2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析

法律类

GOING BACK AND GETTING IT RIGHT

By almost every measure, Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last we ek the San Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try suspect Charl es Andrew Williams, 15, as an adult for the Santana High School shootings. Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that m andates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.

So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A. in the U.S. to launch his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June, Pfingst told his atto rneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words, he wanted to revisit past victo ries--this time playing for the other team. "I think people misunderstand being cons ervative for being biased," says Pfingst. "I consider myself a pragmatic guy, and I have no interest in putting innocent people in jail."

Around the U.S., flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheere d his move. Among prosecutors, however, there was an awkward pause. After all, each DNA test costs as much as $5,000. Then there's the unspoken risk: if dozen s of innocents turn up, the D.A. will have indicted his shop.

But nine months later, no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted. O nly the rare case merits review. Pfingst's team considers convictions before 1993, when the city started routine DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has been released. Of the 560 remaining files, they have re-examined 200, looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still claim innocence.

They have identified three so far. The most compelling involves a man serving 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were t here at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the victim's shirt--too small a sample to test in 1991. Today that spot could free a man. Test results are due any day. Inspired by San Diego, 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA a udits.

By Amanda Ripley ez ncisco sijevic rtwell; Lisa McLaughlin; Joseph Pierro; Jos h Tyrangiel and Sora Song

注(1)本文选自Time; 03/19/2001, Vol. 157 Issue 11, p62, 1p, 2c, 3bw

注(2)本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1.

1.How did Pfingst carry out his own Innocence Project?

[A]By getting rid of his bias against the suspects.

[B]By revisiting the past victories.

[C]By using the newly developed DNA-testing tools.

[D]By his cooperation with his attorneys.

2.Which of the following can be an advantage of Innocence Project?

[A]To help correct the wrong judgments.

[B]To oust the unqualified prosecutors.

[C]To make the prosecutors in an awkward situation.

[D]To cheer up the defense attorneys and their jailed clients.

3.The expression “flabbergasted”(Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means __ _____.

[A]excited

[B]competent

[C]embarrassed

[D]astounded

4.Why was Pfingst an unsentimental prosecutor?

[A]He intended to try a fifteen-year old suspect.

[B]He had no interest in putting the innocent in jail.

[C]He supported the controversial California law.

[D]He wanted to try suspect as young as fourteen.

5.Which of the following is not true according to the text?

[A]Pfingst?s move didn?t have a great coverage.

[B] Pfingst?s move had both the positive and negative effect.

[C] Pfingst?s move didn?t work well.

[D]Pfingst?s move greatly encouraged the jailed prisoners.

篇章剖析

本文采用的是记叙文的模式。第一段指出芬斯特作为一位铁面无私的检查官的一些做法；第二段指出芬斯特实施“清白计划”的打算及做法；第三段指出实施“清白计划”造成的反应以及可能存在的问题；第四段和第五段是实施“清白计划”的结果和影响。

词汇注释

prosecutor [5prRsIkju:tE(r)]n.检察官,检察员,起诉人,原告

controversial [kRntrE5v:F(E)l]adj.争论的, 争议的

mandate [5mAndeIt]v.批准制订一个训令，如通过法律；发布命令或要求：

wager [5weIdVE(r)]v.下赌注, 保证

conviction [kEn5vIkF(E)n]n.定罪, 宣告有罪

unravel[Qn5rAv(E)l]v. 阐明, 解决

flabbergast[5flAbE^B:st; (?@) -^Ast]v.使大吃一惊, 哑然失色, 使目瞪口呆

indict[In5daIt]v.起诉, 控告, 指控, 告发

bust[bQst]v.破产或缺钱

oust[aJst]v.剥夺, 取代, 驱逐

discard[dI5skB:d]v.抛开；遗弃；废弃

molest[mE5lest]v.骚乱, 困扰, 调戏

saliva[sE5laIvE]n.口水, 唾液

难句突破

1.Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.

主体句式：…Pfingst had stood behind …

结构分析：Even before the tragedy是本句的时间状语；主句是Pfingst had stood be hind…;that 引导的宾语从句修饰law;在从句中，as…as是一词组，意思是“和…一样”；出现的第三个as是介词，意思是“作为”。

句子译文：甚至在这场悲剧发生之前芬斯特就支持加利福尼亚州的一项颇有争议的法律。这项法律规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的最低年龄可以降到十四岁。

题目分析

1.答案为C，属事实细节题。文中对应信息“Pfingst told his attorneys to go back ov er old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed D NA-testing tools.”是对第二段第一句的补充说明。

2.答案为A，属推理判断题。从上下文我们可以得知，实施“清白计划”就是使用先进的DNA技术来重新审理过去的案件当中可能存在的冤案错案。

3.答案为D, 属猜词题。从第二段第一句话我们得知芬斯特可能是美国第一个实施非常独特的“清白计划”的人，因此他的做法很可能是令人感到吃惊的，从而可猜出该词的含义。

4.答案为B，属推理判断题。从第一段和第二段给出的事例我们可以看出，芬斯特不愿放过任何一个犯罪的人，即便他的年龄还不算大；他也不愿使无辜者蒙冤，即便案件已经审理。

5.答案为C，属推理判断题。正因为“Pfingst?s move works well”,美国才又有“ten ot her counties are starting DNA audits”,而且，“no budgets have been busted or prose cutors ousted”.

教育类

PLIGHT OF THE PRESCHOOLERS

How do they beat the odds?

Competition for admission to the country's top private schools has always been tough, but this year Elisabeth Krents realized it had reached a new level.

Her wake-up call came when a man called the Dalton School in Manhattan, w here Krents is admissions director, and inquired about the age cutoff for their kinde rgarten program. After providing the information (they don't use an age cutoff), she asked about the age of his child. The man paused for an uncomfortably long time before answering. "Well, we don't have a child yet," he told Krents. "We're trying t o figure out when to conceive a child so the birthday is not a problem."

School obsession is spreading from Manhattan to the rest of the country. Preci se current data on private schools are unavailable, but interviews with representativ es of independent and religious schools all told the same story: a glut of applicant

s, higher rejection rates. "We have people calling us for spots two years down the road," said Marilyn Collins of the Seven Hills School in Cincinnati. "We have gran dparents calling for pregnant daughters."

Public-opinion poll after poll indicates that Americans' No. 1 concern is educati on. Now that the long economic boom has given parents more disposable income, many are turning to private schools, even at price tags of well over $10,000 a yea r. "We're getting applicants from a broader area, geographically, than we ever have in the past," said Betsy Haugh of the Latin School of Chicago, which experienced a 20 percent increase in applications this year.

The problem for the applicants is that while demand has increased, supply has not. "Every year, there are a few children who do not find places, but this year, f or the first time that I know of, there are a significant number of children who don' t have places," said Krents, who also heads a private-school admissions group in New York.

So what can parents do to give their 4-year-old an edge? Schools know there is no foolproof way to pick a class when children are so young. Many schools giv e preference to siblings or alumni children.

Some use lotteries. But most rely on a mix of subjective and objective measur es: tests that at best identify developmental maturity and cognitive potential, intervie ws with parents and observation of applicants in classroom settings. They also wan t a diverse mix. Children may end up on a waiting list simply because their birthda ys fall at the wrong time of year, or because too many applicants were boys.

The worst thing a parent can do is to pressure preschoolers to perform--for ex ample, by pushing them to read or do math exercises before they're ready. Instead, the experts say, parents should take a breath and look for alternatives. Another y ear in preschool may be all that's needed. Parents, meanwhile, may need a more open mind about relatively unknown private schools--or about magnet schools in th e public system. There's no sign of the private-school boom letting up. Dalton's spr ing tours, for early birds interested in the 2001-2002 school year, are filled. The w ait list? Forget it. That's closed, too.

By Pat Wingert Newsweek; 05/15/2000, Vol. 135 Issue 20, p76, 2/3p, 1c

注(1) ：本文选自Newsweek ，05/15/2000, p76

1.The author uses the examples to show __________.

[A]the concern of Americans

[B]the charm of the private schools

[C]the fierce situation for preschoolers

[D]the economic situation of American families

2.What is implied in Paragraph 4?

[A]The harsh way of forming a class.

[B]The high expectation of the parents.

[C]The wise selection of the school.

[D]The difficulty of getting enrolled.

3.The author ? s attitude toward this event is __________.

[A]indifferent

[B]apprehensive

[C]supportive

[D]indignant

4.Instead of giving their children great pressure to outperform, the parents shou ld ______.

[A]avoid the competition and wait for another year

[B]give up their first choice and go to the unknown school

[C]let their children be and do what they want to do

[D]deal with the matter more casually and rethink the situation

5.The text intends to express _________.

[A]the popularity of the private schools

[B]parents ? worry about their children ? s schooling

[C]the plight of the preschoolers

[D]the severe competition in going to school

篇章剖析

本文采用提出问题--- 分析问题的模式。文章以实例作为切入点，着重阐述了学龄前儿童所面临的困境。第一段和第二段指出家长对子女教育问题的关注；第三段指出儿童入学难这一现象及其原因；第四段指出一些学校的招生办法以及有些学生无法入学的原因；第五段指出父母应该怎么做。

词汇注释

wake-up call ( 宾馆提供的) 唤醒服务，叫早服务

kindergarten [kIndE5^B:t(E)n] n. 幼儿园adj. 幼儿园的, 初级的, 启蒙阶段的

figure out v. 合计为, 计算出, 解决, 断定, 领会到

conceive [kEn5si:v] v. 怀孕, 考虑, 设想

obsession [Eb5seF(E)n] n. 迷住, 困扰

glut [^lQt] n. 供应过剩；充斥

edge [edV] n. 刀口, 利刃, 锋, 优势, 边缘, 优势, 尖锐give an edge to 加剧, 使尖锐化；鼓舞, 使兴奋；给( 刀等) 开刃, 使锋利

foolproof [5fu:lpru:f] adj. 十分简单的, 十分安全的, 极坚固的

sibling[5sIblIN] n. 兄弟, 姐妹, 同胞, 同属

alumni [E`lQmnaI ] n. pl. 男毕业生, 男校友

lottery [5lRtErI] n. 抽彩给奖法

cognitive [ `kC^nItIv ] adj. 认知的, 认识的, 有感知的

diverse [daI5v:s] adj. 不同的, 变化多的

alternative [C:l5t:nEtIv] n. 二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物adj. 选择性的

boom [bu:m] n. 繁荣, 隆隆声

let up v. 停止, 中止, 放松

难句突破

1.But most rely on a mix of subjective and objective measures: tests that at b est identify developmental maturity and cognitive potential, interviews with parents a nd observation of applicants in classroom settings.

主体句式：most rely on a mix of subjective and objective measures …

结构分析：本句是一个简单句。冒号之后的成分做measures 的同位语；tests ，i nterviews 和observation 属于并列结构。

句子译文：但大多数学校还是用主观和客观结合的方法：进行考试，确定孩子的发育成熟程度和认知潜能；同学生家长面谈，或在教室观察孩子的反应能力。

题目分析

1. 答案为C ，属事实细节题。文中头两段举例说明子女教育问题成了美国家庭的头等大事，由此引发学龄前儿童入学难这一社会问题。

2. 答案为A ，属推理判断题。第四段阐述了学校选学生的一些倾向和做法。对于一个几岁的孩子及其家长又是主观考察，又是客观考察，又是抽签，还要考虑班里学生的多样性，等等。对于孩子来讲，真是有些勉为其难。

3. 答案为B ，属情感态度题。全文表达了对学龄前儿童的关注，以及对他们所处环境的忧虑和担心。

4. 答案为D ，属事实细节题。原文对应信息“ Instead, the experts say, parents s hould take a breath and look for alternatives. ”

5. 答案为C ，属中心思想题。全文的中心都围绕着学龄前儿童所处的困境这一点。

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing acc umulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller uni ts, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for f urther research. But specialization was only one of a series of related development s in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing prof essionalisation of scientific activity.

No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in sc ience: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word…amateur? does c arry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientifi c community，and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of spe cialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, m ore complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially o n a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the devel opment of geology in the United Kingdom.

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in thei r own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become a cceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geologi cal picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geologi cal journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespre ad introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical con sequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differ entiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences w ere thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nine teenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the struct ure of science.

51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly see n in sciences such as .

［A］sociology and chemistry

［B］physics and psychology

［C］sociology and psychology

［D］physics and chemistry

52. We can infer from the passage that .

［A］there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation ［B］amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

［C］professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community ［D］amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .

［A］the process of specialization and professionalisation

［B］the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

［C］the change of policies in scientific publications

［D］the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

54. The direct reason for specialization is .

［A］the development in communication

［B］the growth of professionalisation

［C］the expansion of scientific knowledge

［D］the splitting up of academic societies

核心词汇：

academic［9A kE5demik］a.学院的；学术性的；（academ古希腊哲学家柏拉图及其弟子研究学问的地方+ic形容词后缀→学术的）

accumulate［E5kju:mjuleit］vt.堆积，积累，积聚vi.累积，聚积（ac+cumul堆积+ate →堆积起来→积累）;accumulation（n.积累，堆积）即accumulate+tion amateur［5AmEtE:］a./n.业余（水平）的（运动员、艺术家等）（amat+eur人→热爱的人→业余爱好者）

comparison［kEm5pArisn］n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟（compar+ison名词后缀）

connotation［9cCnEu5teiFEn］n.含蓄,含义(con+not（e）+ation)，con前缀“一起”，n ote记录，ation名词后缀，所有东西都被一起记录在其中→含义

constitute［5kCnstitju:t］vt.组成，构成，形成；设立，建立，任命（con 一起+stitut e→放到一起→构成）

crucial［5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl］a.至关重要的,决定性的

definition［9defi5niFEn］n.定义,解释;（轮廓影像等的）清晰度;阐明（defin +ition名词后缀→定义）

delay［di5lei］v.耽搁; 延误;推迟; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及时放置好→耽搁)

demonstrate［5demEnstreit］v.论证,证实;演示,说明（de加强+monster+ate动词→加强显示→证明）

distinction［dis5tiNkFEn］n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫（distinct+ion名词后缀）emphasis［5emfEsis］n.加强语气; 强调;（赋予某事物）特殊的意义、价值或重要性(em加强语气+phas显示+is名词后缀→加强显示→强调)

integrate［5intigreit］v.（使）成为一体,（使）结合在一起(integ完整+ate动词后缀→使结合)

journal［5dVE:nl］n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记(journ日期+al形容词后缀→日期，杂志)

logical［5lCdVikEl］a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的(log说话+ic名词后缀→说话的学问+al形容词后缀→合乎逻辑的)

overall［5EuvErC:l］a.全面的,综合的n.（pl.）（套头）工作服

participate［pa:5tisipeit］v.参加, 参与(parti部分，分开+cip进入+ate动词后缀→进入一部分→参加);participation（n.参加；分享）即Parti+cip+ation

primacy［5praimEsi］n.第一或首先的状态; 首席的职责, 重要性(prim第一，主要的+ acy名词后缀→重要性)

professional［prE5feFEnl］a.职业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人士（profession+al

形容词后缀）;professionalisation（n.职业化）即professional+is（e）+ation psychology［sai5kClEdVi］n.心理,心理学,心理状态（psycho心理+logy名词后缀表示科学，学问→心理学）

publication［pQbli5keiFEn］n.出版物;出版,发行;公布,发表（public公众的+ation名词后缀）

reckon［5rekEn］vi.计算,总计,估计（up）;猜想;依赖;认为把……看作；视为(reck注意+on表状态或动作的动词后缀→指望)

referee［refE5ri:］n.裁判员（refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判）

reflect［ri5flekt］v.反射;表达；反映;仔细考虑(re反+flect弯曲返回→反射)

represent［repri5zent］v.描述,表示;代表,代理;阐明,说明（re+present）

response［ris5pCns］n.回答,响应,反应（re回+spons+e名词后缀→承诺回应→回答）

reveal［ri5vi:l］v.展现,显示,揭示,揭露,告诉,泄露（re反+veal→反盖上→不让盖上→揭露）

separate［5sepEreit9 5sepErit］a.分离的,分开的（se分开+par安排+ate动词和形容词后缀→分离）

split［split］v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口

难句分析：

难句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateur s in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word …amateu r? does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into th e scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.

［分析］第一个句子的主干是“No... distinction can be drawn between...”，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折，其主句是“the word …amateur? does carry a connotation...”，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。

［译文］在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确包含这样的意义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。

难句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

［分析］此句中两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和c an be illustrated。前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory trai ning修饰areas of science。

［译文］特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

难句3 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

［分析］此句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the la st century and a half（中心词为a comparison），谓语是reveals，宾语主体结构是not

simply... but also...所连接的两个并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。

［译文］对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。

难句4 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread i ntroduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and the n by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

［分析］此句主干是“The... result has been to do sth.”。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其核心词是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。

［译文］其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。

文章类型：自然科学——科学史

这篇文章的主题为科学知识的专门化（specialization）与专业化（professionalisation）。

试题解析：

51. 19世纪专业化的发展在像那样的科学领域可能看得更清晰。

［A］社会学与化学［B］物理学与心理学

［C］社会学与心理学［D］物理学与化学

细节事实题【正确答案】［D］

定位在第二段倒数第二句找到题干中的19th century，然后在最后一句中找到与题干中be more clearly seen in sciences相对应的most obvious in those areas of science。随后确定文中的关键词areas of science based especially on a mathematical or labor atory training。因此［D］为正确选项。

52. 根据本文，我们可以推知：

［A］专业化和职业化之间几乎没区别。

［B］业余人员能够在科学的某些领域同专业人员竞争。

［C］专业人员往往欢迎业余研究人员加入科学团体。

［D］业余人员拥有全国性学术机构，但没有地方性学术机构。

推理题【正确答案】［B］

首先本题四个选项未曾提及geology，因此不必去第三、四段找考点。从第一段可知，专门化（针对研究领域）与专业化（针对研究人员）都属于相关科学的发展，但二者内容、性质不同，因此［A］项错误。第二段阐述了professionals和amateurs的关系，首句说，二者没有什么截然不同，而且exceptions（特例）can be found to any rule，其潜台词是，对于人们一般所认同的rule——专业比业余要好，也有例外，亦即“在某些情况下，业余人士甚至比专业人士做的更好”，因此［B］项符合题意。［C］项与第二句所说的事实情况（a mateur...not fully integrated into the scientific community）相反，［D］项所说的natio nal / local在第二段未曾提及，故都不能选。

53. 作者写地质学的发展是为论证：

［A］专业化与职业化的发展过程。［B］业余人员在科学研究中的艰辛。

［C］科技出版物出版方针的变化。［D］专业人员对业余人员的歧视。

例证题【正确答案】［A］

定位在第二段最后两句或第四段第一句。第二段最后一句中的The trend... can be ill ustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。说明第三段是作为例证来说明这一trend（趋势）的。而且根据第四段第一句也可进行判断，该句的前半句（Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already wel l under way）即为第三段的总结，所以选择［A］项。

54. 专业化的直接原因是

［A］交流的发展。［B］职业化的发展。

［C］科学知识的扩展。［D］学术团体的分化。

细节事实题【正确答案】［C］

定位在第一段第一句专业化是科学知识不断积累的结果。该句的含义是：科学知识的积累促进了知识的进一步分类和分化（或专门化）。只有［C］项符合题意。

全文翻译：

专业化是科学知识不断积累的结果。通过将学科细化，个人能够继续把握信息并将它作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

第一段：简单介绍了科学发展所带来的两个结果：科学的专业化和职业化。

在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确包含这样的意义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

第二段：在科研过程中，专业化的发展，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。

对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究；而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受，那么它越来越倾向于涉及体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式进行区域的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

第三段：以英国地质学的发展过程为例，说明职业化和专业化过程。

虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学领域的范围来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构改变的关键时期。

第四段：在前面几段论述专业化的基础上，指出19世纪被视为科学结构改变的关键时期。

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide—the division of the world into the info（information）rich and the info poor. And that di vide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty ye ars ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that w ork against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.

There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the I nternet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customer s there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion p eople on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital di vide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world pov ert y that we?ve ever had.

Of course, the use of the Internet isn?t the only way to defeat poverty. And th e Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get o ver their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countri es that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well st udy the history of infrastructure （the basic structural foundations of a society）in t he United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn?t have the capital to do so. And that is why America?s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign invest ment. The English, the German, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britai n?s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess wh o owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have he lping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastru cture, the better off you?re going to be. That doesn?t mean lying down and becomi ng fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recogni zing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.

55．Digital divide is something.

［A］getting worse because of the Internet

［B］the rich countries are responsible for

［C］the world must guard against

［D］considered positive today

56．Governments attach importance to the Internet because it .

［A］offers economic potentials

［B］can bring foreign funds

［C］can soon wipe out world poverty

［D］connects people all over the world

57．The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .

［A］providing financial support overseas

［B］preventing foreign capital?s control

［C］building industrial infrastructure

［D］accepting foreign investment

58．It seems that now a country?s economy depends much on .

［A］how well developed it is electronically

［B］whether it is prejudiced against immigrants

［C］whether it adopts America?s industr ial pattern

［D］how much control it has over foreign corporations

核心词汇：

attach［E5tAtF］v.系，贴，装，连接；使成为一部分；使依恋（at+tach→钉子→附上）

attention［E5tenFEn］n.注意，注意力；立正；特别照顾；照料（at+tent+ion名词后缀→思维伸展出去→注意）

colony［5kClEni］n.殖民地；侨民；聚居区；（动植物的）群体

combat［5kCmbAt］v./n.战斗,搏斗,格斗(com共同+bal打，击→共同→共同打→战斗)

divide［di5vaid］v.分,划分,分开;分配;（by）除（di分开+vid+e分开）

enormous［i5nC:mEs］a.巨大的; 极大的(e出+norm规则，规范+ous形容词后缀→出了正常状态→巨大的，过分的)

finance［5fainAns］n.财政,金融v.为……提供资金（fin+ance→最后起作用的东西→资金）

foundation［faun5deiFEn］n.建立，设立，创办;地基；基金，捐款；机构(found基础+ation名词后缀→基础，地基)

impoverish［im5pCvEriF］v.使贫穷；使枯竭(im加强前缀+pover词根+ish动词后缀)；同根词：poverty （贫穷）←pover+ty名词后缀。

infrastructure［5infrE9strQktFE］n.基础结构，基础设施（infra内+struct+ure名词后缀→基础结构）

invasion［in5veiVEn］n.入侵,侵略,侵犯（in+vas+ion名词后缀）

investment［in5vestmEnt］n.投资,投资额

loom［lu:m］n.织布机,织机v.隐现,(危险、忧虑等)迫近

prejudice［5predVudis］n.偏见,成见;损害,侵害v.使抱偏见,损害（pre预先+judice→预先判断→偏见）

respect［ris5pekt］n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,问候,关系,方面（re再+spect→反复看→尊敬）

responsible［ris5pCnsEbl］a.承担责任;（指人）可靠的, 可信赖的(response回应+i ble形容词后缀→能回应的→负责任的)

sovereignty［5sCvrinti］n.主权；主权国家(sover+（r）eign+ty)，sover（=over）在上，reign统治，ty名词后缀，在上面统治；sovereign（统治的；统治者）←sover+（r）e ign。

universal［ju:ni5vE:sEl］a.普遍的,全体的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的（univers+al形容词后缀）;universalize（v.使普遍化）即universal+ize

难句分析：

难句1 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the int erest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the mor e potential customers there are.

［分析］此句主干是“...It is in the interest of business to do sth....”，句中前面as 引导的是伴随状语，而非原因状语，要理解为“随着”，而非“因为”。破折号后面的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。

［译文］随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网普及对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，未来的客户就越多。

难句2 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.

［分析］此句主干是“...some impoverished countries will have to get over their o utdated anticolonial prejudices...”。前面的不定式可以被看成是一个目的状语。

［译文］要想利用因特网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。

难句3 The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave in frastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you?re going t o be.

［分析］此句用了the more... the more...的句型。逗号之间的which today is an el ectronic infrastructure是Third Wave infrastructure的非限制性定语从句。

［译文］你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施（今天主要指电子基础设施）的外国资金越多，那么你的情况就越好。

文章类型：时文——信息科学

本篇文章谈论数字鸿沟（digital divide）这一概念，并说明在世界范围内普及因特网（I nternet）可以从技术角度缩小数字鸿沟。

试题解析：

55. 数字差异是的某种东西。

［A］因为因特网而变得更糟［B］富裕国家应该负责

［C］全世界必须提防［D］如今被认为是积极的

细节事实题【正确答案】［C］

定位在第一段数字鸿沟（digital divide）将把整个世界分为信息丰富地区和信息贫乏地区。20年前作者和其妻子就已经开始在演讲中讨论这种隐隐呈现的危险（looming danger），这里的danger指的就是digital divide。对于危险自然应当防御（work against），所以选择［C］项。

56. 政府重视因特网，因为因特网

［A］提供经济潜力。［B］能够带来外国投资。

［C］能够很快消除世界贫穷。［D］把世界各地的人们连接起来。

细节事实题【正确答案】［A］

首先根据题干中的Internet和Governments定位至第二段第三句。从中可以看出越来越多政府推广因特网的直接原因是怕（在经济上）“落后”于其他国家，其潜台词就是因特网拥有巨大的（经济）潜能（enormous potential），所以选择［A］项。

57. 作者提到美国这个例子，是为了证明的政策是正确的。

［A］向国外提供经济援助［B］防止外国资本的控制

［C］建立工业基础设施［D］接受外国投资

例证题【正确答案】［D］

在第四段中，作者引用美国的例子是为了说明首句，因此可以判断考点在首句，即“要想利用因特网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见”，只有［D］项符合题意。

58. 现在看来，一个国家的经济非常依赖于

［A］它在电子方面的发展程度多高。［B］它是否歧视移民。

［C］它是否采用美国的产业模式。［D］它在多大程度上控制着外企。

细节事实题【正确答案】［A］

定位在最后一段，该段中间有一例证，可以缩小考点范围，把最后一段中涉及例子的内容排除。在该段落剩下的内容中，找与题干“economy”相关的关键词，我们发现倒数第三句中有better off，确认它就是答案所在的句子，“引进用于修建电子基础设施的外国资金越多，那么你的情况就越好。”因此选择［A］项。

全文翻译：

今天，人们十分关注所谓的数字分化问题——世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异；这个差异确实存在，我和我妻子20年前就曾谈及这种隐约的危险。然而，那时还不太明显的是一些抵制数字分化的、新的积极因素。实际上我们是完全有理由感到乐观的。

第一段：指出虽然信息资源丰富与信息资源贫乏国之间存在着巨大差异，然而仍然有理由保持乐观。