形容词 副词 数词解析

(一)形容词和副词概述
形容词是指那些用来描述或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。一般放在其所修饰的名词之前。在句中用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。多数形容词具有比较等级。副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、句子以及其他副词的词。在形式上,许多副词带有后缀ly。形容词、副词是中学英语重要语法项目,也是中考重要考查内容。考查重点是:
(1)考查形容词与副词区别。形容词与副词均属修饰性词类,但因被修饰内容有所不同而具备不同的用法,中考非常注重对此进行考查,在单项选择题中出现了大量此类试题。
(2)考查“级”的范围。两个事物进行比较应使用比较级,三个或三个以上事物进行比较应使用最高级。
(3)考查比较级、最高级的注意点:①同类事物进行比较。②将主语排除在被比较的范围之外的比较,因为主语只能和他人或他物相比,而不能和自己相比。③使用最高级时应将主语包含在最高级的范围之内,否则离开这个范围,主语便不能成为这个范围中的最高级。
(4)考查比较级的重要句型。比较级有许多热点句型:from bad to worse/worse and worse(每况愈下);more and more(越来越多的,越来越……);the+比较级,the+比较级(越……越……)。
(5)考查as...as同级比较句型。
(6)考查比较级的程度修饰语。比较级的程度修饰语有:much,a 1ot,even,still,a bit,a little等。
(7)考查易混形容词与副词的区别

(二)基础知识梳理
1.形容词的用法和位置
1)形容词作表语,表明主语的性质和特征,放在连系动词之后。如:
Computers are very useful in our everyday life.
Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
2)形容词作定语,修饰名词或不定代词,通常放在名词之前,不定代词之后。如:
This is an unhealthy diet.
There is nothing important in today’s newspaper.
3)形容词作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后,与其构成复合宾语。如:
You should keep your classroom clean and tidy.
I found it difficult to get on well with the manager.

2.副词的用法和位置
1)副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。根据其用途与含义,副词可分为下列六大类:
(1)时间副词。常用的有:ago,before,now,then,soon,already,yet等。
(2)地点副词。常用的有:here,there,up,down,above,below,inside,outside等。
(3)疑问副词。常见的有:where,when,why,how等。
(4)程度副词。常见的有:very,much,so,too,quite,enough等。
(5)方

式副词。多由“形容词+ly”后缀构成。如:carefully,quickly,easily,quietly等。
(6)频度副词。常用的有:always,often,sometimes,usually,hardly,never等。
2)副词在句中主要用作状语。也可充当定语、表语等。如:
It’s snowing heavily outside.(状语,修饰动词)
I have never heard such a beautiful voice.(状语,修饰动词)
unluckily, he failed in this physics exam again.(状语,修饰整个句子)
He was too excited to say a word.(状语,修饰形容词)
Class is over.(表语)
The weather here is different from that of Singapore.(定语)
3)程度副词通常位于被修饰的形容词副词之前,但enough则要放在后面。如:
It was much more freezing today than yesterday.
He ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him.
We got up early enough to catch the first bus.
4)频度副词通常位于行为动词之前,be动词、助动词和情态动词之后,但一般不放在句末。如:
I have never been late for class.
You must always work like that.
5)几个副词同时出现时,其顺序一般为:方式副词+地点副词+时间副词(也可位于句首)。

3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成分为三种类型:
1)在大多数单音节词和少数双音节词的词尾加er,est。
(1)一般情况在词尾加-er,est。如:hard harder hardest
(2)以字母e结尾的只加-r,-st。如:large larger largest
(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先改y为i,再加-er,est。如:healthy healthier healthiest
(4)单元音单辅音结尾的重读闭音节,先双写该辅音,再加-er,est。如:thin thinner thinnest
注:词尾为ow,er,le结尾的双音节词都采用这种形式。如:
narrow narrower narrowest
clever cleverer cleverest
simple simpler simplest
2)在多音节和部分双音节词的词前加more,most。另外,由过去分词转化而成的形容词,不论多少个音节都用这种形式。如:
serious more serious most serious
popular more popular most popular
tired more tired most tired
pleased more pleased most pleased
3)不规则变化:
good/well better best
bad/ill/badly worse worst
many/much more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
4.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法
1)同级比较。常用句型为:
肯定结构:as+形容词(副词)原级+ as
否定结构:not so (as)+形容词(副词)原级+as如: Our garden is as beautiful as theirs.
Jane didn't write as/so carefully

as her elder sister.
上述本句型前可以有表示倍数或分数的修饰语,如:This room is three times as large as that one.
2)程度不等的比较,常与than连用,其基本句型是: A+形容词(副词)比较级+ than B
如:
Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. Which do you like better, strawberries or grapes?
3)最高级。最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较,其结构是:
the+形容词(副词)最高级+比较范围(of/among/in短语) 如: Spring is the best season in Shanghai.
David is the cleverest among the three brothers. Tom jumps (the) farthest of all the students.
注:副词的最高级前the可以省略。
5.学习比较等级时的—些注意事项
1)比较的对象应当一致。如:
It's hotter in Guangzhou than Beijing.(误)
It's hotter in Guangzhou than in Beijing.(正)
A woman's heart beats faster than a man.(误)
A woman's heart beats faster than a man’s.(正)
2)不能与自身相比较。应借助other或else来表达排除。
如:
Beckham is more popular than any football player in the world.(误) Beckham is more popular than any other football player in the world(正)
Beckham is more popular than all the other football players in the world.(正)
Beckham is more popular than any football player, else in the world.(正)
Beckham is the most popular football player in the world.(正)
3)形容词和副词的比较级前可以用以下单词来修饰:much, even, far, a bit, a little, a lot,still等。
This pair of shoes is even cheaper.
The new textbook is a little thicker than the old one.
He is five years younger than I.
4)在比较级的句子中出现“of the two”之类的结构时,比较级前也需加定冠词the。如:
He is the shorter of the two boys.
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
5)“比较级+ and+比较级”结构,表示“越来越……”,多音节词则要用“more+ and+more+原级”。如:
A block of ice is becoming smaller and smaller.
I am more and more interested in history.
6)“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,表示“越是……就越”。如:
The sooner, the better.(越快越好。)
The busier he is, the happier he feels.


数词:

(一)数词概述
英语的数词可以分为基数词和序数词两大类。基数词表示数目的多少,如:three,thirty,forty-nine等。而序数词表示的则是这些数目的顺序,如:third,thirtieth,forty-ninth等。数词与不定代词很相似,其用法相当于名词与形容词。中考对数词的考查主要是数词的“复数形式”的应用、分数的构成形式以及词形变化中的基数词转换为序数词。当表示确

切的数目时,hundred,thousand,million等数词用单数形式;表达不具体的数目,如成百上千,成千上万等时,hundred,thousand等数词用复数形式,且在其后加介词of。英语中的分数是由“基数词+序数词”构成的。分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示,分子大于“1”时,作为分母的序数词要用复数形式。基数词转换为序数词常在词形转换中考查,要特别记住某些序数词的一些特殊变化形式。如:one——first, two——second, three——third, five——fifth, eight——eighth, nine——ninth, twelve——twelfth, twenty——twentieth等等。
(二)基础知识梳理
1.基数词
1)基数词表示数量。13~19的基数词都以-teen结尾,如:thirteen,nineteen等。20~90十位数的整数都以-ty结尾,如:twenty,ninety等。
2)表示两位数词时,十位与个位之间要加连字符。三位以上的数词,在百位数与后两位数之间,要用and连接。如:four hundred and ninety-seven。注意,千位数与百位数之间用逗号分开,如:five thousand,three hundred and twenty。
3)在表示一个具体的数目时,hundred,thousand,million都要用单数形式。如:several hundred,two thousand,ten million等。在表示大概数目时,则用hundreds of,thousands of,millions of。
4)数词与其他词构成复合形容词时,其中的名词要用单数形式。如:an eight-cent-stamp, a three-month-old baby。
2.序数词
1)序数词表示顺序,使用时一般前面要加定冠词。基数词变序数词有一定的规律,下面的口诀可帮助你记忆:
基变序有规律,123特殊记。
th要从4加起,8减t,9去e。
ty变成tie,ve要用f替。
若要变为几十几,只变个位就可以。
2)有时序数词前不用定冠词,表示“再一、又一”的意思。如:
Soon the Greens had a second child--a son.很快格林夫妇又有了一个孩子——一个儿子。
3.分数,小数和百分比
1)表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母须用复数形式。如:
1/2上读作one half或a half, 1/4读作one fourth或a quarter,2/3读作two-thirds, 3 2/5读作three and two-fifths。
2)读小数时,小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同,小数点读作“point”,小数点后只需将数字一一读出。如15.07读作fifteen point zero seven。
3) 百分数的读法为:先读基数词,再读百分号。如5%读作five percent。
4.年份和日期
1)年份的读法为每两位数读一个词。如:
1950读作nineteen fifty
1800读作eighteen hundred
2000读作two thousand
2)日期的读法有两种
(1)先月后日,日子要读成

序数词。如:9月29日可读作September (the) twenty-ninth
(2)先日后月,在月份之前加Of。 如:9月29日也可读作the twenty-ninth of September
3)年月日同时出现,年代放在最后,年代前用逗号隔开。如:2005年2月1日可写成the first of February ,2005或February( the) first, 2005
5.时间和钟点
6:00读作six (o'clock)
7:30读作seven thirty/half past seven
9:45读作nine forty-five/a quarter to ten
2:15读作two fifteen/a quarter past two
6.编号的表达
1)事物名词(不加冠词)+基数词。如:Lesson One,Part Three,Channel Five,Gate Nine,,World War Ⅱ
2)定冠词+序数词+事物名词。如:the first lesson,the third part,the fifth channel,the ninth gate,the Second World War
7.加减乘除的英语表达
plus/and加,minus减,time/multiplied by乘,divided by除。如:
1)12 +8=? How much is twelve plus/and eight?
2)40—11=29, Forty minus eleven is/equals twenty nine.
3)3×6 =18, Three times six is/equals eighteen.
4)56÷7=? How much is fifty-six divided by seven?

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