英语专业还是应该知道

Transcendentalists believe that God is immanent（固有）in each person and in nature and that individual intuition（直觉）is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self- reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.

The representative writers: Ralph Waldo Emerson美( Leader of the Transidentalism)：Nature 《论自然》（超验主义宣言）The American Scholar《论美国学者》( Intellectual Declaration of Independence); Make use of time if you love eternity.

Henry David Thoreau（梭罗）美: Walden（瓦尔登湖）

Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century holds in its topics the ideals of the time period, concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing." The Romantic era was one that focused on the commonality of humankind and, while using emotion and nature; the poets and their works shed light on people's universal natures.

The representative writers:Robert Burns( Scottish) : A Red, Red Rose

William Blake英: Song of Innocence; Song of Experience; Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》；(区分The Sketch Book《见闻札记》of Washington Irving，还写过Rip Van Winkle）

William Wordsworth英: also the representatives of Lake Poets, said: Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. In 1843, he became the Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）.：I wandered lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自流》；Lines Composed a Few Miles about Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》

George Gordon Byron英：Don Juan；Cain《该隐》;

Percy Bysshe Shelly英：Ode to the West Wind；Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》；A Defense of Poetry《诗辩》（区分Philip Sydney’ s The Defense of Poesie( Apology of Poetry)《诗辩》

John Keats英：Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》；Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》

Edgar Allan Poe美: The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古厦的倒塌》；The Raven《乌鸦》

As a term of art in philosophy, realism refers to a thesis that general properties, technically known as universals, have a mode of existence or a form of reality that is in a certain sense independent of the things that possess them.

The representative writers:Daniel Defoe英: Robinson Crusoe

Chales Dickens英: Pickwick Papers《匹克威客外传》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》（狄更斯笔下第一儿童形象）；David Copperfied《大卫科波菲尔》；Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；

A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》；Hard Time s《艰难时世》；Great Expectations《远大前程》A Christmas Carol

William Makepeace Thackeray英: Vanity Fair《名利场》（取自John Bunyan的The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》；The Newcomes《纽克姆一家》

Charlotte Bronte英: Jane Eyre《简爱》（谨以此书献给萨克雷）

Mrs. Gaskel英: Mary Barton《玛丽巴顿》；Life of Charlotte Bronte《夏洛蒂勃朗特传》

Jane Austen英: Pride and Prejudice It is a truth universlly acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.; Sense and Sensibility; Emma; Northanger Abbey

John Galsworthy英: The Man of Property《有产业的人》；In Chancery《骑虎》；To Let 《出租》( The Forsyte Saga《福斯特世家》trilogy)

George Bernard Shaw( Irish) 英: Saint Joan《圣女贞德》；Pygmalion; Major Barbara

naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in the second half of the 19th century in Europe.especially France and Germany. Naturalism is an attempt to achieve fidelity to nature by rejecting idealized protrayals of lices. In literature. it can be further defined as a technique of objective view of man or a mood with frankness and accuracy.According to naturalists writes. man is shaped by heredity and environment. over which they cannot control. They tend to show "true-to-life”description without selection. They show man’ s struggling for survival.

The representative writers: Thomas Hardy英: Tess of the D’ Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》；J ude the Obscure《无名的裘德》

Jack London美( Leading Figure of Naturalism) : Martin Eden《马丁伊登》（The representative works of Jack London. It’ s a biographic novel) The Son of the Wolf《狼之子》；The Sea Wolf 《海狼》；The People of the Abyss(为伦敦在“揭丑时代”赢得了一席之地）

Theodore Dreiser美: Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》；The Financier《金融家》；The Titan《巨人》；The Stoic《斯多葛》( Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》）An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》；Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》

Stephen Crane美: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎梅吉》( The first naturalist novel in America); The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》( A Landmark in American literature of naturalism)

Modernism: Modern literary practices. Also, the principles of a literary school that lasted from roughly the beginning of the twentieth century until the end of World War II. Modernism is defined by its rejection of the literary convention s of the nineteenth century and by its

opposition to conventional morality, taste, traditions, and economic values.

The representative writers: Francis Scott Fitzgerald美: The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》

Ernest Hemingway美( Master of the art of modern narration) : Death in the afternoon（死在午后）( The Principle of the Iceberg) ; The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》；The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》( Lost Generation) ; A Fare to Arms《永别了，武器》；For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》

William Faulkner美: The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》；The Hamlet《村子》The Town 《小镇》The Mansion《大宅》；Go Down Moses《下去，摩西》；Light in August《八月之光》A Rose for Emily《给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰》

Tennessee Williams：A Streetcar Named Desire《欲望号街车》，Cat on A Hot Tim Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》

名家名作：Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( alliteration头韵, national epic民族史诗, pagan异教)

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight( King Arthur and his round table knights)

William of Malmesbury英Gesta Regum Anglorum《阿瓦隆之庭》

Geoffrey Chaucer英( Father of English Poetry) : The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》( Heroic Couplet英雄双韵体) ; Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》；The House of Fame《声誉之堂》

Thomas More美( Renaissance) : Utopia

Edmund Spenser英( Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体，Poetic Poet) : The Faerie Queen

Francis Bacon英( Materialism唯物哲学创始人) : Essays《随笔》( Of Studies; Of Truth) ; The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》; The New Instrument《新工具》

Christopher Marlowe英( University Wits大学才子) : The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧历史》

William Shakespeare: （出生于Stratford on Avon）Hamlet; King Lear; Othello; Macbeth( Four Great Tragedies) ; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like It; Twelfth Night; Much Ado About Nothing; The Taming of the Shrew; Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare曾被其对手University Wits之一的Robert Green骂作Upstart Crow，后来被拍成英剧《新贵》

John Donne: Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》；Death, Be Not Proud; The Flea《跳蚤之歌》(No one is an island, entire of itself. )

John Milton英: Paradise Lost( Epic) ; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonistes

Jonathan Swift( Irish) : Gulliver’ s Travels; A Modest Proposal

Mary Shelley: Frankenstein( Gothic)

Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》

Alfred Tennyson英( Poet of People): In Memoriam《悼念》( Hallam) ; Break, Break, Break

Robert Browning英（Dramatic Monologue) : The Ring and the Book（奠定最伟大诗人之一地位）；My Last Duchess

Matthew Arnold英: Dover Beach

Robert Louis Stevenson英( Neo- romanticism) : Treasure Island《金银岛》

Oscar Wilde( Irish): The Picture of Dorian Gray（喜剧）; An Ideal Husband; The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》

James Joyce( Irish Stream of Consciousness): Ulysses《尤利西斯》

Samuel Becket( Irish不是美): Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》

Thomas Paine美( Great Commoner of Mankind) : Common Sense《常识》；American Crisis《美国危机》；Rights of Man《人权》；The Age of Reason《理性时代》

Nathaniel Hawthorne美: The Scarlet Letter《红字》( The First Symbolic Novel of America)；Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》

Herman Melville美: Moby Dick《白鲸》

Walt Whitman美: Leaves of Grass《草叶集》

Harriet Beecher Stone: Uncle Tom’ s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》( the little woman who wrote the novel that made this great war- Lincoln)

Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn( All modern American literature comes from this book) ; The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 《卡拉维拉斯县的有名的跳蛙》; Gilded Age（镀金时代，指美国内战到20世纪初期）

O. Henry美: The Cop and the Anthem《警察和赞美诗》；The Gift of the Magi《麦琪的礼物》；Retrieved Reformation《旧知》；An Unfinished Story《没讲完的故事》

Pearl S. Buck: The Good Earth《大地》（安徽农村和南京）

Jerome David Salinger: The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》

Vladimir Nabokov: Lolita

英国历史：

Ancient Britain: Britain Isles, Iberian, Celts( Druidism督伊德教）

British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion: Julius Caesar（被击退），Emperor Claudius（占领），Hadrian’ s Wall（防御Picts, one of Celts)

“中世纪是从完全原始状态发展出来的，它毁灭了古代文明，古代哲学、政治和法学，而在一切方面都从头开始，中世纪从已经灭亡的古代世界得到的唯一的东西就是基督教，以及一些破坏了的完全丧失了自己过去的文明的都市。”

-恩格斯

Anglo- Saxon: Germans( Angles, Saxons, Jutes)

Pope Gregory派St. Augustine

Viking and Danish Invasion: Alfred the Great( Father of English Prose英国散文之父，Anglo- Saxon Chronicle)(补：The Chronicle s of Narnia《纳尼亚传奇》chronic慢性的) 建立Kingdom of England抗击Danish

Norman Conquest: Edward 死后无嗣William the Conqueror, Norman Empire（诺曼王朝），The Battle of Hastings witnessed the death of King Harold in 1066.

Lionheart( House of Anjou) : Richard I, The Third Crusade（第三次十字军东征）

The Great Charter: King John(House of Anjou, John Lackland, Soft Sword, argue with Pope Innocent III)1215, signed Magna Carta.

Wars of Roses: Edward III’ s( House of Plantagenets) 2 descends: House of Lancaster, House of York, The House of Plantagenets was ended; House of Tudor began.

Protestant Reformation: Henry VIII, House of Tudor, Church of England, Act of Supremacy《至尊法令》，Supreme Head of the Church of England Basic beliefs: trinity, original sin, redemption, spirit’ s immortality, apocalypse

Elizabeth I( 1558- 1603) , House of Tudor, 16th century English Renaissance

James I of the House of Sturt held “Divine Right of Kings” .

Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）

Civil Wars( the Puritan Revolution) : The First Civil War: Charles I( executed) Cavaliers（保皇党），Roundheads Commonwealth, Cromwell

Glorious Revolution: William III, Mary II, Constitutional Monarchy

Whigs and Tories: Whigs( the Liberal Party), Tories( the Conservative Party)

Industrial Revolution: textiles, steam engine

The Chartist Movement《宪章运动》

Victorian Era( 1837- 1901) : Queen Victoria, the empire on which the sun never sets

“在1894年4月这一时期，中国确实处于一种酣睡的状态中。它用实际上并不继续存在的强大和威力的盛世幻想来欺骗自己，事实上，它剩下的只是为数众多的人口，辽阔的疆土，沉重的负担，以及一个虚无缥缈的假设-假设它仍然是中心帝国，是世界的中心，而且像个麻风病人一样，极力避免同外国接触，当我能够更仔细地开始观察中国，并同总理衙门大臣们初次会谈，我惊讶地发现这个满汉帝国竟是如此蒙昧无知，傲慢无礼和与世隔绝，还粗暴地标出“不要摸我”的警告。”

-法国大使施阿兰

Statute of Westminster: Commonwealth of Nations

1979, the Conservative Party, Margaret Thatcher

Theresa May is the leader of the Conservative party in the UK at present.

There are 659 MPS in the House of Commons.

当学生完成两年全日制O level、IGCSE或GCSE的学习后，可以开始GCE A level的课程。A-Level是英国中学生毕业后进入正规大学学习的主流课程和主要途径，与中国学生必须经过3年的高中并参加高考，才能升入大学是相似的，跨度上则相当于中国的高三到大一。而职业学校学生还要参加GNVQ

England capital: London Whales capital: Cardiff Scotland capital: Edinburgh Northern Ireland: Belfast

美国建国史

Puritan( a sect of Protestant)

Hispanic（拉美裔）是美国第二大少数民族

John Loc英e, English Empiricism（英国经验主义），A Letter Concerning Toleration《论宽容》

Thomas Paine美( Pamphleteer小册子作家，Great Commoner of Mankind) , Common Sense《常识》（美国应该推翻英国的统治，建立民主国家），American Crisis《美国危机》，Rights of Man《人权》，The Age of Reason《理性的时代》

Stamp Duty 1765

The Boston Tea Party 1773

Lexington 1775

The Declaration of Independence 1776

The Emancipation Declaration 1862（正式废除是在1865年，The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of 1865）

Gilded Age（从内战到20世纪初，得名于Mark Twain Gilded Age）

Civil Rights Movement 1950, Baby Boomers grew up within the relative economic prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s.

Establish their diplomatic relationship with China in January 1979

The 9/11 Attacks is happened in 2001

The present president, No. 45 President Trump

1642年,荷兰人Tasman在新西兰登陆，将其命名为“新泽兰”( the land of the long white cloud)。1769至1777，英国人Cook5次到新西兰，此后，新泽兰改名新西兰。

1535 French Cartier发现Canada; Champlain set up Quebec.

1606 Dutch Jansz发现Australia; English Cook宣布属于Britain

节日

Guy Fawkes Night: English November 5th.

Thanksgiving Day: America The fourth Thursday in November

Easter: 春分月圆之后第一个星期日

Halloween: the night of October 31万圣节All Soul’ s Day

St. Patrick's Day：March 17th

Mrs. 夫人,对已婚女子的称呼Miss.小姐,对未婚女子的称呼Ms.女士,对婚否不清女子的称呼

Magic Flute《魔笛》by Mozart

Vivien Leigh（费雯丽）played Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With The Wind, Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire and Myra Lester in Waterloo Bridge.