熔断机制研究外文文献翻译最新译文
文献信息
标题：The research on the behind of fusing mechanism, an analysis
作者：Jimmy K
期刊：Academy of Management Proceedings , 2016, 1(2): 102-121.
原文
The research on the behind of fusing mechanism, an analysis
Jimmy K.
Abstract
Circuit breakers originated in the United States, from the point of its development history, various forms, but are artificially setting price limits and deal. The Chicago mercantile exchange (CME) in 1982 for the S&P 500 futures contracts with daily trading prices of 3% price limits, but this rule has been abolished in 1983, until the 1987 crash, makes people reconsider the price limit system. Circuit breakers, refers to a contract is reached before we set a fuse price, contract price in a period of time only within this price range trading mechanism, set up the "fuse" mechanism of the purpose is to control the risk.
Keywords: Circuit breakers; Securities; Research
1 The origin
Originated in the United States, the so-called circuit breakers, refers to a contract is reached before we set a fuse price, contract price in a period of time only within this price range trading mechanism. Circuit breakers is reflected in the stock market applications, in stock trading, when price fluctuation reach the required level, fair then stop for a period of time. Circuit breakers originating in the United States, the United States of the Chicago mercantile exchange in 1982 for the S&P 500 futures contracts have been trading price for a price limit of 3%.But this provision was abolished in 1983, until the 1987 crash, makes people reconsider the price limit system. Relevant data shows, on October 19, 1987, the New York stock market broke out one of the largest in the history of a crash, the Dow Jones industrial average fell 508.32 points, in one day or 22.6%, since there is no circuit breakers and price limit, many millionaires overnight to the poor, the day also is referred to as the "black Monday"
American finance.
In "black Monday" after the one year anniversary on October 19, 1988, the commodity futures trading commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission has approved the New York stock exchange and the Chicago mercantile exchange circuit breakers. According to the relevant provisions of the United States, when the S&P index fell by 7% in a short time, the United States all securities market transaction will be suspended for 15 minutes. From the perspective of the development history of circuit breakers, although a variety of forms, but they are set to price limits and deal. This mechanism even in originated in the United States stock market also has been controversial, there is also.
Taken together, fuse system abroad is "melt and break" and "fusion and constantly" two kinds of forms. Melt and break is when prices hit fusing point, in the following a period of time to stop;" And constantly" is when prices hit fusing point, in the following a period of time continue to trade, but the price limit within striking point. The establishment of circuit breakers, from the positive point of view, can provide a "shock absorber" for market transactions. The essence of which is at the time of sudden changes in prices, to give investors a sober time, prevent the irrational response. At the same time, also can give regulators respond to a certain amount of time. Except for the fusing of the market mechanism, in June 2010, the U.S. stocks after the flash crash, the SEC in the market based on circuit breakers, introduced a stocks fusing mechanism, in order to prevent the stock market sharply after landslides and may run out of market liquidity. In May 2012, the us securities and exchange commission and approved by price limits (upper and lower limit price volatility) instead of before the implementation of the individual stocks fusing mechanism, more focused to prevent stocks from a specific price range interval, in order to reduce slump in boom brought about by the market volatility and volatility caused by the following influence.
2 Specific implementation of each country
Relevant data shows, according to incomplete statistics, there are many countries in the world market set up the system of fuse. In addition to the United States, France,
Japan, Finland, Australia, India, Singapore, Malaysia and other countries have a limit of triggering fuse. Of course, due to the characteristics of the securities market, the investment varieties, the use of circuit breakers also have their own characteristics. To trigger the fusing restrictions, for example, in different countries and markets, there is a huge difference. The larger, such as the Philippines, 40% of the shares before the price limit for 1;Smaller, such as Egypt, this number is only 5%.Circuit breaker mainly used in the U.S. "melt and break" form. In the standard & poor's 500 index, for example, when the S&P is the day before closing down 7%, the national securities market transaction will be suspended for 15 minutes; When standard & poor's index is the day before closing down 20%, the stop on the day of trading.
Japan, South Korea and the European mainstream which is widely used in stock index futures "level of fusing" mechanism, the so-called "melting is broken" mechanism, but because of the high threshold Settings, states rarely touch the striking point so far. In France, according to form different stock trading, make a different price and suspended from trading in time. Full-time each stock the biggest gain for yesterday 21.25% of closing quotation price, the biggest drop of 18.75%.If the price more than 10% of the day, the suspended from trading for 15 minutes. Japan is in when futures prices more than the specific scope and standard price a fair price of a particular scope, futures trading will be suspended from trading. Suspended from trading for 15 minutes, if the suspension of trading in the morning before the close in 15 minutes, suspended from trading only in the morning before the close. When the Tokyo stock price index (the TOPIX) exceeds a specific price range, involves the arbitrage trading stock, purchase and sale are prohibited until prices recover to a specific price range. On May 23, 2013, the Nikkei 225 index, the Nikkei 225 index futures has triggered "circuit breakers" suspended from trading. In South Korea, if the stock index (KOSPI) than the previous day's closing share price dropped by 10% or more than 10%, and the fall lasted a minute, stock trading suspension of ten minutes, stock price limit of 15%.If most traded futures contract price deviation from the previous day's closing price of 5% or more than 5%, and the futures price deviated from its fair price 3% or more than 3%, and the price change for a minute, stop
trading futures contracts for five minutes. Fusing mechanisms implemented only once a day, in the afternoon 14: no longer after implementation. If the stock market appears suspended from trading case, stop trading futures contracts for 20 minutes.
Singapore, when the potential market price is higher than the reference price (the deal) at least five minutes before the end of the price of 10%, the trigger the "cooling-off period" of 5 minutes. In the period, only allowed within + / - 10% trading securities, trading in five minutes back to normal, and recalculate the new reference price.(the rule applies to accounts for about 80% SGX transactions of securities, including some index).
3 The effect of fusing mechanism
3.1 Alert and to inhibit the action of the short-term capital speculation behavior
Stock index futures market is fusing mechanism, market traders in the market will be cautious, especially for short speculation behavior, on the one hand, the closer the fusing point, traders more and more cautious, or even cancel the transaction behavior, because the market once the trigger fusing it may not be able to timely is to realize the flow of money and circuit breakers is not punishment, but there are similar to the punishment of "negative reinforcement effect. On the other hand, when the trigger fusing point, the market into a frozen period, actually reduce the time of every trading day, thus reducing the short-term speculation, curb excessive speculation.
3.2 The risk early warning role of stock index futures market
When the stock index futures to fusing threshold, triggering circuit breakers, suspended from trading or limit price after a period of time. Is, in fact, the market traders and other stakeholders risk warning and make them alert, take timely preventive measures and means, effectively prevent the risk.
3.3 Promote market calm, for risk control and dissolve the risk security mechanism
The trigger circuit breakers when the market can have a period of time in fusing the following transaction prices will be suspended for a period of time. During the cooling period (national set general for 15 to 30 minutes), traders can calm thinking, to digest the market information, trading strategy adjustment, rationally determine the trading price, to avoid excessive market speculation, increase the risk of a market.
When extreme market at the same time, the market in a short period of time large price swings, traders may create a bigger loss, instant, in turn, produce a chain reaction, eventually make the risk accumulation release, to cause significant damage to the market, after the introduction of circuit breakers, in a period, not only can the release of the risk buffer, more market main body, especially the market regulator to control measures and dissolve the risk of favorable conditions.
3.4 Help to eliminate the old prices led to the decrease of the stock index futures market liquidity
When the abnormal fluctuation of stock index futures one-sided, a lot of order block may delay the stock index futures market to normal display, resulting in a so-called old price, which at one point traders see the price is, in fact, the price of a moment, if press this certainly cannot clinch a deal price declaration. So, when a lot of not clinch a deal the order continuous into the trading system may cause more serious congestion, leading to trade data showed more lag. In the period of fuse, the trigger circuit breakers can eliminate the old price, so as to ensure the flow of trade.
4 summarizes
How to establish effective risk management system for the whole market is the subject of stock index futures market to be solved urgently. Futures trading in the application practice proved fusing mechanism of circuit breakers can rise to curb excessive speculation, early warning and risk and the cost of buffer role. Circuit breakers are timely launch of stock index futures market with capital market development demand, reasonable and scientific. Based on the experience of the circuit breakers, and on the basis of the effect of the past practice of circuit breakers, circuit breakers in stock index futures market should striking point set, setting the melting time, across the market or not, and other supporting measures aspects into consideration, the most into a form that met the need of the overall capital market circuit breakers.
译文
熔断机制的背后，一个分析研究
Jimmy K
摘要
熔断机制起源于美国，从其发展历史来看，形式多样，但都是以人为地设置价格限制和中断交易为特征的。美国的芝加哥商业交易所(CME)曾在1982年对标普500指数期货合约实行过日交易价格为3%的价格限制，但这一规定在1983就被废除，直到1987年出现了股灾，才使人们重新考虑实施价格限制制度。熔断机制，是指对某一合约在达到涨跌停板之前，设置一个熔断价格，使合约买卖报价在一段时间内只能在这一价格范围内交易的机制，设置“熔断”机制的目的是为了控制交易风险。
关键词：熔断机制；证券；研究
1 起源
发端于美国，所谓熔断机制，是指对某一合约在达到涨跌停板之前，设置一个熔断价格，使合约买卖报价在一段时间内只能在这一价格范围内交易的机制。熔断机制在股市上的应用则体现为，在股票交易中，当价格波幅触及所规定的水平时，交易会随之停止一段时间。熔断机制最早起源于美国，美国的芝加哥商业交易所曾在1982 年对标普500 指数期货合约实行过日交易价格为3% 的价格限制。但这一规定在1983 被废除，直到1987 年出现了股灾，才使人们重新考虑实施价格限制制度。相关资料显示，1987 年10 月19 日，纽约股票市场爆发了史上最大的一次崩盘事件，道琼斯工业指数一天之内重挫508.32 点，跌幅达22.6%，由于没有熔断机制和涨跌幅限制，许多百万富翁一夜之间沦为贫民，这一天也被美国金融界称为“黑色星期一”。
在“黑色星期一”发生一周年后的1988 年10月19 日，美国商品期货交易委员会与证券交易委员会批准了纽约股票交易所和芝加哥商业交易所的熔断机制。根据美国的相关规定，当标普指数在短时间内下跌幅度达到7% 时，美国所有证券市场交易均将暂停15 分钟。从熔断机制的发展历史来看，尽管形式多样，但都是以人为设置价格限制和中断交易为特征。这一机制即使在发端地美国股市也一直存在争议，反对的声音也不绝于耳。
综合来看，国外熔断制度有“熔而断”和“熔而不断”两种表现形式。“熔而断”是当价格触及熔断点后，在随后的一段时间内停止交易；“熔而不断”是当价格触及熔断点后，在随后的一段时间内继续交易，但报价限制在熔断点之内。
熔断机制的设立，从积极角度来看，可为市场交易提供一个“减震器”。其实质就是在价格发生突然变化的时候，给投资者一个冷静的时段，防止作出不理性的反应。同时，也能给监管者采取应对措施争取一定的时间。除针对大盘的熔断机制以外，2010 年 6 月，在美股闪电暴跌后，美国证交会在大盘熔断机制基础上，推出了个股熔断机制，以防止此后股市急遽滑坡而可能耗尽市场的流动性。2012 年5 月，美国证交会又批准了以涨跌限制（限制价格波动上下限）机制替代之前实施的个股熔断机制，更着力于阻止个股偏离一个特定的价格幅度区间，以降低暴涨暴跌所带来的市场波动以及波动所引起的后续影响。
2 各国的具体实施情况
相关资料显示，根据不完全统计，目前已有世界多个国家的交易市场设立了熔断制度。除美国之外，法国、日本、芬兰、澳大利亚、印度、新加坡、马来西亚等国都有触发熔断的限制。当然，由于各证券市场、各投资品种的特征不同，其所使用的熔断机制也各有特点。以触发熔断的限制为例，在不同国家和市场，有着巨大差异。幅度较大的如菲律宾，涨跌幅限制为前一日股价的40% ；较小的则如埃及，这一数字仅为5%。美国采用的熔断机制主要为“熔而断”形式。以标准普尔500 指数为例，当标准普尔指数较前一天收盘点位下跌7% 时，全美证券市场交易将暂停15 分钟；当标准普尔指数较前一天收盘点位下跌20% 时，当天交易停止。
日本、韩国和欧洲主流股指期货普遍使用“一级熔断”机制，即所谓“熔即断”的机制，不过由于门槛设置较高，至今各国很少触及熔断点。在法国，根据股票交易形态不同，制定有不同的涨跌幅与暂停交易时间。全日每只股票最大涨幅为前日收盘价的21.25%，最大跌幅为18.75%。如果价格波动超过前日的10%，则暂停交易15 分钟。日本则在当期货价格超过标准价格的特定范围和公平价格的特定范围，期货交易将会暂停交易。暂停交易的时间为15 分钟。如果暂停交易发生在上午收盘前的15 分钟内，暂停交易只在上午收盘前执行。当东京股票价格指数（TOPIX）超过特定价格区间时，禁止买卖涉及套利交易的股票，直到价格恢复到特定价格区间内。2013 年 5 月23日，日经225 指数大跌，日经225 指数期货就曾触发“熔断机制”而暂停交易。在韩国，若股票综合指数（KOSPI）较前一天收盘价下跌了10% 或10% 以上，（完整译文请到百度文库）并且这
平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
毕业论文外文文献翻译Brand-Strategy-Research企业品牌战略研究
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：企业品牌战略研究 文献、资料英文题目：Brand Strategy Research 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
Brand Strategy Research Kapferer,J.H Available online 11 June 2010 Economic globalization,how to adapt to international trends,establish,a s trong brand and enhance our competitiveness,have become pressing issues facing enterprises.Based on the analysis of the development of corporate marketing brand strategy in enterprise marketing role.Enterise needs to sue a variety of means of competition to increase brand awarenss, improve brand positioning, an create a good brand image. First, Japanese brands across the board defeat. November 22,2006 morning, NEC announced that it would withdraw from 2G and 2.5mobile phone market ,which means that, following Sharp, Panasonic, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Sanyo, a Japanese mobile phone manufacturers later withdraw from the Chinese market, Japanese mobile phone has almost all except Kyocera 2G mobile phone market in China out of contention. If we sum up the Chinese household appliance market, today any different from ten years ago,I think the biggest difference is that Japanese c ompanies in China, Japanese home appliance market downturn, the following main reasons: First, rigid enterprise system, decision-making difficult, the reaction was slow, incompatible with the reality of the Chinese market ,it is difficult to adapt to the rapidly changing Chinese market;2 is weak in marketing ,product planning capacity is not strong ,it is difficult to judge according to their marker lacunch to meet consumer demand and forecast products, follow the trend has been in a passive situation, can not satisfy market demand; Third, failure to grasp the industry best time to transition is the Japanese home appliance companies lose an important reason for market dominance. Japanese companies come to the edge in the Chinese market is causing companies tothink deeply about our nation ? To make the internanational route and whether the enterprise of“Japanese Company”to the lessons learned behind?Second, the brand strategy implementation in China the Current Situation Many old famous“flash in the pen” Chinese and foreign enterprises in the Chinese market the brand war;just grow up to be a great impact on national brands. The last century, a little-know 80’s brand ,not being registered by trademark, is to be acquired, squeeze, even if the residue is hard going down really developed very limited.Here atypical case, the last
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
环境设计城市与景观毕业设计外文翻译中英文
I. City and The Landscape (1) Overview of Landscape Design Landscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city. (2) The Relationship Between Landscape and Urban City is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage,
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
人力资源战略与变革外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译原文及译文 （节选重点翻译） 人力资源战略与变革外文文献翻译中英文 文献出处：Handbook of Human Resources Management, 2015, pp 1-18 译文字数：5800多字
英文 Human Resources Strategy and Change: Competence Development in a Changed Environment Michiel Berg Abstract Building competence in a changing environment is a journey. It is a journey where it is essential to have communicated and envisaged a picture of the destination. The details of this envisaged picture will look different probably upon "arrival" at the end of the journey. However, communicating the destination is essential. It helps employees to understand what the direction is. It helps employees and managers to use existing competencies along the way. Moving ahead very often demonstrates unexpected strengths in colleagues one has not been aware of. Moving ahead with a plan can also show the team their current level of competence and the desired state of competence. Explaining and talking about these differences may often prove not to be that easy and clear for many involved. A changing environment shows also weaknesses of current practices, processes, and services. It requires strong managerial skills to keep discussions having a focus on the future and preventing these discussions to turn into complaint sessions of past events. Human Resources practices and processes are executed in a triangle of employees, managers, and
建筑景观语言(英文翻译)
Cover封面 Content目录 Design Explanation设计说明 Master Plan总平面 Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析 Function Analysis功能分析 Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图 Traffic Analysis交通分析 Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图 Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图 Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图 Hand Drawing手绘效果图 Section剖面图 Detail详图 Central Axis中心公共主轴 Reference Picture参考图片 Planting Reference Picture植物选样 材料类： aluminum铝 asphalt沥青 alpine rock轻质岗石 boasted ashlars粗凿 ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品 cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石 clay粘土 crushed gravel碎砾石 crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土 crushed stone碎石 cement石灰 enamel陶瓷、瓷釉 frosted glass磨砂玻璃 grit stone/sand stone砂岩 glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃 granite花岗石、花岗岩 gravel卵石 galleting碎石片 ground pavement material墙面地砖材料 light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢 light slates轻质板岩 lime earth灰土 masonry砝石结构
java毕业论文外文文献翻译
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
外文翻译--企业品牌战略研究
外文译文二： 企业品牌战略研究 Kapferer,J.H Strategic Brand Mnanagement [J]. Kogan Page,London [J]. Marketing Science,2010(2):52-61. 在经济全球化的今天，如何适应国际化潮流，建立强势品牌，提高竞争能力，已经成为国内企业面临的迫切问题。本文在分析我国企业营销品牌战略发展状况的基础上，从品牌战略的内涵与其功能意义入手，探讨了品牌战略在企业营销中的作用。企业需要综合运用多种竞争手段提高品意，搞好品牌定位，塑造良好品牌形象。 一、日系品牌全线崩溃 2006年11月22日上午，NEC宣布将推出2G及2.5G手机市场，这意味着继夏普、松下、东芝、三菱、三洋之后又一家日本手机厂商退出中国市场，日系手机除京瓷外几乎全部退出中国2G手机市场的争夺。 如果我们总结今天的中国家电市场与十年前有什么不同的话，我想，最大的不同就是，日系企业在中国的繁荣已经渐行渐远。 对于日系手机败退，乃至日系家电走到中国市场的低谷，主要原因有以下几点：一是企业制度呆板，决策困难，反应速度慢，与另市场现实格格不入，难以适应快速变化的中国市场;二是市场营销能力弱，产品规划能力不强，很难根椐自己对市场的判断与预测推出迎合消费需求的产品，一直处于跟风的被动局面，无法满足中国市场的需要;三是未能把握住产业转型最佳时机，是日系家电企业失去市场主导地位的重要原因。 日系企业在中国市场上走到边缘是否引起我们民族企业的深思？欲走国际化路线的企业又 是否从“日系企业”的背后吸取教训？ 二、我国企业实施品牌战略的现状分析处 1、众多昔日名牌“昙花一现” 中外企业在市场上的品牌大战，使刚刚成长起来的民族品牌受到极大的冲击。上世纪80年代稍有知名度的品牌，不是被抢注商标，就是被收购、挤垮，即使残留下来的也是惨淡经营，真正发展起来的极为有限。这里典型的案例，上世纪80年代至90年代初期，曾在空调界创下奇迹的华宝空调，在1998年被科龙收购，其后的品牌形象就一再下滑。
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。