#097 - 译文Abraham Lincoln, Part 2

#097 - 译文Abraham Lincoln, Part 2
#097 - 译文Abraham Lincoln, Part 2

THE MAKING OF A NATION #97 - Abraham Lincoln, Part 2译文

林肯的政策受到考验

1861年3月一个寒气逼人、阴云密布的日子,亚伯拉罕·林肯成为美国第十六任总统。林肯在就职讲话中宣布了他对脱离联邦的南方各州的政策。

林肯说,任何州都无权合法脱离联邦,联邦是不可分裂的。林肯保证,要在所有州执行联邦法律,绝不放弃脱离联邦的各州境内的联邦财产。林肯表示,在必要情况下,不惜动武保卫联邦。

林肯的这一政策马上受到了检验。宣誓就职后的第二天,林肯就得到了有关南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿的萨姆特军事城堡的坏消息。萨姆特堡里当时驻扎了一小批联邦部队。

联邦部队指挥官安德森少校来信说,城堡给养日渐短缺,最多只够四十天。除非得到补充,否则只好弃堡而去。萨姆特堡是南方仍旧处于联邦控制下为数不多的城堡之一,林肯不愿放弃。

而且,林肯在宣誓就职时刚刚保证过,绝不放弃脱离联邦各州境内的联邦财产。然而,向萨姆特堡运送补给非常困难。萨姆特堡位于查尔斯顿港的一个岛上,四周都是南方炮火。

查尔斯顿港还有南方炮舰守卫。要想给安德森少校和他的部下送去补给,只能靠武力硬闯,势必会点燃一场激烈的内战。另外,开战还可能迫使仍然留在联邦里的南方奴隶州退出联邦,加入南方邦联。

联邦部队总指挥斯科特将军警告林肯说,想为萨姆特堡提供补给,如今已经为时过晚,查尔斯顿港周围的南方防御力量过于强大,要想冲破封锁,就要展开重大攻势,需要几个月的时间备战。斯科特说,萨姆特堡里的人熬不了这么久。

海军部的福克斯上尉提出了一项变通方案。他说,可以用船把援兵和补给运到查尔斯顿港。在一个月黑风高的晚上,在查尔斯顿港外围,让援兵和补给改乘小船,靠近萨姆特堡,并派几艘战舰保护,防止南方炮舰出面干涉。

林肯很喜欢这项计划,征求内阁意见,问他们,如果有办法向萨姆特堡运送补给,这样做是否明智。结果只有邮政总局局长布莱尔表示支持。财政部长蔡斯表示,除非林肯保证这样做不会引发战争,他才愿意支持。

国务卿西沃德和其他内阁成员一律反对。他们认为,现在不是打响内战的时候,最好还是下令安德森少校和他的部下撤出萨姆特堡。面对内阁的反对,林肯决定推迟执行。他分别派了两个人到查尔斯顿探听情况,一个是福克斯上尉,另外一个是林肯的好朋友沃德·拉蒙。

福克斯在查尔斯顿会见了南卡罗来纳州州长平肯斯。福克斯解释说,他想见一下安德森少校,不是向他传达命令,而是希望了解情况。平肯斯州长同意,用船送福克斯前往萨姆特堡。安德森少校告诉福克斯说,给养只能坚持到4月15号。

联邦部队指挥官安德森少校

福克斯返回华盛顿后,林肯的好友沃德·拉蒙又前往查尔斯顿,见到了平肯斯州长和安德森少校。平肯斯州长让拉蒙转告林肯:“除非美国总统决定接受南方退出联邦的现实,否则任何事情都无法阻

止战争爆发。如果试图向萨姆特堡增派兵力,战争的号角会响彻南方的高山峡谷。”

拉蒙向林肯汇报说,哪怕只是一小船军粮,都势必引发内战。林肯3月底再次召集内阁会议,问大家怎么办,要不要增派援兵,运送给养。结果内阁里三个人支持,三个人反对。会议结束后,林肯命令战争部长准备通过海路向萨姆特堡运送人员和物资,一个星期后的4月6号出发。

4月4号这天,林肯把福克斯上尉叫到白宫,告诉他决定向萨姆特堡运送给养,由他带队。林肯还给福克斯看了他写给南卡罗来纳州州长平肯斯的信。信里说,“现在通知你,我们将向萨姆特堡运送给养,而且只有粮食。如果不遭到阻拦,我们不会再增运兵力、武器或是弹药。”

平肯斯州长4月8号收到了林肯的信,马上打电报给位于阿拉巴马州的南方邦联总统杰斐逊·戴维斯。戴维斯立即召集内阁会议,谈论对策,决定是否要在给养到达前夺取萨姆特堡。

南方邦联国务卿是前乔治亚州的联邦参议员罗伯特·图姆斯。他告诉戴维斯说,“向萨姆特堡开火会引发一场前所未有的内战,我不主张你这样做。”图姆斯敦促戴维斯不要进攻萨姆特堡。

图姆斯说:“总统先生,眼下发动袭击无异于自杀、谋杀,会让我们失去北方的所有朋友。你会捅破一个从高山延伸到海洋的大马蜂窝,数百万沉寂的马蜂会蜂拥而来,把我们叮死。这完全没有必要,会陷我们于不义,置我们于死地”。

4月10号,戴维斯向驻守查尔斯顿的南部邦联指挥官包瑞德将军下达命令,要求萨姆特堡驻军投降,如果安德森少校拒绝投降,就把城堡毁掉。第二天,几位南方邦联指挥官前往萨姆特堡,要求安德森投降。

开战前的萨姆特城堡他们表示,安德森必需率领部下离开城堡,但是可以带走武器和财物,他们可以提供交通工具,把安德森的人送到任何一个美国联邦港口去。

安德森拒绝投降。他送邦联指挥官回到船上,问包瑞德将军是否会立即对萨姆特堡开火,得到的回答是,不会立即动手,动手前会通知他。安德森告诉他们,“如果你们不把我们炸成碎片,几天以后,饥饿也会迫使我们撤走。”

包瑞德将军向阿拉巴马的南方邦联政府汇报,说安德鲁少校拒绝投降,并表示,萨姆特堡的给养只能坚持几天了。得到这一消息后,南方邦联总统戴维斯向包瑞德将军下达了新的指令。

戴维斯说,既然饥饿会让联邦部队退出萨姆特堡,那就无需发动进攻了,但是安德森一定要具体说明,他的人什么时候离开,而且必须保证不会对邦联部队开火。如果安德森接受上述条件的话,南方邦联的大炮就可以保持安静。

4月11号午夜前的几分钟,安德森接到了南方邦联提出的条件。他跟部下讨论后回信说,如果邦联部队不对萨姆特堡或是美国国旗发起敌对行动,他4月15号会退出城堡。不过,如果4月15号以前接到新命令或是得到补给,那他会留下来。

替包瑞德传递信息的三位邦联指挥官很不满意。他们简短地回复了安德森,信里说,“我们荣幸地通知你,包瑞德将军一小时后会对萨姆特堡开火,也就是1861年4月12号凌晨4点20分。”

安德森跟包瑞德的三位代表握手后,三位代表坐船离开。安德森和部下叫醒城堡里的所有驻军,告诉他们准备战斗。与此同时,港口对面的邦联炮舰也做好了准备。他们的炮声就是开战的信号,港

口周围的其它炮舰会一起投入战斗。

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