2015年职称英语综合类教材新增文章(汇总整理)

2015年职称英语综合类教材新增

第二部分阅读判断

第九篇What Is a Dream？（B级）

For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person…s mind and emotions.

Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an e xpression of a person…s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud…s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person…s daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime.

Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，t he people in men…s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women?s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.

Can dreams help us understand ourselves？Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this：If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn…t panic. The dream may have mean ing，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It?s important to remember that the world

of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist n.心理学家psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）

Austrian adj.奥地利的gender n.性别

注释：

1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（1856—1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。

2.Carl Jung：卡尔荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。

3.For example，the people in men…s dreams a re often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women?s dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。

练习：

1.Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

2.According to Freud，people dream about things that they cannot talk about.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

3.Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

4.In the past，people believed that dreams involved emotions.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

5.According to Domhoff，babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

6.Men and women dream about different things.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

答案与题解

1.A 这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感活动。

2.A 第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思维和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。

3.B 第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为，梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。

4.C 文中没有提及。

5.A 依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，他认为做梦也是一项心智机能，需要随着年龄增长而发展。

6.A 本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。

7.B 最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。

第十一篇Stage Fright 1（A级）

Fall down as you come onstage. That?s an old trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic，2 Mr. Feltsman said，”All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen？”

Today，music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms：icy fingers，shaky limbs，racing heart，blank mind.3

Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice，from basics like learning pieces inside out，4 to mental discipline，such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don…t deny that you?re jittery，they urge；some excitement is natural，even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often，simply for the experience.

Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance，“Take two deep abdominal breaths，open up your shoulders，then smile，…? she says.”And not one of these …please don?t kill me… smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience，people you would communicate with and make music to，and make eye contact with them.“She doesn?t want performers to think of the audience as a judge.

Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay，a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.

When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra，and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought，… If I have to go through this to play music，I think I?m going to look for another job.”5 Recovery，he said，involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent，he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6

It is not only young artists who suffer，of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz…s nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage，”Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.

Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career，when you…re scared to death，nobody knows who you are，and they don?t have any expectations，”Soprano June Anderson said. “There…s less to lose. Later on，when you?re known，people are coming to see you，and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”

Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until I…ve sung my last note.”

词汇：

veteran adj.经验丰富的

jittery adj.紧张不安的

mentor n.指导者

soprano n.女高音；女高音歌手

cellist n.大提琴演奏家

abdominal adj.腹部的

fallible adj.易犯错误的

tenor n.男高音

注释：

1.Stage Fright：舞台恐惧

2.The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic…资深大提琴家米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇故意把他绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症……cure somebody of illness （problem）：医治好病（解决问题）

3.… its symptoms：icy fingers，shaky limbs，racing heart，blank mind…：……舞台恐惧的症状有：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白……

4.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice，from basics like learning pieces inside out…：老师和心理学家给出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如详细地学习曲目…… inside out：in great detail详细地，从里到外地

5.I came to a point where I thought，…If I have to go through this to play music，I think I?m going to look for another job…。：我曾经一度认为，如果演奏音乐就必须过怯场这一关的话，那我可能得换其他工作了。

6.Recovery，he said，involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent，he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.：他后来说，要克服恐惧重要的是学会谦逊，即认识到不论自己多有才，总有可能会失误，一个有瑕疵的音乐会绝对不是世界末日。

练习：

1.Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

2.There are many signs of stage fright.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

3.Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

4.To perform well on stage，you need to have some feelings of excitement.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

5.If you have stage fright，it's helpful to have friendly audience.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

6.Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

7.Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

答案与题解：

1.B 本文第一段讲的是钢琴家弗拉基米尔菲兹曼被米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈的经历。

2.A 第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。

3.B 本文的第三、第四、第五和第六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。

4.A 依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural，even necessary for dynamic playing.适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正常甚至是必要的。

5.C 第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们做眼光交流。而克服舞台恐惧是否需要观众友好文中未提。

6.A 第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。extreme demands 就是expect too much of them的意思。

7.B 第七段讲的是：不只是年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧，钢琴家弗拉基米尔霍洛维茨和男高音弗朗科科莱里亦不能幸免。never一词不恰当。

第三部分概括大意与完成句子

第八篇Screen Test

1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer.If this happens early enough，the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them，including Australia，Canada，the US and Spain，screen women under 50.

2 But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial，partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also，younger women must he given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

3 Researchers at the Polytechnic University'of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160，000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women's cumulative dose of radiation，they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

4 The mathematical model recommended by Britain's National Radiological Protection Board （NRPB）predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100，000 women，18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

5 The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is“not very significant' compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme，they say，detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100，000 women screened.

6 But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45，because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study，they suggest，could help“o ptimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

7“There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks，”admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data，for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That's why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

答案与题解：

1.A A说的是：用x射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。下面是第二段讲的意思：但是，用x 射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的x射线的剂量要多一些。

2. B B 说的是：调查用x射线检查的结果。第三段的第一句话是这么说的：Valencia 理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用x射线检查16万以上女性的结果。可见B为正确的选项。

3. C C说的是：两种不同的模型预测的结果。第四段讲的是，两种不同的数学模型在预测用x射线检查女性诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。C概述了这段话。

4.D D说的是：辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。第五段的第一句话是这么说的：The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is“not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated .研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。

5. C C与题干生成：Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳腺癌发现得早也许能

挽救生命。答案可以从第一段中找到。

6.D D 与题干生成：Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate .对50岁以下的女人用x射线检查的好处仍然是有争议的。第二段的第一个句子是这么说的：But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial… 但是，用x射线检年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的……这两个句子用词有些差别，但基本意思是相同的。

7. E E与题干生成：Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer.延缓用x射线检查的年龄也许能减少辐射诱发癌症的危险。答案在第六段。

8. F F与题干生成：Radiation exposure should be reduced to the minimum.应把接受辐射降低到最小的程度。答案在文章的最后一句。

第十三篇Ward off1 Travel Bugs（A级）

1 As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn2. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems.

2 You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria3, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to4 poisoning brought on5 by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria.

3 By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.6 The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut.

4 In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However，if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 1

5 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.

5 Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses，allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti- parasitic，anti-viral and anti-fungal agent.

6 Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules9 ward off motion sickness，but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing，you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure.

7 The greatest concern is “economy class syndrome”, the popular nam e for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol.

8 You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin

C with the bioflavonoid quercetin10. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat.

9 Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor.

词汇：

bug / b?g / n．臭虫；病菌；病毒diarrhea /[ ?da???ri:? / n．腹泻

taint /te?nt/ v．感染；污染

pancreatic / ?p??kri??tik / adj．胰腺的antibiotic / ??nt?ba???t?k / n．抗生素option /??p??n / n．选择

jet lag (跨时区高速飞行后）生理节奏的破坏，飞行时差反应

anti-parasitic /??nt??p?r??s?t?k / adj．抗寄生虫的

anti-fungal / ??nt??f??gl / adj．抗真菌

的，杀真菌的

nibble /丨n?bl/ vt．一点点地咬下pathogenic /?p?θ??d?en?k / adj．病原的；致病的；发病的

thrombosis /θr?m?b?usis / n．血栓

anti-viral / ??nt??va??r?l / adj．抗病毒的

hydrate /'haidr(e)it/ v．保持水分

注释：

1．ward off ：避开；防止

2．As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn.：随着假日的临近，由于高空飞行时差引起的生理不适、胃痛或日光灼烧等潜在问题也接踵而至。第二个分句是由so 引导的倒装句。例如：“He is a doctor. ” “So am I.”

3．lactobacillus and bifidobacteria ：乳（酸）杆菌和双歧杆菌

4．succumb to ：屈服，屈从

5．bring on ：引起，导致

6．By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.：通过改善消化道内的细菌平衡，你就可以排出致病细菌，使它们没有立足之地。crowd out ：驱赶出。

7．silicol gel ：偏磷酸酪蛋白氧化硅胶

8．grapefruit-seed extract ：葡萄軒榨汁

9．peppermint oil and ginger capsules ：薄荷油和生姜胶囊。medicine —般指内服药（包括液体药剂，例如可以说a drop of medicine ），pill 指小的丸粒，tablet 指药片，但有时medicine 可代表药品的总称。

10．bioflavonoid quercetin ：生物类黄酮槲皮素

练习： 1．Paragraph 1 ________. 2．Paragraph 4 ________. 3．Paragraph 5 ________. 4．Paragraph 6 ________.

5．Food-poisoning may pose a problem ________.

6．Special earplugs can make you feel better ________.

7．It is important to drink a lot of water ________.

8．Don?t forget to bring necessary medicine ________.

答案与题解：

1．C 实际上，这段也点明了全文的中心思想。

2．A 本段说明旅行时在吃与喝方面应注意的基本卫生问题。

3．B 注意E 没有概括本段的中心意思。

4．D 本段开始介绍坐飞机旅行时的注意事项。

A Basics of What to Eat and Drink

B Medicine Against Bacteria and Viruses

C Avoiding Holiday Troubles

D Basics of Having a Pleasant Flight

E A Teaspoonful of Helpful Silicol

F Preparations Against Food Poisoning

A when your plane is about to land

B when you are taking tablets

C when you suffer from food-poisoning

D when you are travelling

E when you are packing for your tour

F when you are having a cold

5．D第二、第三、第四、第五段都谈到了注意旅行中的饮食卫生。6．A答案的根据为文章第六段的第三句。

7．C第四段提到当食物中毒时要多喝水，以免脱水。

8．E答案的根据在第五段。

第四部分阅读理解

第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach（B级）

Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can?t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope?s computer.

It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers，brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.

Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren?t good, but it was a start.

Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.

A few years later，Cope?s computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer?s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.

Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn?t like of h er music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!

词汇：

original/??r?d??n?l / adj．有独创性的

collaboration / k??l?b??re???n / n．合作

review/ r?'vju:/ n．评论

feedback /'fi:db?k / n．反馈

注释

J. S. Bach约翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫（德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日一1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方…现代音乐?之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。

练习：

1．The music composed by David cope is about ______.

A classical music

B pop music

C drama

D country music

2．By developing a computer software，David cope aimed ______.

A to be like Bach

B to study Bach

C to write an opera

D to create a musical database

3．What did cope realize about a great composer?s brain?

A It works like a big database.

B It writes a computer program.

C It can recognize any music patterns.

D It can create melodies.

4．Who is Emmy?

A a database

B a computer software

C a composer who helped David

D an opera

5．We can infer from the passage that ______.

A David Cope is a computer programmer.

B David Cope loves music.

C Bac h?s music helped him a lot.

D Emmy did much more work than a composer.

答案与题解：

1．A第一段的第一句：作曲家大卫 科普编写了一个计算机软件，它能创作出古典音乐作品。

2．C从第二段的第一句可以看出，大卫编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。

3．D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。

4．B从第五段第一句可知艾米是计算机软件。

5．D从本文第一句可知大卫是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A，B和C项内容没有提及；从本文的第五段和第六段可知，艾米大大提高了大卫的创作速度，最后

一句，大部分重活都由艾米来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。

第三十六篇Life as a Movie Extra（A级）

Ordinary people have always been attracted to the world of movies and movie stars. One way to get closer to this world is to become a movie extra. Although you have seen movie extras, you may not have paid attention to them. Extras are the people seated at tables in a restaurant while the two main actors are in conversation. They are the guests at the wedding of the main characters. They are the people crossing the street while “the bad guy" is being chased by the police. Extras don?t normally speak any lines, but they help make the scenes look real1.

Being a movie extra might seem like a lot of fun. You get to see what life is like behind the scenes. But don?t forget that being an extra is really a job, and it?s mostly about doing nothing. First-time extras are often shocked to learn how slow the process of movie making is. In a finished movie, the action may move quickly. But it can sometimes take a whole day to shoot a scene that appears for just a few minutes on the screen.

The main requirement for being an extra is the ability to wait. You may report to work at 5 or 6 a. m.，and then you wait until the director is ready for your scene. This could take several hours. Then there may be technical problems, and you have to wait some more. After the director says “action”and you do the first “take”，you may have to do it again if he or she is not satisfied with the scene. In fact, you may have to do the same scene over and over again. You could be on the set for hours, sometimes waiting outdoors in very hot or cold weather.2 You may not be finished until 11 p. m. or midnight. The pay isn?t good, either — often only a little bit above minimum wage. And you must pay the agent who gets you the job a commission of about 10 percent.

So who would want to be a movie extra? In spite of the long hours and low pay, many people still apply for the job. Some people truly enjoy the work. They like being on a movie set, and they enjoy the companionship of their fellow extras. Most of them have flexible schedules, which allow them to be available.3They may be students, waiters, homemakers, retired people, or unemployed actors. Some unemplo yed actors hope the work will help them get real acting jobs, but it doesn?t happen often. Most people in the movie industry make a sharp distinction between extras and actors, so extras are not usually considered for large parts.

The next time you see a movie，don?t just watch the stars. Take a closer look at the people in the background, and ask yourself : Who are they? Why are they there? What else do they do in life? Maybe there is someone in the crowd who is just like you.

词汇：

movie extra群众演员

chase / t?eis /v．追捕

shoot /?u:t/ vt．拍摄

action / ??k??n / n．(导演指令）开拍

commission / k??mi??n / n．佣金

注释：

1．Extras don?t normally speak any lines, but they help make the scenes look real.：虽然群众演员通常没有台词，但他们的存在使整个场景更加逼真。

2．You could be on the set for hours，sometimes waiting outdoors in very hot or cold weather.：在拍摄现场，你可能一演就是几个小时，有时还要一直待在很热或很冷的环境中。on the set：在拍摄现场。3．Most of them have flexible schedules, which allow them to be available.：这些人中大部分都是时间比较灵活的人，这样他们就能腾出时间来演戏。

练习：

1．What is true about movie extras?

A)Only agents get them jobs in movies.

B)They often have to wait around on movie sets and do nothing.

C)It?s a good way to get a real acting job.

D)They can have drinks in a restaurant.

2．What might surprise movie extras the first time they do the job?

A)It can take hours to do a scene that is only a few minutes long in the movie.

B)They always do the same scene many times.

C)The actors are interested in talking to them.

D)The action moves very quickly.

3．Why do most people work as movie extras?

A)They like meeting famous movie stars.

B)They think they will become famous.

C)They want to be on a movie set.

D)They will get real acting jobs.

4．What are the job requirements for being a movie extra?

A)You have to have a part-time job.

B)You must be attractive.

C)You must be willing to repeat a scene many times.

D)You must start working very early.

5．It can be inferred from the passage that.

A)being a movie extra can be boring

B)movie extras need acting experience

C)movie extras can play larger parts

D)movie actors are quite different from actors

答案与题解：

1．B本文的第三段详细叙述了群众演员的主要工作要求是在拍摄现场等，不用做事，所以答案为B；第一段中描述了群众演员的工作；他们是演员的陪衬，不用讲话。虽然提到他们是在餐馆里，但并没有提是否可以喝饮料，所以D可以排除；A中的only —词太笼统，所以A不对；从第四

段可以看出，从群众演员到演员的转型是相当困难的，所以C也不对。

2．A第二段中说明了令初做群众演员感到吃惊的是：拍一个场景需要一整天，而播放时只有几分钟。虽然B、D都有所提及，但不是令他们吃惊的事情。

3．C虽然做群众演员耗时长而薪酬低，但他们为什么还选择这一工作呢？答案在第四段：他们喜欢这份工作，愿意与别的群众演员交流，他们自己的工作时间有弹性。A没有提到，B、D不太可能。

4．C做群众演员的条件是什么？在第三段和第四段，我们可知：要有耐心（长时间等待，一个场景有时要拍好多次），要肯吃苦（在恶劣的户外环境中拍戏），报酬低，工作时间有弹性。A、B没有提到；在第三段的第二句提到：You may report to work at 5 or 6 a. m.，表明只是有时会很早开始工作，不是每日必须的，所以D不对。

5．A从本文对群众演员的工作描述我们可以看出，群众演员只是演员的道具，所以是乏味的。B 没有提到；据第四段的最后一句，C不对；第四段的最后一句清楚表明，群众演员和真正的演员差别很大，所以不是得出的推论，推论是通过字里行间推出来的，不是给出的陈述。

第五部分补全短文

第三篇Are Online Friends Real Friends?（C级）

Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ____(1)____. Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.

Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It?s convenient, it?s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It?s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. ____(2)____. They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.

Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. ____(3)____. Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can?t be sure of what they really like3. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you?re totally sure o f who that person is.

Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends. ____(4)____. In contrast, there are many people who believe that it?s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it?s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends. ”____(5)____. They say that it?s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don?t share e xperiences in person4.

People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the …add on? in any relationship.”

词汇：

acquaint / ??kweint / v．使熟悉

lively / ?laivli / adj．热烈的

deceive / di?si:v/ vt．欺骗

exaggerate / ig?z?d??reit / v．夸大

beneficial / ?beni?fi??l / adj. 有益的

update / ??p'de?t / vt. 更新

buddy / ?b?di] / n. 朋友

add on 补充

注释：

1．Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：现今这些问题成了人们热议的话题。2．When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours.：当你浏览社交网站和进人聊天室聊天时，你会很容易找到志趣相投的人。

3．They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can?t be sure of what they really like.：他们有时会夸大自己的优点而掩盖缺点，让你看不清他们的庐山真面目。

4．They say that it?s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don?t share experiences in person.：他们认为，由于缺乏共同的经历，与网友发展信任和联系很困难。

练习：

A．In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.

B．When you?re not face to face, it?s much easier to deceive people.

C．Many people would agree.

D．Researchers also found that it?s not unusual for online frien ds to become face-to-face friends. E．Online friends may be of help in many ways.

F．Online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.

答案与题解：

1．F开头第一句讲了现代计算机技术给人类带来了一种新型的人际关系，即网友。而这一句是对网友的定义，即人们通过网络认识的朋友。第二句的开头online friends与第一句的结尾online friendship承上启下，是文章写作的要素。

2．A本段讲的是网上交友的有利因素：方便快捷；分享真情实感比社交场合容易得多。本句的开头in addition (另外）引出对以上有利因素的补充。

3．B本段讲的是网上交友的不利因素。本段第一句是一个总括句：网上交友有一大不利。

本句说明这一不利是什么，即没有而对而的接触，人们很容易受骗，紧接着下一句讲怎样被骗：网友只会告诉你他们想让你知道的信息。

4．D该句的前一句讲的是：调查结果显示，超过40%的受访者认为“网上的友谊”同“线下的友谊”一样牢固。而这一句是对上一句的进一步解释：调查还显示，网友转变成现实中的朋友也不是不寻常的。also —词也表明了该句和前一句的关系。

5．C该句的前一句和后一句都讲的是网络可以使人们多联系，但耍使人们成为亲密的朋友比较难。所以，该句（很多人也认同这一点）恰当地把它们连接起来。

第十四篇The Sandwich Generation（A级）

Today people often look forward to their middle age as a time when they will be able to take things easier. After their children are grown, they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create.____(1)____. In middle age, many people discover that they have two ongoingresponsibilities1: one is to look after their aging parents, and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life. Around the world, there are millions of people who are “sandwiched” in between the older and the younger generations. Sometimes there may be two or three generations living in the same household —a situation that is common in many Asian countries and in some parts of Europe. In other cases, a couple may be taking care of parents and children, but they do not live with them.

There are two important reasons for the rise of the sandwich generation. First, people are living longer than they used to. In the early nineteenth century, the average life expectancy for adults in the United States，for example，was about 40，whereas today people live to an average age of 75. ____(2)____. The second reason is that these days, young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in thepast. This is often for financial reasons. It?s also more common for today?s young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.2

____(3)____. They may have to cover expenses that their parents cannot. They may have to manage their parents? financial and legal affairs. They may have to prepare for their parents? future needs, such as special medical care or a move to a nursing home. This can be a traumatic experience for everyone.

Caring for adult children presents challenges as well, and caregivers have to resolve important questions; How can financial responsibilities be shared among members of the household? How can household chores be shared? What is the best way to ensure everyo ne?s privacy? ____(4)____.

The financial and emotional pressures on the sandwich generation can be overwhelming. However, this time in life also has its rewards. ____(5)____. It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time with them. However, in order to survive this difficult period in their lives, the members of the sandwich generation must remember that they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look after the quality of their own lives. They can?t be totally selfless.

词汇：

sandwich/ ?s?nwid? / n.三明治

traumatic/ tr?:?m?t?k / adj.使人不快的

overwhelming/ ??uv??hwelmi?/ adj.令人难以应对的

life expectancy 预期寿命

resolve/ ri?z?lv / vt. 解决

selfless/?selfl?s / adj. 无私的;不考虑自己的

注释：

1.two ongoing responsibilities意为“同时担负两项责任”。

2.It?s also more common for today?s young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.：现在，年轻人在上大学期间或毕业后还会回家，以寻求经济或情感支持，这种情况也很常见。

3.Successfully coping with these issues can avoid a lot of stress for the whole family.：成功解决这些问题，就可以为整个家庭减轻很大负担。

练习：

A. Successfully coping with these issues can avoid a lot of stress for the whole family.3

B. Therefore, children are taking care of their parents over a longer period of time.

C. People who take care of elderly parents often face difficult issues.

D. Young adults feel sandwiched between their financial responsibilities and their desire to enjoy life.

E. However the reality is often very different.

F. It can be a time to rediscover the special qualities of one?s parents or children.

答案与题解：

1.E根据本空的上一句：孩子们长大了，中年人期望有时间享受努力工作创造的生活，但是现实却不允许;所以后一句论证为什么会这样，即中年人因为上有老、下有小，所以不能无忧无虑地享受生活。

2.B依据上一句：19世纪早期，美国人的平均寿命在40岁左右，而现在人们通常能活到75岁。人们寿命延长的结果是：孩子要照顾父母的时间也相应延长了。

3.C该句是本段的主题句。本段其余几句都在讲照顾父母可能要面临的种种闲难，C是一总括句。

4.A本段都在讲照料成人孩子面临的种种问题。these issues可以是一种提示，就是指上面提到的问题。

5.F依据本空的后一句It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time withthem，可以断定这两句是并列句，also一词是提示词。