英语毕业论文-浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》所蕴含的女性力量

本科生毕业论文

浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》所蕴含的女性力量

院系外国语学院

专业英语（教育方向）

班级06英教本1班

学号 0401060131

学生姓名得意

联系方式 134********

指导教师刘钰职称：讲师

2010年 5月

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A Brief Analysis of Female Power in Uncle

Tom’s Cabin

A Thesis Submitted

to School of Foreign Languages, Xuchang University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

By

Deyi

Supervisor：Liu Yu

May 3, 2010

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all those who have given me their generous help, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes to Liu Yu, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. Secondly, my thanks go to my beloved teachers who have taught me professional knowledge these four years. Lastly, I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who have helped me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

摘要

《汤姆叔叔的小屋》是十九世纪美国作家哈利特·比彻·斯托的一部小说，历来被认为是废奴文学的经典之作。它描述了黑奴的苦难生活和他们为争取自由而不懈奋斗的历程，愤怒地揭发和控诉了奴隶制的罪恶。《汤姆叔叔的小屋》不但是一部反奴小说，也是一部女性小说，书中十分关注女性人物对奴隶制的态度。本文以美国奴隶制为着眼点，从道德的角度对《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中女性作为母亲，妻子以及社会成员在反对奴隶制的问题上所表现的积极力量进行阐述，试图为更好地理解斯托夫人，更准确地解读其小说提供一个新视角。

关键词：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》；反对奴隶制；女性力量

Abstract

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, written in the 19th century by the American writer, Harriet Beecher Stowe, is thought to be the most influential anti-slavery novel in that period. It focuses on the black slaves? poor life and their struggle for the freedom, and makes a powerful attack upon the slavery. It is not only an anti-slavery novel but also a female one, for it has paid close attention to the females? attitude toward the slavery. This paper, based on American slavery, from the moral angle, aims to explore the active power of female figures when they are viewed as mothers, wives, and social members in Uncle Tom’s Cabin on the problem of anti-slavery. Moreover, this paper tries to supply a new visual angle for comprehending the author?s idea and interpreting her novel.

Key words: Uncle Tom’s Cabin; anti-slavery; female power

Table of Contents Acknowledgements (Ⅰ)

摘要 (Ⅱ)

Abstract (Ⅲ)

Table of Contents (Ⅳ)

Introduction. (1)

Chapter One Power of Female as a Mother in Anti-slavery (3)

1.1 Maternal Love of Eliza Urging Her to Resist (3)

1.2 Augustine?s Mother Affecting Him with Love (4)

Chapter Two Power of Female as a Wife in Anti-slavery (6)

2.1 Mrs. Shelby?s Charity to Her Slaves (6)

2.2 Mrs. Bird?s Attitude toward Fugitive Slave Law (7)

Chapter Three Power of Female as a Member of the Society in Anti-slavery (9)

3.1 Eva?s Cosmic Love (9)

3.2 Grandma Stephens? Influence on Tom Loker (11)

Conclusion (12)

Works Cited (13)

Introduction

Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, the anti-slavery forces debated not only the status of the black in the United States but also their physical and psychological nature. When Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in the abolitionist journal National Era in June 1851, the crisis over slavery in the United States reached a high pitch, and this novel immediately became a major weapon for people against slavery. “Appearing in two-volume book form in March 1852, Uncle Tom’s Cabin set off an astounding public response which was unique in the history of American publishing. Its first edition of 5,000 was gone in four days, and in one year, it sold more than 300,000 copies” (Yang, 1999:174). Uncle Tom’s Cabin makes a powerful attack on the evils of the slavery and presents an earthly struggle for the black emancipation in the United States. Therefore, its vital role in the abolitionist cause is beyond question. Even the Civil War novelist John De Forest, inaugurating the search for “The Great American Novel”in an 1868 essay in The Nation, thought Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the best candidate. However, even though Uncle Tom’s Cabin helped instigate the Civil War, it then ceased to have value once its purpose had been accomplished. The book?s phenomenal popularity is in its own day and in the century following the Civil War it has served to cast suspicion. The most controversial aspect is that many blacks feel their images are smeared in Uncle Tom’s Cabin for it has touched the sensitive zone of black inferiority, which is frequently depicted by Stowe through her racial stereotypes (Liu, 89). Uncle Tom, who is completely black, is too passive, simple and submissive, and becomes a symbol of the lackey (Lin, 69). Moreover, many free blacks, who have opted to stay in the country and fight, have a complaint against the novel?s end. “One writer in an Afro-American newspaper vehemently protested, …Uncle Tom must be killed, George Harris exiled! Heaven for dead Negroes! Liberia for living mulattoes. Neither can live on the American continent. Death or banishment is our doom, say the Slaveocrats, the Colonizationists and, save the mark—Mrs. Stowe?”(Sundquist, 69).

Harriet Beecher Stowe, with her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, had aroused the attention of Americans to slavery and thereby influenced the course of American history (Yang, 2006:59). Since her novel helped and convinced the nation to go to war and to free its slaves, Abraham

Lincoln was said to have exclaimed in 1862 after the Civil War, “So this is the little lady who started our big war”(Zhou and Luo, 114). Undoubtedly Uncle Tom’s Cabin had affected the slavery abolishing. However, for slavery was abolished, it lost its popularity on anti-slavery gradually. According to Stowe?s broad depiction of the role of women in the novel, nowadays more and more critics pay attention to the ideology of femininity in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Regarding the social background where Stowe lived, they find it reasonable that she emphasizes women?s roles in the fight against chattel slavery in America. On the one hand, by 1851, when Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published, the debate over what American women could do to end slavery had ragged for more than a decade. On the other hand, it was also published with the advent of two crucial events. One was the meeting at Seneca Fall, which was the peak of feminist movement, where feminists had spelled out their demands for full participation in American life, and the other was the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law which forbade the Northern people to help the runaway slaves, and required them to cooperate in the capture of fugitives. Stowe works in her feminist beliefs that women are equal to men in intelligence, bravery, and spiritual strength. The ideology of femininity and domesticity in the 19th century is that men?s place is at the market, while women?s place is at the domestic center of home; Stowe accepts this standard definition of women confined to the domestic sphere, but she also displays a facility for converting essentially repressive concepts of femininity and domesticity into a positive system of values in which women are more influential than men and superior to them (Cao, 42). Stowe asserts that women should limit the expression of slavery to the domestic circle and argues that the crucial need for women is not to exert political power but to use their female force to promote a national spirit of candor, forbearance, charity and peace (Qiu, 61).

Through three aspects that the female is viewed as a mother, a wife and a member of the society, this paper elaborates on the point that females in Uncle Tom’s Cabin have shown active power in anti-slavery within domestic life.

Chapter One Power of Female as a Mother in Anti-slavery

Mother is a term that holds special charm for Stowe; Stowe?s mother is very polished and retiring and comes from a “better” family, reading widely and speaking French. Stowe recalls her mother as “one of those strong, restful, yet widely sympathetic natures in whom all around seems to find comfort and repose”(Yang, 1999:175). Stowe considers her readers as mothers and idealizes the experience of motherhood. A lot of mothers such as Eliza, Augustine?s mother and so on are warmly celebrated in Uncle Tom’s Cabin for their morality, integrity, dignity, courage, forbearance and above all the female power.

1.1 Maternal Love of Eliza Urging Her to Resist

To settle the financial problem, Mr. Shelby, Eliza?s master, decides to sell Tom and Eliza?s son. When learning her beloved son will be bought by a brutal trader, Eliza turns pale and gasps for breath, as if someone has struck her with a deadly blow. Finally, Eliza automatically obeys the voice of nature and attempts her rescue. Considering the kindness the mistress gives her, Eliza leaves a letter which pleads with her mistress to forgive her leaving and understand her. Nothing can prevent her from being with her only child.

People on the Shelby plantation are shocked by Eliza?s escape, for she is just a domestic, timid and little woman. What?s more, she is also a Christian woman and she once says to her husband: “I always thought that I must obey my master and mistress, or I couldn?t be a Christian” (Stowe, 17). However, actually, she escapes bravely just because of the maternal love.

The danger of the child blends into her mind; with a confused and stunning sense of the risk, Eliza is running away from the only home she has ever known. The immense strength of her love for her child is especially emphasized. In the course of escaping, every quaking leaf and fluttering shadow can send the blood backward to her heart and quicken her footsteps. What is stronger than all is maternal love; Eliza feels a sense of comfort with the weight of the boy in her arms and every flutter of fear seems to increase the supernatural power to escape. One thousand lives seem to be controlled in Eliza?s hands when the slave-catchers nearly come up with her before the freezing Ohio River. With the strength as if the God gave, Eliza flies a leap onto one floating ice to another. “The huge green fragment of ice on which she alighted pitched and

creaked as her weight came on it, but she staid there not a moment”(Stowe, 62). Her stockings cut from her feet while blood marks every step, but she sees nothing and feels nothing. “It is a desperate leap-impossible to anything but madness and despair; and Haley, Sam and Andy, instinctively cried out and lifted up their hands, as she did it” (Stowe, 61).

As a nearly perfect woman according to the cult of womanhood, Eliza surprises the U.S.A. with her courage and strong will. She runs away with her child at night and takes the risk of crossing the Ohio River by jumping over the ice floes. It?s just the motherly devotion that gives her power to carry out her frenzied, desperate flight from slavery.

1.2 Augustine’s Mother Affecting Him with Love

Augustine St. Clare is a figure different from his slave-holding father, brother and society. From his willful and autocratic father, Augustine has inherited all the perquisites of noblesse, but from his mother, he has inherited a deeply sensitive nature, an abhorrence of slavery, and a sense of obligation. Augustine is tender, soft, sympathetic, dreamy and not at all interested in business. He neither brings himself to discipline the slaves nor to force them, for he thinks his slaves are simply outcasts in a society that has not taught them anything useful and that it?s not their fault if they sometimes don?t behave elegantly. As a result, he always remains charitable and sympathetic toward his slaves. In a sense, this kind of characteristic is what his mother makes of. All his mother?s exhortations affect him deeply. She attempts to influence her son?s actions in regard to slavery. When Augustine is a child, his mother once points up to the stars in the sky and instructs him: “See, there, Augustte! The poorest, meanest soul on our place will be living. When all these stars are gone foreve r,—will live as long as God lives” (Stowe, 232).

In Augustine?s opinion, his mother is an angel, whose morality purifies his mind. He once says to Miss Ophelia:

She probably was of mortal birth；as far as I could observe，there was no trace of any

human weakness or error about her—She was a direct embodiment and

personification of the new Testament, —a living fact, to be accounted for, and to be

accounted for in no other way than by its truth.(Stowe, 229)

Augustine witnesses the scene that his mother is against slavery with every atom of her being. He dies with the word “mother” on his lips, realizing he fails to heed the example of his mother.

From Eliza and Augustine?s mother, who have a positive effect on their sons, Stowe reflects

her deep emotion at maternal love. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin, mothers provide children with love and also teach them to internalize the value of love.

Chapter Two Power of Female as a Wife in Anti-slavery

Stowe appeals American females to recognize their true roles as the guardians of American morals. During the process of assuming this role, she argues they can exert a wise and appropriate influence, and that it will most certainly tend to bring an end, not only to slavery but also to unnumbered other evils and wrongs.

2.1 Mrs. Shelby’s Charity toward Her Slaves

Mrs. Shelby, a Christian woman, tries to use charity and morality to get on with her slaves. Although a member of the slaveholding class, Mrs. Shelby is powerless to prevent the slave sales. Forbidden by her husband from using her “practical mind” to settle their financial affairs, Mrs. Shelby devotes much of her time to the efforts for the comfort, instruction and improvement of her slaves and is greatly admired by them.

A wife, as it sees on the Shelby plantation, may actually be able to do very little to oppose slavery, but she can at least resist mildly and in other words, she can at least protest, conspire and connive. These actions may not be much effective, but at least can help those poor slaves to a certain degree.

As to that Eliza can escape successfully, the help from Mrs. Shelby undoubtedly plays a vital role. Mrs. Shelby suggests her slaves, Sam and Andy, had better not seize Eliza. They two, who are eager to please their mistress, realize her intention that she doesn?t want Eliza captured. So instead of helping Haley to catch Eliza they do utmost to delay the catching time. Otherwise, they probably catch Eliza and her boy with hands down.

To Mr. Shelby, Tom is only a slave or a kind of property, but to Mrs. Shelby, he is a man with soul. When Mrs. Shelby learns that her husband will sell Tom who once rocked him in his arms as a baby, she feels shameful of him despite having little power to prevent. She refuses to sneak away and hide like her husband, while Tom is being bound and carried off: “…No, no,? said Mrs. Shelby; …I?ll be in no sense accomplice or help in this cruel business. I?ll go and see poor old Tom. God help him, in his distress?” (Stowe, 36). She enters the cabin of Tom?s, comforts him and promises she will buy him back one day. Her tears break down barriers between lowly slaves and their properly sympathetic master.

Stowe tends to depict her females as active rather than passive, influential rather than submissive, and strong rather than weak. Mrs. Shelby is a good example. The fact that she fails in protecting her slaves from being sold is not due to any weakness on her part, but is a sign of her husband?s incompetence in managing his estate and so is her later failure to buy Tom back (Sundquist, 89). As Mrs. Shelby offers to give her husband a hand in his financial affairs, Mr. Shelby accuses her of knowing nothing of business. Later, as she offers the practical way of earning money herself by teaching music lessons, her husband accuses her of “degrading”herself. It is only after her husband?s death that she is able to give her ability full play. “Mrs. Shelby, with characteristic energy, applies herself to the work of straightening the entangled web of affairs” (Stowe, 430), and tries to redeem the old slave, Tom. So Mrs. Shelby, as a wife, has developed the notion of her moral superiority of females within the domestic life.

2.2 Mrs. Bird’s Attitude toward Fugitive Slave Law

Mrs. Bird is a blushing, little woman, of about four feet in height, and with mild blue eyes. She is a desirable good woman who is timid, weak, angelic, and sometimes prone to defer; this is a typical description of the heroine in the 19th century sentimental novels. However, instead of being always submissive to her husband, Mrs. Bird turns out to be resolute and handsome and has a determined mind toward immoral things. Perhaps among females of “the nominally free states”Mrs. Bird is the most important model for Stowe?s readers, whose involvement with slaves and slavery is frequent. She persists in questioning her husband about the passage of a new Fugitive Slave Law, which forbids the Northern people to help the runaway slaves, and requires them to cooperate in the capture of fugitives. Mr. Bird is a senator, a shrewd politician who manipulates things in such a way as to serve his or his class? interest. Thus, he supports the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law. By contrast, Mrs. Bird judges things by the Bible and sympathy. Knowing her husband supports the passage of this law, she says angrily to him: You ought to be ashamed, John! Poor, homeless，houseless creatures! It?s a

shameful, wicked abominable law. And I will break it, for one, the first time I get a

chance；and I hope I shall have chance, I do! Things have got to a pretty pass；if a

woman can?t give a warm supper and a bed to poor, starving creatures，just because

they are slaves, and have been abused and oppressed all their lives. Poor

things.(Stowe, 81)

When Mr. Bird accuses her of “getting to be a politician all at once”(Stowe, 82) she explains her concern is not political but moral. She condemns the measure and attacks her husband?s political position. Finally, she has successfully persuaded her husband to save the poor Eliza and her boy. The world of Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a fortunate one for northern white females who oppose chattel slavery within the domestic sphere. Swayed by her argument and actions or Eliza?s desperate situation, Mr. Bird makes plans to transport the fugitives, Eliza and her boy, to a remote place.

Like females of the slaveholding states, this northern woman, Mrs. Bird, encounters slavery in her home. Stowe permits her to avoid suffering any adverse consequences when she takes action to oppose slavery.

Chapter Three Power of Female as a Member of the Society in

Anti-slavery

From the above analysis, it can safely come to the conclusion that in Uncle Tom’s Cabin either as a mother or as a wife, the female? influence is carried out only in domestic spheres; they have never walked out of their front doors. Similarly, as a member of the society, females in this novel also express their opposition to slavery within the domestic circle.

3.1 Eva’s Cosmic Love

Evangeline St. Clare is a child, a female and a typical figure of Christ, descending not from Adam but from Eve. Her face has a “dreamy earnestness”; her hair flouts like “a cloud”; her eyes shine with a “deep spiritual gravity”. As her full name, Evangeline, implies, she is the book?s most powerful evangelist. She often discusses the topic of love and forgiveness with a mind full of cosmic love. Eva?s action fundamentally addresses the issue of spiritual salvation rather than earthly emancipation. The relationship of her with the suffering people is similar to that of Jesus with his lambs.

Eva has a close relationship with Uncle Tom. On the one hand, they have something in common which makes them closer. For example, they are both ready to help others. Tom rescues the drowning Eva in time, which is the beginning of their friendship; out of appreciation, Eva loves Tom more. As she grows older, their friendship becomes deeper and deeper. Eva even specially asks her father to let Tom be her special companion. On the other hand, their same belief ties them closer. Both of them believe the Christ, the God and support cosmic love (Xue, 18). They often read the Bible together. When realizing herself is dying, Eva implores her father to set Tom free.

Eva?s mother is a cruel, selfish and worldly woman; she not only tortures and degrades her slaves, but also likes doing that. She requires Mammy, her slave, to look after her day and night without a wink of sleep. Unlike her mother, Eva is selfless in love for slaves; she offers to care for her mother instead of Mammy to let her rest for a while. Seeing her Mammy suffering headache, Eva gives her vinaigrette, which is a beautiful gold thing with diamonds, to relieve her pain. Learning to read, she comes to love the Bible. Gradually, she develops her anti-slavery sympathies into anti-slavery proposals. Eva voices her belief that slaves should be taught to read

Scriptures. Then she wishes she had money to “buy a place in the free states, and take all our people there; and hire teachers to teach them to read and write”(Stowe, 269). Realizing powerless to carry out this modest program for slaves? emancipation, Eva nonetheless teaches Mammy her letters.

Eva not only shows cosmic love to slaves, but also tries to change people?s attitude toward slaves. As her conversion of Topsy and Miss Ophelia demonstrates, she is a spiritual liberator of slavery.

Topsy is a motherless, godless black child, who often pretends to be innocent but actually dangerously lacks self-control and restraint. She entirely acts from impulse and perversely violates the accepted rules of polite society. Initially, considering Eva?s race Topsy resists Eva?s kindness. However, finally, Eva?s response —“O, Topsy, poor child, I love you!”(Stowe, 289) —pierces her defense. Prostrated by the gentle force of selfless love, Topsy breaks down with Eva who is bending over her like “some bright angel stooping to reclaim a sinner”(Stowe, 290). In that moment, a ray of real belief and a ray of heavenly love have penetrated the darkness of her soul and Topsy, weeping and sobbing, lays her head down between her knees. From then on, Topsy has gradually thrown away her bad habits and becomes a positive child.

Besides Topsy, Eva has also converted Miss Ophelia who witnesses the scene of her salvation. Although Ophelia deplores slavery, she has not been a member of the local abolitionist society. She sympathizes with slaves, but couldn?t accept them completely. At first, she believes that it is futile to educate and Christianize the slaves unless she can also guarantee emancipation; the thought of “kissing niggers”even revolts her. However, Miss Ophelia is converted when Eva?s death eradicates her bias against slaves. With the position of a slave-owner, she adopts Topsy for St. Clare, sets the little black girl free finally and brings her up to be a Christian woman; thereby what Ophelia has done sets a practical example that females can work effectively against slavery within the domestic circle.

Eva is a “moral miracle” in Stowe?s book, who is mentally and emotionally tortured by the violence of slavery that surrounds her. Perhaps, if she had lived, Eva may have assumed the role she proposes to St. Clare that she would go all around and try to persuade people to do right about this (quoted in Sundquist, 94). Though she hasn?t put her proposals into practice, Eva has made full use of her limited time to bring cosmic love to the earthly world.

3.2 Grandma Stephens’ Influence on Tom Loker

Grandma Stephens is a compassionate, giving and emotional woman and has an easy-going appearance:

Imagine a tall, dignified, spiritual woman, whose clear muslin cap shades waves of

silvery hair, parted on a broad, clear forehead, which overarches thoughtful gray

eyes. A snowy handkerchief of lisse crape is folded neatly across her bosom; her

glossy brown silk dress rustle peacefully, as she glides up and down the

chamber.(Stowe, 396)

However, by contrast, Tom Loker has a cruel appearance. He is a brawny, muscular man, full six feet in height, and broad in proportion. He is dressed in a coat of buffalo-skin, made with the hair outward, which gives him a shaggy and fierce appearance. “In the head and face, every organ and lineament expressive of brutal and unhesitating violence was in a state of the highest possible development” (Stowe, 65). Tom is used to controlling his slaves violently. As he takes on the catching business of slaves, with the fists he breaks up unnumbered families of slaves?.

When Tom is catching the fugitives, Eliza, George Harris and so on, he is shot by Harris and is taken to the home of Grandma Stephens who is called Dorcas. She is a kind nurse and most qualified to tend a sick person. There, Tom Loker, groaning and tousling, is soon carefully deposited in a much cleaner and softer bed which he has never been in the habit of occupying and his wound is carefully dressed and bandaged. In the course of the motherly supervision of Aunt Dorcas, affected by her Christian benevolence, Tom changes from a brutal slave-catcher to a hunter. Later, he even helps the fugitives to escape whom he once tries to catch like a dog catches a piece of meat. Tom informs them that their party will be looked for in the Sandusky, and that it is thought prudent to divide them into groups and escape separately. Thanks to the help of Tom Locker, George, Eliza and Harry at last get to Canada from Lake Erie and obtain their freedom. Throwing off the role of a slave-catcher, Tom chooses to live in one of new settlements. There his talents make himself much happier in trapping bears, wolves, and other inhabitants of the forest where he makes himself quite a name as a hunter in the land.

Conclusion

In the novel, Stowe uses strong-minded women to send a message to female readers that females can take active action against slavery, and has answered the question about what females could do to end the slavery in that period. From this point, Uncle Tom’s Cabin has pointed out a way for females to oppose slavery, but owing to the limitations of the times the novel also has its own limitation.

In Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Stowe?s attaching the great importance to the role of females reflects her belief that females can exert considerable influence within the domestic circles. Mrs. Shelby, Mrs. Bird and even the little Eva do have influence in th e nation?s political conflict, slavery, but they fight alone within the home, without walking out of their own front doors. “Stowe has proved that facing the evil of slavery, domesticity will release its restrained violent action in the name of freedom, so none of females in Uncle Tom’s Cabin becomes involved in the public struggle against slavery” (Sundquist, 89). Although both Miss Ophelia and Mrs. Bird refuse to obey unjust law, the New Englander simply takes their slaves to the north where slavery is illegal and slaves?education is available, and those slaves have to conform to the enlightened local status.

From the above discussion, there is no doubt that Stowe?s illustration of female power in Uncle Tom’s Cabin has certain limitations. She largely restricts the female power to the domestic sphere. However, the Garrisonian abolitionist, Angelina Grimke reasons that whatever it is morally right for a man to do is morally right for a woman to do (quoted in Sundquist, 86). It follows that women, like men, have a duty to end the slavery by acting within both the domestic and public sphere.

Although this paper hasn?t interpreted the reasons for the above referred limitation, it still has its own practical significance. It has deeply explored the female?s active power toward anti-slavery and in a sense it can provide a future reference to study the female power in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

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