The modification of Anion exchange membrane and it's progress in the preparation

The modification of Anion exchange membrane and it's progress in the preparation
The modification of Anion exchange membrane and it's progress in the preparation

The modification of Anion exchange membrane and it's

progress in the preparation

Shaolin zhang tongwen xu zhaoming liu

1 China university of science and technology college of chemistry and materials science feature film laboratory, hefei 230026

2 key laboratory of Marine fine chemical industry in shandong province, shandong shouguang, 262737 Abstract:Ion exchange membrane has wide application, we introduced the modification of organic anion exchange membrane and it's organic modification .

And the emerging inorganic hybrid anion exchange membrane preparation methods and development of the status , especially introduced the development in recent years, the routes without chlorine methyl ether anion membrane preparation.

Keywords: Anion exchange membrane /Hybrid membrane / embellish modification

/surface modification /chloromethylation

Chinese library classification:TQ245

Document id code:A

1 Preface

The anion exchange membrane has been widely used in various industrial fields . Such as: electrolysis of salt solution concentration and desalination , as the electrolyte of diaphragm electrolysis in chlor-alkali industry , Recovery of acid from the waste acid ,

as the anion selective electrode , As the battery diaphragm and so on .Anion exchange membrane consists of three parts : Polymer matrix, positive active group and movable anionic on active group(antiparticles) . In terms of membrane material, the development of the earliest is organic film, because it has the advantages of good flexibility, good

film-forming performance, and because of its variety and extensive development and application. But organic membranes has to overcome its own shortcomings, such as poor mechanical strength,poor chemical stability, acid, alkali resistant and high temperature and organic solvents and fouling jams, hard to clean.The application of organic membrane has been curbed to some https://www.360docs.net/doc/a1764685.html,pared with organic membranes, inorganic membranes has high mechanical strength, good stability, and easy to clean disinfection. But the vast majority of inorganic membranes is not charged, easy to be polluted.And now most of the inorganic membrane is composed of inorganic oxide and cannot be used in alkaline conditions.So , be able to gathering with the advantages of inorganic and organic membranes and make up for their respective shortcomings of new material research has attracted great interest and obtained a certain progress.

This article from the modification of organic anion exchange membrane and modified two aspects on the research and development of anion exchange membrane are summarized and summed up.

2 Modification of organic anion exchange Membrane and modification Organic anion exchange membrane preparation method has two common preparation method . First , a departure from the monomer, by aggregating basilemma membrane and functional group,and the second is a typical example is a copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene as the basal membrane. then chloromethylation, quaternary amination reaction;Another is based on polymer base material, preparation of base membrane by using the method of phase transformation. Then the same process, such as through the study of the chloromethylation of polysulfone and quaternary amination available anion exchange membrane.

In order to increase the varieties of the anion exchange membrane and r to achieve a particular purpose sometimes, people pay more attention to the preparation of the traditional method of anion exchange membrane for all kinds of modifier and modified, such as the selectivity of anion exchange membrane, compactness, or hydrophilic membrane with thermosensitive or photosensitive special performance, such as presented in the following :

2.1 Control of the membrane hydrophilic

Anionic radius of the hydration degree and hydration will influence all kinds of anion relative to chloride ion transport number, but the former is greater than the latter, the influence of the negative ion hydration rate and the relationship of the anion exchange membrane hydrophilic plays a significant role in the selection of a specific ion permeability.Chloromethylation of copolymer of styrene - divinyl benzene, respectively with trimethylamine,triethylamine,Tri-n-propylamineTri-n-butylamine,Tri-n-amylaminefor quaternary amination reaction.As the number of carbon atoms increase, amine of hydrophobic increases, the ion exchange membrane hydrophilic reduced.As A result, relative to Cl- , the hydration degree of anion, such as Sulfuric acid root ion andFluoride ion transference number is reduced, and the low degree of hydration of anion, such as Sulfuric acid root ion、Fluoride ion is selectively through the membrane。

When the chloromethylation of copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene and pyridine derivatives for quaternary amination reaction, pyridine ring substituent on the throne, types will influence the anion exchange membrane hydrophilic.When the second on the hydrophilic substituent, low degree of hydration of anion will difficult to pass through a membrane;When the second on the hydrophobic substituent, high degree of hydration of anion will be difficult to pass.And, the fourth of the alkyl chain length will also affect the hydrophilic membranes.

Change the hydrophilic membrane, can also in the anion exchange membrane surface composite polysoap layer, namely on the membrane surface TuJuZao butanol solution, and then after drying.The polysoap bromide, one of the alkyl for octyl, is n-dodecyl and are sixteen alkyl.With the increase of alkyl chain length, membrane hydrophilic reduced. Membrane embedded in the hydrophilic compounds can also change the hydrophilic anion exchange membrane.Hydrophilic compounds exists in the membrane phase micro domains, around the ion exchange group, membrane hydrophilic rise.T. Sata and others have glycol embedded in the anion exchange membrane, changed the hydrophilic membrane, thus different anion in the anion exchange membrane permeation selectivity and the

corresponding change.Alpha cyclodextrin similar in size to the film hole, but because of cyclodextrin containing multiple ether bond and hydroxyl, electronegativity oxygen atoms and the interaction occurs between the positively charged membrane, the alpha cyclodextrin adsorbed in the film.It influences on the ion permeation selectivity ion exchange equilibrium constant of two ions and affect their mobility ratio of synergy.

2.2 Increase the degree of crosslinking

Crosslinking agent content, on the one hand, can make increase the crosslinking degree of membrane, intercept large ion, on the other hand, the lower membrane hydrophilic, to influence the degree of hydration ion permeation selectivity.

And diamine quaternary amination reaction caused by membrane double crosslinking.High crosslinking degree is a large anion to pass.And the number of carbon atoms of the diamine also affects the hydrophilicity of membrane, the proportional relationship.

Chloromethylation of copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene with 4 - vinyl pyridine quaternary amination reaction, and the reaction of polymerization at the same time, form the ladder shape of polymer.

Chloromethylation of copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene with 4 - vinyl pyridine quaternary amination reaction

Because of pyridine group larger than the volume of trimethylamine, hydrophobic nature is strong, so the introduction of pyridine group, and form the ladder shape after polymer membrane resistance increases, ion exchange capacity decreases, the moisture content decreased.T.S ata and others in the electrodialysis process is studied in a variety of ion migration performance in this film. Because the end fundamental form became a step-like polymer membrane, membrane hydrophilic, density increased. SO relative to the chloride ion, high degree of hydration of ions, such as the SO 2-4, F - transference number decreased, and the low degree of hydration of ion NO3 -, Br - transference number increases.

Ashok K.P andey et al. have reported a high degree of crosslinking anion exchange membrane preparation of the new method, namely in polypropylene (PPE) micro stature chloromethylation of polystyrene membrane internal fixation, and then with 1, 4-2 nitrogen heterocyclic,2,2 [2] octane (DABCO) in situ crosslinking, and polymers, again make it successively and the four ethylene amylamine (Tetraethylenepentamine) amination reaction, with two br generation of p-xylene (Dibromo - p - xylene) for alkylation reaction, high crosslinking degree of anion exchange membrane [17].The density of the film is very good, even after absorbing water balance, the physical structure of film hole

will not change.So, in the process of migration of anion, its main function is the physical structure of membrane, rather than the moisture content of membrane

2.3 Form a dense surface layer

Organic ions in solution, the mobility is only half of the chloride ion, and in the membrane phase, but only one over ten.So when the solution exists in the organic anion anion exchange membrane resistance will increase, and the permeation selectivity down.According to this phenomenon, can through the membrane electrodialysis process pressure drop on both sides of the membrane was studied by the change of organic pollution resistance

T. Sata et al., the use of ferric chloride in antioxidant, formed two kinds of polypyrrole composite membrane with anion exchange membrane, the experimental process by controlling the membrane absorption of iron ion in the amount of control the amount of polypyrrole.Experiments show that the composite membrane can resistance to organic pollution.But its mechanism is not very clear, but there are two things is certain: polypyrrole is a weak base polymer, composite, reduce membrane selective adsorption of organic ions;Polypyrrole solid density,Large molecules can intercepted.

If the anion exchange membrane surface adsorption layer of anionic polyelectrolyte, would be negatively charged membrane surface, thus will exist between the membrane surface and anionic electrostatic repulsion.For different anion, by electrostatic repulsion is different, so great changes are ions between the relative number of migration.Relative chloride, sulfuric acid root ion transference number down, and nitrate ion, fluorine ions, relative bromide ion transference number increases.Anyhow, ion charge number, the more hydrated ionic radius is smaller, the greater the electrostatic repulsion of, ions, the more difficult it will be through the membrane.

When the electrolyte concentration increases, as with the invasion of ions, ion selective membrane will fall, and if appropriate surfactant on the membrane surface is fixed, can solve this problem, because the surfactant can change the charge density on the surface of the charged membrane.By the structure characteristics of surfactants, the fixed surfactant nonpolar tail pointing in the membrane layer, polar head end point to external solution.Anion exchange membrane fixed group lotus positively charged, so is fixed layer with cationic surfactants, can reduce the influence of solution concentration on membrane permeation selectivity.

2.4 grafting new groups

Stephanie Roualdes with plasma method such as silicon grafted ammonia root on PVDF membrane, membrane was prepared by raise the electric mobility of Cr (VI), suitable for processing industrial wastewater containing chromium.Keisuke Sunaga and others with electron beam irradiation of high density polyethylene to form large orifice plate membrane, produce free radicals, grafting GMA and DVB.After grafting, ring opening reaction, using DEA and EA can then for quaternary amination reaction, anion exchange membrane.Because of the existence of divinyl benzene crosslinking agent, reducing the grafted membrane expansion rate, make the film density and size stability, so as to prevent the large protein molecules into the film.

2.5 introduction of photosensitive material

Recently, the study of photosensitive compound properties has attracted broad interests. In the material or information that the light conversion and application in optical data storage and display device, such as applications are very promising.Chloromethylation of polysulfone membrane with 4-4 'league pyridine quaternary ammonium reaction, among them, 4-4' pyridine is quaternary amination agent, coupling agent.Under the light irradiation, quaternary amination of 4-4 'league pyridine there will be changes as shown in figure 2.

Quaternary amination of 4-4 'light pyridine oxidation reduction reaction

Light after ion exchange group decreased, the membrane surface will shrink, film hole is reduced, the hydrophilic membrane will decline, which affects the ion permeability;But when the film exposed to air or soak in salt solution without degassing after its return to original state.If the film has been diol swelling that is put in the degassing after balance stuck between two pieces of ITO electrode, with 500 wxe light, can produce photocurrent, photoelectric, and illumination in the process, will be changed from yellow to dark blue color, to light brown.

2.6 introduction of heat sensitive material

Poly (N - isopropyl acrylamide) is a thermal polymer, it dissolves in water at room temperature, but when the temperature is higher than its critical solution temperature (LCST), phase separation will happen.Poly (N - isopropyl acrylamide) of this nature can be used to control drug release, drug carrier and so on.

Under high temperature, N - isopropyl acrylamide affinity to strengthen, chain within different between propylene groups, enhanced hydrophobic polymer chains between priority in combination with each other, and will be turned away from the water from the polymer chain.Therefore, temperature, membrane hydrophobic, low degree of hydration of anion by priority.And, as temperatures rise, membrane water content is reduced, electrodialysis process permeate flux decreases.

Contains N - isopropyl acrylamide membrane electrodialysis method is very suitable for high temperature to remove nitrate in groundwater.If high nitrate concentration in groundwater, will harm to people's health, because it can form nitrosamines and nitrile, cause cells to poisoning.Treatment of groundwater containing nitrate by this method has the following advantages: high operational temperature, energy saving, sulfuric acid root can not precipitate in solution and membrane and maximum keep the nature of the natural water.

Contains N - isopropyl acrylamide membrane electrodialysis method is very suitable for high temperature to remove nitrate in groundwater.If high nitrate concentration in groundwater, will harm to people's health, because it can form nitrosamines and nitrile, cause cells to poisoning.Treatment of groundwater containing nitrate by this method has the following advantages: high operational temperature, energy saving, sulfuric acid root can not precipitate in solution and membrane and maximum keep the nature of the natural water.

3 New routes without chlorine methyl anion exchange membrane preparation

In traditional anion exchange membrane preparation routes, both in terms of monomer or from polymer, do need chloromethylation process, and the process need for highly toxic carcinogens chlorine methyl ether, so people have been looking for without the use of chlorine methyl ether preparation of anion exchange membrane and the new route, and formed some methods.

3.1 use of epoxide group crosslinking reaction with amine to produce the anion functional groups

Because of epoxide group is very lively, can react directly with amine compound, polymer containing epoxy groups can be made into base first get anion membrane membrane and amination.Such as ge, just will epoxypropyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, such as rubber and initiator into slurry, besmear is on enhanced net cloth, again by the pressurized polymer film-forming amination reaction in aqueous trimethylamine, IM - type 2 was strongly basic anion exchange membrane, the membraneExchange capacity of 1.8 tendency/g dry film ~ 2.2 tendency/g dry film, moisture content is 23% ~ 33%.

3.2 using polymer chlorine methyl group side chain

Due to some polymer side with chlorine methyl groups on the base, so after the film can be directly for quaternary amination anion exchange membrane.For example, the original domestic chlorohydrin rubber membrane is an example.Its production process is: with epichlorohydrin as monomer, with benzene (or toluene) as solvent, three isobutyl aluminum as the catalyst, liquid phase polymerization under atmospheric pressure and chlorohydrin rubber adhesive solution, and then besmear is on glass fiber cloth or other support, amine again into film, film forming road map as shown in figure 3, membrane exchange capacity in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 tendency/g dry film.

The roadmap chlorohydrin rubber anion exchange membrane preparation

3.3Using polymer benzene methyl groups on the side chain

Can also use the polymer of methyl benzene ring side chain in halogenating reaction and amination of crosslinking.Copper xu wen with polyphenylene oxide as raw materials such as a series of new type of Yin membrane, exchange capacity can be a tendency for 0 to 4

g dry film, because of the bromination reaction as well as in the benzene ring, also can undertake, the methyl benzene bromide raise the hydrophobic nature of membrane, the membrane resistance increases, exchange capacity is almost the same;And methyl bromide increase the hydrophilicity of membrane, membrane resistance reduction, exchange capacity increase, so the route has broken the conventional as long as the other performance parameters of the exchange capacity change as the law of the change, also can be carried out on the membrane of a single parameter adjustment, is suitable for various occasions.This film can also be through the ontology of chemical crosslinking of polyamine membrane mechanical stability enhancement, on the basis of the exchange capacity, change the density degree of membrane and hydrophilicity, and through the surface of the ammonia crosslinking to further improve its ion selectivity.If with triethylamine instead of trimethylamine quaternary amination reaction, membrane hydrophobic increase, the hydration enthalpy of ion such as fluorine ion selective is reduced, the low hydration enthalpy of nitrate ions such as selective enhancement, therefore this new line can be regulated by bromine generation location and bromine content, surface and the crosslinking degree of the main body, the length of the chain quaternary ammonium groups fat and endowed with ion exchange membrane, the performance of different for different occasions, such as bipolar membrane electrodialysis and diffusion dialysis, hydrolyzed from the process, even can be used as a Dutch positive pressure driven membrane, etc.

3.4 using long chain halide methyl halide alkyl ether do methylation reagent The method and the difference between conventional chloromethylation method used by chloromethylation reagent is a long chain of chlorine methyl ether.Because of the long chain of chlorine methyl ether has characteristics of high boiling point, low onset and now have not found their carcinogenicity, so its preparation technology is relatively

safe.Warshawsky put forward by the use of long chain chlorine methyl ether as chloromethylation reagent, halogen methyl alkyl ether synthesis method is as follows.

Generated according to the experiments of two chlorine methyl ether (BCME) show halogen methyl octyl ether is a kind of very good bittern methylation reagent.On this basis, they are using this new type of halogen methylation reagent will polysulfone halide methylation, amination reaction after the film, so as to produce anion exchange membrane.

3.5 using the Friedel - Crafts acetoxylation method

This method avoids the use of chlorine methyl ether and other carcinogens, and eliminating the methylene side effects such as secondary crosslinking.Institute of chemistry, Chinese academy of sciences Xu Hui et al. studied by Friedel - Crafts acyl reaction on the crosslinked polystyrene introduces acetyl groups, and then prepared by bromination and amination reaction anion exchange https://www.360docs.net/doc/a1764685.html,ter, wang qiang people such as the method is improved, which selects the acetyl chloride to functionalization of crosslinked polystyrene, then via amination/quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin.Because of acetyl groups on the benzene ring have passivation, so not easy to

happen in the electrophilic substitution to replace, the structure is clear.In addition, chlorine methyl benzene and benzene chloride acetyl groups had similar conjugate structure are prone to amine solution reactions.Taken together, this is a kind of material security, simple steps in the preparation of anion exchange resin, the method of preparation of anion exchange membrane can draw lessons from this approach.For the stability of the anion exchange membrane, T.S ata et al., specializes in the alkali resistance under high temperature.Study shows that the anion exchange membrane usually with ion exchange group N - methyl - pyridine group and benzyl trimethyl ammonium groups, the former is more easy to degrade lose ion exchange capacity, the latter will also lose ion exchange capacity, and some become weakly basic anion exchange groups.And, with different hydrophobic three alkoxy benzyl ammonium ion exchange group anion exchange membrane, membrane ion exchange capacity loss will be increased with the increase of with the length of alkyl chain become apparent, the most stable anion exchange group is benzyl trimethyl ammonium groups.

4 organic-inorganic anion exchange membrane In the late 1980 s, organic polymer and inorganic materials at the molecular level is the combination of starting to attract the people's interests.Since then, organic-inorganic hybrid materials has caused wide public concern in the field of material science, because they can be set to the unique advantages of organic and inorganic materials.And they have been developed in the field of ion exchange membrane.Because the organic-inorganic hybrid membrane can set the advantages of inorganic and organic membranes, and overcome the shortcomings of their own, to a certain extent, so the research of organic-inorganic hybrid membranes become more and more attracted people's attention. At present, the overseas for more attention in the research on the emerging membrane train of thought, but this report is not many in our country.Wu and other technology of the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid membranes are reviewed, the main method is the sol-gel method.At present, the organic-inorganic hybrid materials, the preparation of hybrid membrane has been reported a lot of literature, most of them are with reactive group of silane coupling agent, reaction with polymer containing reactive or precursor, then carries on the sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid membrane reaction system.For example: including amineSilane coupling agent with containing chloride or acid anhydride group of organic monomer reaction;Containing different acrylic acid ester group of silane coupling agent and polyethylene glycol (peg) or polymer containing epoxy group, reaction, and Mihai Barboiu and others with silane coupling agent containing chlorine and organic monomer containing amino reaction in the preparation of sol-gel https://www.360docs.net/doc/a1764685.html,pared with the hybrid membranes are not charged, hybrid anion exchange membrane or positive research about hybrid membrane.So far, the reports of hybrid anion exchange membrane is few.In 1997, Yining Shi and others attempt by TEOS sol- gel reaction to poly real (vinylbenzyltrimethylammoniumchloride)], [poly real (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)] such as lotus positively charged polyelectrolyte embedded silica in the network, made with anion exchange performance of composite materials.In this kind of material, no covalent bonds between organic and inorganic components are linked together, so its compatibility is bad.That same year, Makoto Kogure and others have reported using sol-gel method or

liquid phase coupling of organic - inorganic anion exchange membrane.The preparation method is based on micro porous aluminium support body, through four ethoxy silane and silane coupling agent 2 - (preparation silicon) ethyl - 2 - pyridineBaton rouge - 2 - (2 - (Trimethoxysilyl) pyridine) or silicon propyl chloride, N - three oxygen radicals - N, N, ammonium N - three oxygen radicals(N - trimethoxysilylpropyl - N, N, N - trimethylammonium chloride) formed on the surface of the sol-gel reaction between hybrid YinIon exchange membrane.In this case, the organic and inorganic components though linked by covalent bonds between components, good compatibility, but because the preparation method is based on small molecule alkoxy silane as raw material, content of the organic composition in sol-gel products is less, so the flexibility of the film is not high,Thus limiting the application fields of the Dutch positive hybrid membrane.In addition, Pei Tien et al in 2001 reported a by four methoxy silane (TMOS) and N - silicon propyl three oxygen radicals - N, N, N - trimethyl ammonium chloride (N - trimethoxysilylpropyl - N, N, N - trimethylammonium chloride, TMSPTMA) as the precursor, by sol-gel method of anion exchange material, as shown in figure 4.This material has the ability of optical transparency, chloride ion selective.It is worth noting that the charge on the surface of the electrical properties and load capacity will change as the change of pH value.So this kind of material has been developed in the charged surface of capillary electrophoresis and potentiometric sensors (ptentiometric sensor) of anion exchange

layer.

With TMOS and TMSPTMA as precursor of anion exchange materials

In this context, the author's laboratory recently conducted a hybrid anion exchange membrane research, preparation of hybrid anion exchange membrane design several plan: plan a is divided into four steps, the first step is an excess toluene 2, 4 different acrylic acid ester (TDI) and polyethylene glycol (PEO) reaction, make the PEO sealing;Step 2 use sealing side the rest of the PEO molecules on different acrylic acid ester group and N - beta - aminoethyl - gamma - ammonia propyl silane (A - 1120) three oxygen radicals on the hydrogen transfer reaction, primary amine groups was made A - 1120 crosslinked to PEO molecules;The third step is to use bromine ethane quaternary ammonium reaction, the fourth step of the sol-gel reaction (sol - gel), both the organic composition of PEO after coating is dry, and Si oxide inorganic composition of positive hybrid membrane [54].Scheme 2 is the preparation of certain molecular weight polyacrylic acid methyl ester (PMA) as an organic matrix, the use of ester amine solution of reaction to A - 1120 grafted onto the PMA, then later quaternary ammonium reaction and sol-gel reaction (sol - gel), after coating is dry lotus positive hybrid membrane .Scheme 3 is methyl bromide PPO as

matrix, and then use its primary amine groups (A1110) grafted to the polymer chain, then the subsequent quaternary ammonium reaction and sol-gel (sol - gel) reaction, the preparation of the corresponding hybrid membrane [66], should be mentioned is the plan will be the preparation of hybrid anion exchange membrane with our existing homogeneous anion exchange membrane preparation route organic union, is greatly enrich the research contents of membrane material, implements a pluripotent.

4 Conclusion

Traditional - styrene divinylbenzene cross-linking type organic anion exchange membrane system from preparation to application has been gradually perfect, the current research emphasis should be focused on the development of new materials and application, by modifying the existing organic anion exchange membrane and modification research so that it has more performance, play a more important role.In the preparation of anion exchange membrane to do not use chlorine methyl ether, the technical route of most highly praise in the direction of sustainable development.And hybrid organic anion exchange membrane as a new approach to the membrane, with its unique advantages, not only makes the performance of the traditional anion exchange membrane qualitative change in certain aspects, but also greatly broaden the application field of organic anion exchange membrane, so its development in the field of membrane technology is of great potential.Hope that the domestic film scientific workers can to this work, the relevant departments at all levels can give key support project in subject, jointly improve the technology to a new level.

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Ion Exchange and Adsorption 2006 年8 月·384·

REVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANION EXCHANGE

MEMBRANES’PREPARATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS

ZHANG Shaoling 1 XU Tongwen 1** LIU Zhaoming 2

1 Lab of Functional Membrane, School of Chemistry and material Science,

University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

2 Key lab of Ocean Chemical Engineering of Shandong, Souguang 262737, Shandong, hina Abstract: Ion exchange membranes have been used for many purposes, such as desalination of

brackish water and recovery of valuable metals from the effluents of metal-plating industry. The

aim of this paper is to review the modification of organic anion exchange membranes and the

research on organic-inorganic (hybrid) anion exchange membranes and the special concerns will

be given to the anion exchange membrane without chloromethyl methyl ether as chloromethylation reagent.

Key words: Anion exchange membrane; Polymeric anion exchange membrane; Hybrid anion

exchange membrane; Modification; Chloromethylation; Permselectivity.

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建筑工程模板安装施工

建筑工程模板安装施工 发表时间:2018-09-11T09:22:48.440Z 来源:《建筑模拟》2018年第16期作者:秦百灵[导读] 随着中国建筑业的快速发展,建筑模板技术应运而生,并得到越来越广泛的应用。建筑模板技术不仅可以有效提高施工效率,还可以提高施工项目的质量。 身份证号:4128271964****2512 青海西宁 810000 摘要:随着中国建筑业的快速发展,建筑模板技术应运而生,并得到越来越广泛的应用。建筑模板技术不仅可以有效提高施工效率,还可以提高施工项目的质量。最重要的作用是弥补中国建筑技术的不足,加快中国建筑业的发展,取得显着成效。近年来,我国研制成功了液压自动爬模技术,并在建筑行业得到广泛应用,由此我国建筑工程模板技术跨入了一个新时代。建筑工程施工中,模板常常会大面积大规模地使用,模板安装和施工技术的质量通常会影响整个建筑结构的质量。因此,研究建设项目模板的施工过程具有重要意义。关键词:建筑工程;模板;施工;控制 1、建筑工程模板施工技术概述 模板工程的施工过程是指工程模板和支架的准备、安装、监护、移位和拆除等。其中的模板工程在装拆方式上有散装散拆、整装整拆等。装配拆卸和移位操作是模板工艺的主要部分,并以其为主导形成模板工艺的主要技术和施工特点。模板工程的标准化要求提高施工技术的保证水平和综合施工水平,这是模板施工标准化的前提和条件。模板工程的配置、安装、移位和拆卸的工艺步骤占主导地位。不同的模板支架组装和拆卸方法各有其优缺点和适用范围。在设计和施工过程中,有必要根据不同的工程对象和工程部件进行选择,并选择最佳的不断改进的支撑方法。模板施工是混凝土成型施工中不可或缺的环节之一。施工的目的是确保工程结构和部件的形状和尺寸,并确保相对位置的准确性。因此,模板必须首先具有足够的强度和刚度,具有稳定、易于安装和拆卸等优点。此外,它还需要具有表面光滑整齐、接缝紧密、无泄漏的特点。高层建筑的模板施工要求更高,更复杂,因此有必要高度重视模板的施工工作。 2、建筑工程模板安装 2.1垫层模板 ①在准备进行安装时,要先检查基础中心线和标高是不是符合标准,当侧模板垂直度和标高都符合标准之后,借助支撑和斜撑来加固,保证适当的侧压力稳定性和刚度。②做好独立基础底板砼垫层浇捣后,根据图纸做好基础放线,在混凝土垫层上弹出独立基础的外边线,接下来的模板制作及安装工作就在所弹的墨线以外进行。 2.2基础梁模板 ①夯实基础梁底土方后,用1:3水泥砂浆,采用砖砌胎模,为利于砼浇捣,每边砌粘土实心砖按承台的宽度至孔桩标高。②梁两侧边线先在垫层上弹出,梁的宽度一般不大而跨度较大,拼装后组成基础梁外侧的模板,侧模根据边线的大小,确保垂直度和标高都正确之后,借助斜撑和支撑进行加固。 2.3构造柱模板 ①外墙构造柱。外墙构造柱的模板尺寸,在墙上按垂直高度每隔400~500mm间距穿φ12螺栓,应根据图纸中构造柱加上砖马牙槎每边60mm制作,将配好的模板安装在构造柱部位,在其中一边下部留150~200cm的垃圾清除孔。为防漏浆,用海绵粘贴模板帖墙处。②内墙构造柱。内墙与外墙构造柱支模手段大体上是一致的,他们不一样的地方就是不用楞木作箍,而是使用螺栓,用楞木组成柱箍,在构造柱两边砌砖时留的孔洞中穿过楞木。其它施工采用的是外墙构造柱的施工手段。 2.4安装柱模板 ①井字形钢管架在柱模板安装时先搭设好,柱模外边与井字形钢管架横管留50mm左右空隙。在柱模上口中心线拉通线来校正中间的柱模,同在一条直线上两头的柱模应先校正,借助锤球来看是不是已经垂直,经检查如果是垂直的,再用木楔塞紧,用柱箍箍紧后用支撑钉牢固定。②柱比较高,尽管断面尺寸比较小,但是在准备进行安装时要先按弹出十字交叉线和四周边线组合定型模板。 2.5安装墙板模板 ①安装墙体模板时,选择的是两侧模板拼装的方法,先按中心线在基层上向两侧弹出墙体两侧边线,按边线尺寸垂直竖立,侧模对准边线,借助斜撑和支撑,确定侧模板垂直度和标高都正确之后将其钉牢,达到稳固。②墙体内加螺栓撑头支撑,墙体模板由侧板、横档、立板、水平撑和螺栓组成,以保证墙体的厚度。 2.6圈梁模板 ①一般除窗口及其他个别地方是架空外,因为圈梁断面小但很长的特点,均搁置在墙上。故主要由侧板和相应的卡具组成圈梁模板。 ②圈梁的支模工作还是不难完成的,支模工作在内墙面弹出统一的+50cm标高线后进行,然后根据这条线来确定圈梁高度。 2.7梁模板 ①构造上对于由主次梁的模板还有特殊要求,在两侧模板外面,应根据楼板的标高在次梁模板钉上托木,主梁与次梁交接处,需要在主梁侧板上保留缺口,并钉上衬口档,次梁和底板的侧板就钉在衬口档上。②梁模板由侧模、底模、夹木及支撑系统组成,梁的跨度较大而宽度一般不大,底模板和侧模板使用的是18mm厚胶合板,用木档拼制好,边线由在基层上弹出的梁中心线向两侧量出,根据四周边线的大小让侧模板对准边线,并垂直竖立,当侧模板垂直度和标高都符合标准之后,借助支撑和斜撑来加固,保证适当的侧压力稳定性和刚度。 2.8楼板模板的安装 水平线的标高为楼板标高减去楼板底模厚度及楞木高度,安装模板时,在主、次梁模板两侧板外侧弹出水平线,然后按水平线钉上托木,水平线与托木上皮平齐。 3、建筑工程模板拆除技术要点 3.1及时拆除模扳 ①侧模、柱模拆除时的混凝土强度应能保证其表面及棱角不受损伤。 ②模板拆除时,不应对楼层形成冲击荷载。拆除的模板和支架宜分散堆放并及时清运。

建筑工程模板工程施工方案

1.编制依据:1.编制依据 2.工程概况2.1设计概况

2.2结构平面图(详见设计图) 3.施工安排 3.1施工部位及工期要求 3.1.1本工程分为主楼和地下车库两部分,施工按后浇带划分流水段,进行流水施工。 3.1.2工期要求:本工程计划工期2010年6月13日至2012年12月30日,总工期932日历天,由于征地问题迟迟未得到解决,计划2012年8月30日结构封顶。

3.2劳动组织及职责分工 3.2.1模板工程负责人: 3.2.2根据工程特点和工期要求,模板工程中地下室墙、柱、顶板、梁模板需要投入大量的人力,安排具体管理和施工人员如下: 3.2.3模板工程施工人员在技术、生产负责人进行完详细的交底之后才能开始正式施工。模板工程负责人应提前熟悉图纸,明确各结构部位的特点和模板施工的要求,然后组织工人进行下料和拼装。木工应在专业负责人的指导下,按要求搭设模板支撑系统并支设模板,在操作过程中应注意控制各项偏差。普工则负责配合木工完成模板的加工和安装工作,其主要任务是配合木工以保证工序的连续性。 4.施工准备 4.1技术准备 4.1.1相关人员熟悉图纸及设计变更洽商,分析各结构构件的特点以确定使用模板材料和支撑系统,在此过程中注意施工难点和较特殊部位对模板支设的要求。 4.1.2编制施工方案和技术交底等技术资料,用以作为工人施工的依据和质量控制的标准。

4.1.3组织有关管理人员和劳务人员进行培训,组织各级施工人员学习有关技术规范、操作规程、工艺标准、质量验评标准及相关新技术、新材料、新工艺,并组织相应的技术培训。 4.1.4在模板设计过程中着重对梁柱接头、高柱、超高顶板等部位的考虑并制定相应技术措施。 4.2生产准备 4.2.1机具准备 施工前准备模板工程所需的各种机械并组织进场和调试以确保正常使用。主要机械列表如下: 4.2.2材料准备 4.2.2.1各种模板材料提前做计划并提交材料部门进行采购和组织进场。 4.2.2.2木方进场要对其规格、材质、外观、含水率等指标进行验收,不合格的不允许进场。 4.2.2.3多层板进场时检查出厂合格证、规格尺寸等内容,以确保与施工要求相一致。 4.2.2.4碗扣架子和钢管扣件、可调顶托、支座等及时租赁进场备用。 4.2.2.5模板、支撑、龙骨、隔离剂采购和进场安排。 模板、支撑、龙骨的需要数量见下页表,工程部提供计划,技术质量部控制质量。

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