用语是否恰当贴切,从而判断选择的答案是否正确。

[考法综述] 七选五阅读填空不仅要求我们对所读短文的主旨要义、具体信息有

所了解,更要能够把握全篇文脉和作者的谋篇思路。故此,所选材料通常是我们所熟悉的大众化话题,一般多为说明文,偶现议论文和记叙文。短文不会少于三个自然段,不会在同一个自然段设两个以上的空白。文章的第一句不会设空(有小标题的题除外)。所留空白处一般是段落主题句、段落总结句、承上启下句、关键论点支撑句或全篇概括归纳句等。

命题法1 段首挖空类

典例1 ________ This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.

A.Try new things.

B.Ability is easily improved.

C.Make three or four instead.

D.Understand your food better.

E.Cooking is a burden for many people.

F.Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

G.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

[答案] A 很明显,该题空出的部分设计在段落的开头。一般说来,该题型属于段落主旨大意类。虽然我们需要运用归纳总结的方法,但是文中的关键信息绝对不可以忽视。原文中的surprise, new ideas和try等信息对解题具有重要的帮助作用。

【解题法】段首挖空类的解题思路

该题型通常可以分为三种情况:(1)通常是段落主题句。阅读后文内容,根据段落一致性原则,查找同义词或其他相关的词,推断出主题句。

(2)与后文是并列、转折、因果等关系。阅读后文第一、二句,锁定线索信号词,在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句之间是紧密衔接的,要注意它们之间的衔接手段,如时间年代的前后对应等。

(3)段落间的过渡句。要瞻前顾后找关系,即阅读上一段结尾部分,通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来,并结合下一段内容,看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。

命题法2 段中挖空类

典例2 Creativity

True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it.________ There are a dozen different things you can do with them.Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity.

A.Encourage kids to cook with you.

B.And we can't forget science education.

C.We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D.So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don't yet exist?

E.Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F.We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G.Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

[答案] C 从试题类型看,该题属于段中挖空。解题时需要根据题型特点,从上下文寻找解题的信息。原文中的开头介绍了创造性的概念和含义,所以要给孩子们机会用新的思维方式去思考。

【解题法】段中挖空类的解题思路

(1)该题型是指在文章或段落的中间挖空,所挖掉的句子通常在语境和逻辑两方面和上下文有密切的关系,所以确定正确选项的方法是所选择的选项应该在语境方面和原文中的相关空白能够无缝衔接。

(2)在逻辑关系方面,要特别注意体现时间、原因、方式、转折、让步等逻辑关系的关联词,这些都是解决这类题型的重要信息。

命题法3 段尾挖空类的解题思路

典例3 When you're in high school, it can be difficult to find a job. You may not have much or any formal work experience and there aren't many jobs available for teenagers. However, if you're looking for a job, there are things you can do to help get your application noticed and help yourself get hired. ________ A.Start close to home.

B.Be always optimistic.

C.You can count on the following chances.

D.Don't limit yourself to certain types of jobs.

E.But it can help you stand out from the competition.

F.These job search tips will help you get your job search started.

G.Check the Child Labor Law regulations to see how they apply to you.

[答案] F 根据上句“However, if you're looking for a job, there are things you can do to help get your application noticed and help yourself get hired”可推知,接下来要讲一些求职的技巧和策略;由下文列举的方法可知,应选F项来承上启下。

【解题法】段尾挖空类的解题思路

该题型通常有五种情况:(1)通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论等的信号词,或前文的同义词句。

(2)与前文是转折或对比关系。注意在选项中查找表示此类关系的关联词,并对比前文,在内容和主题上是否存在这类关系。

(3)与前文是并列或排比关系。正确答案中会出现表示并列或递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构,或出现同义词等。

(4)所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果选项中找不出与前文的关联,可考虑与下一段开头是否有紧密连接。

(5)如果第一段的段尾是空白,要确认是否是主题句。通常文章第一段会点明文章的主题句,如果是在段尾,会用一些信号词(如:转折词)引出来。

Passage 1 限时:7分钟

体裁:说明文题材:人际关系类难度:中词数:245

Building Trust in a Relationship Again

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. __1__ Trust is a risk. But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

Unfortunately, we've all been victims of betrayal. Whether we've been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore. __2__ It's understandable, but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can

take to get you there.

●__3__ Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.

●__4__ If you've been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there's a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives, we'll have our trust tested or violated.

●You didn't lose “everything”. Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. __5__ Instead, it's a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.

A.Learn to really trust yourself.

B.It is putting confidence in someone.

C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E.They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.

F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G.Seeing the positive side of things doesn't mean you're ignoring what happened.

本文介绍了三种策略,帮助我们重新建立信任关系。

1.B [第一段阐述了什么是信任。空格前说“Trust is a learned behavior...”,空格后说“Trust is a risk”,由此中间空格讲述的仍是Trust。根据关键信息代词与名词可知。]

2.E [根据上句“有时,人们简直无法再信任(别人)了”;下句“这是可以理解的”,由此可推测本句应是解释人们无法信任别人的原因。]

3.A [由此开始讲述三种重建信任的建议。由下文中“Having confidence in yourself will...”可知答案。]

4.C[根据下文“If you've been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance.”可知答案。]

5.G [根据副词“Instead”可推测空格的答案。Instead后的句子信息亦是推敲答案的重要依据。]

[长难句分析]'But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.但是,做坏事的人将不负责修复错误,那么由这样的行为所导致的关系中缺少信任时,你就不能成功。

句式分析:这是一个主从复合句。when引导的是时间状语从句;在这个从句中含有一个that引导的定语从句;在that引导的定语从句中又含有一个where引导的定语从句。

Passage 2 限时:7分钟

体裁:说明文题材:科普类难度:中词数:151

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady, gradual

increases in the length of the runs. __1__,buy the best-fitting, best-built r unning shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. __2__. As always, you should stretch (伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day. __3__, it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run. __4__. After two weeks, start timing yourself. __5__. Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter, you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.

A.After six days

B.For a good marathon runner

C.Before you begin your training

D.With each day, increase the distance by a half mile

E.If they still feel good, you can begin running in them

F.Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

G.Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time 马拉松是需要耐力的,但是在跑马拉松之前你应该做一些必要的准备工作。文章为我们介绍了跑马拉松前的准备工作。

1.C [根据下文“买双最适合你的跑鞋”可以推知,前半部分应该是“在开始你的培训之前”。故选C。]

2.E [根据前面一句话,“当你已经找到看上去适合你的鞋子的时候,穿上几天后再次核实一下是否合适”可知,紧接着应该写如果依然感觉很好的话,你就可以穿着这双鞋跑步了。]

3.A [根据前一句“During the first week...”可知本句应该是表示在六天以后,休息一天是明智的。故选A。]

4.D [上一句讲在接下来的一周,每天设定一个目标,每次跑步至少要1.5英里。由此可以推断紧接着应该是讲每天再增加半英里的距离。]

5.G [根据上文的距离、时间,可知下句应该把“时间与距离”结合起来,只有G符合条件。]

[长难句分析]'No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop.没人能说出哪个品牌最适合你或者最适合你的脚,因此当你购物的时候你必须依靠你的体验和对每双鞋的感觉。

句式分析:本句为主从复合句。which引导宾语从句,so引导结果状语从句,as引导时间状语从句。rely on“依赖,依靠。”

Passage 3 限时:7分钟

体裁:说明文题材:科普类难度:中词数:320

This Way to Dreamland

Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what's happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy. __1__ They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.

But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. __2__ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?

So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?

First, understand that some opportunities (机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. __3__ And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you're daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings.

It's also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”, being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. __4__

Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. __5__

Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.

A.Having interesting things to think about also helps.

B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves.

C.W ithout wandering minds, we wouldn't have relativity, Coke or Post-it notes.

D.At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.

E.It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.

F.Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.

G.Therefore, it's a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you're in the daydream zone.

本文分析了空想的利弊,并介绍了如何有效利用空想来培养创新的想法。

1.B [空前一句和空后一句都是空想家不好的外在表现,主语都是They,故本空答案为B项。]

2.C [选项C中的“relativity, Coke or Post-it notes”与空前的“greatest ideas and achievements”和空后一句中的“such ideas and inventions”相对应,故答案为C 项。]

3.A [选项A中的“also helps”与空前一句中的“help”对应,且两句话主语形式统一,都说的是进入空想的条件,故答案为A项。]

4.E [本段主要谈如何避免空想。选项E中的It指代上句中的Mindfulness,此处是对上句内容的解释,故答案为E项。]

5.G [选项G中的“to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby”很好地解决了上句话中提出的问题,同时Therefore很好地把两句话进行了连接,故答案为G项。] Passage 4 限时:7分钟

体裁:说明文题材:社会生活类难度:中词数:220

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented.__1__ By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

1.Curiosity

Your children need to be deeply curious.__2__ Ask kids, “What ingredients(配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?” and then try them out.Did those ingredients make the pancakes better? What could we try next time?

2.Creativity

True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it.__3__ There are a dozen different things you can do with

them.Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity.

3.Interpersonal Skills

Understanding how others feel can be a challenge for kids.We know what's going on inside our own head, but what about others? Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions.__4__ “Why do you t hink she's crying?”“Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face?” “If someone were to do that to you, how would you feel?”

4.Self Expression

__5__ There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas—music, acting, drawing, building, photography.You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another.

A.Encourage kids to cook with you.

B.And we can't forget science education.

C.We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D.So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don't yet exist?

E.Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F.We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G.Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

文章就如何帮助孩子提高基本技能,为将来未知的工作作好准备提出了几点建议。

1.D [空前一句指出目前还不知道未来的工作会是什么样子,空后一句指出帮助孩子开发基本的技能有助于他们应对将来未知的工作,所以设空处应提出问题:家长该如何帮助孩子应对未来?故选D项,与前后句相呼应。]

2.A [根据空后的“ingredients”和“make pancakes”可知与烹饪有关,选项中只有A项符合。]

3.C [本段的主题是创造性。创造性是一种用新思路去思考问题的方式。选项C与主题相关。]

4.F [本段主题为人际交往技能。空前说明要明白别人的内心感受,空后的几个问题也与理解他人感受有关。所以设空处应延续主题并引出下文。选项中只有F项既表明要了解他人又表明下文要提出问题(ask questions about characters)。]

5.G [本段的主题是自我表达。G选项的意思是,能够用有意义的方式表达自己的思想是一个很重要的技能。说明了自我表达对孩子未来成长的重要意义,最符合题意。] [长难句分析]'Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions.能够解读人们的心理可以帮助孩子们避免误解某种情况并突然得出错误的结论。

句式分析:该句为简单句。句首Being...是动名词短语作主语。另外,misread意为“误解;误读”,jump to false conclusions意为“突然得出错误结论”。

Passage 5 限时:7分钟

体裁:说明文题材:社会生活类难度:中词数:269

Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life.Every waking moment, the eyes are working to see the world around us.Over forty percent of Americans worry about losing eyesight, but it's easy to include steps into our daily life to ensure healthy eyes.Here are five suggestions for a lifetime of healthy eyesight:·Schedule yearly exams.___1___ Experts advise parents to bring babies 6 to 12 months of age to the doctor for a careful check.The good news is that millions of children now can have yearly eye exams and following treatment, including eyeglasses.

·Protect against UV rays (紫外线). Long-term stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes.No matter what the season is, it's extremely important to wear sunglasses.___2___

·Give your eyes a break.Two-thirds of American s spend up to seven hours a day using computers or other digital products.___3___Experts recommend that people practice the 20/20/20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and look at something 20 feet away.

·___4___ As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day.Vitamins (维生素) C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health.

· Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隐形眼镜).Many Americans use contact lenses to improve their eyesight.While some follow the medical guidance for

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