高二英语教材知识点总结及重难点解析Unit9-10

高二英语教材知识点总结及重难点解析Unit9-10

☆重点句型☆

1. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must ...

2. Among the speakers was China's then Premier Zhu Rongji, ...

3. Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.

4. Had I known that ..., I would never have bought one.

5. A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.

6. ..., there is a good chance that we will see less violence and fewer wars.

7. You can pick out the important bits, for it is one thing to write a letter, another to write history, ...

8. The hurricane, with its power to sink ships and to destroy strong walls, had found this little ship in its path. ☆重点词汇☆

1. ecology n. 生态学

2. issue n. 问题v. 签发

3. summarise v. 总结，概括

4. representative n. 代表

5. sustainable adj. 可持续的

6. access n. 接近；进入

7. rural adj. 农村的

8. violence n. 暴力

9. premier n. 总理

10. equality n. 平等

11. fairness n. 公平

12. responsibility n. 责任

13. willingness n. 愿意

14. harmony n. 和谐

15. altermative adj. 供选择的

16. defend vt. 保护

17. affect vt. 影响

18. hurricane n. 飓风

19. terrify vt. 使恐惧

20. erupt vi. 喷发

21. courage n. 勇气

22. flee vi. 逃止

23. urge vt. 催促

24. arrival n. 到达

25. sight n. 视觉；情景

26. immediately adv. 立刻

27. farewell n. 再会；再见

28. board n. 船弦

29. crash n. 破裂

30. swear v. 发誓

☆重点短语☆

1. have access to 有机会进入

2. the need for 对……的需求

3. take action 采取行动

4. take part in 参加，参与

5. spread across the world 传遍全世界

6. in harmony with 与……和谐

7. put an end to 结束

8. wipe out 擦干

9. at hand 近在手边，在附近

10. knock about 接连打击．冲击；漫游

11. all of a sudden 突然地：冷小防

12. call for courage 需婴勇气

13. the other way 相反方向

14. stand on end 倒立

15. draw one's attention to 注意到

16. clam down 镇静下来

17. light up 点亮，照亮

18. in a panic 惊慌地

19. on board 在船上

20. all at once 突然；忽然

21. live through 度过；经受住

短语闯关

下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才能过关，你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我们就开始吧?

1. the United ____ 联合国

2. take ____ in 参加，参与(某事物)

3. ____ action 采取行动

4. the other ____ 另一个方向，相反

5. ____ harmony with... 与……协调，与……和谐相处

6. put an ____ to 结束

7. wipe ____ 消灭．擦洗……的内部，去除；消灭

8. ____ end直立，竖立

9. draw one's ____ (to) 吸引某人对……的注意

10. ____ hand 近在手边；在附近；在眼前

11. calm (sb) ____ (使某人)镇静，／平静／宁静

12. ____ board上船(或火车，公共汽车，飞机等)

13. knock ____ 连续打击；(浪等)冲击(船只等)；碰撞，漫游，闲逛

14. all ____ a sudden 突然地，冷不防，意外地

15. live ____ 度过，经受住

16. ____ though (= as if) 好像，仿佛

17. call ____ 要求，需要

18. ____ progress取得进步

19. one ____ five 五分之一

20. ____ a / an...speed以……速度(前进)

21. ____ a secret 保密

22. pick ____ 挑选出

23. ____ one's breath 屏住呼吸

24. ____ at once 突然；同时

25. ____ the end of 在……末

☆交际用语☆

1. We must make sure that ...

2. I am all for ...

3. If nothing is done then ...

4. I can't imagine that ...

5. h would be better if we .,.

6. Is there a better way to ...

7. I dare not ...

8. He gets into a total panic when ...

9. It makes my hair stand on end.

10. She is scared to death.

11. I am frightened to death by ...

12. What terrifies me is ...

☆词汇短语☆

1. access n. 多义词，在不同的句中表示不同的意思。

1) 道路，进入的途径

This is the only access to that cave.这是进入山洞的惟一通道。

2) access 还指“(接近，使用)方法”、“权利”等。

Hospitals should give patients the right of aeeess to their medical records.

医院应该给患者有查阅病历的权利。

2.【考点】advise 的用法

▲构词：adviser n. 顾问；导师；劝告者

▲搭配：advise with sb on / about sth 与……商量

▲句型：

① advise (one's) doing sth 建议干某事

② advise sb to do sth 忠告某人做……

③ advise (sb) + that clause (从句使用虚拟语气)忠告某人……

④ advise sb + wh-to do sth / wh-clause 建议／忠告某人

⑤ advise sb. against (doing) sth 劝告(某人)不要……

⑥ advise sb of sth 通知或告知某人

▲辨析：advise；suggest；persuade

三词均表示“建议”，但

advise只表示建议，不涉及是否成功，常用于下列结构：advise sb to do sth；advise(one's)doing sth；advise sb that + 主语+ (should) do；advise sb wh- to do / wh-clause。

suggest只表示建议，不涉及是否成功，常用于下列结构：suggest sth / sb(that) + (should) do ∥(one's) doing sth ∥ to sb sth(sth可为that从句)。

persuade 劝说成功，常用于下列结构：persuade sb to do sth (= into doing sth)；persuade sb not to do sth(= out of doing sth)；persuade sb that clause。劝而不服时，采用try to persuade sb to do sth 结构。例如：

They advised us not to travel during National Day holidays. 他们建议我们不要在“十·一”长假期间出去旅游。They suggest the plan be discussed again but I advised carrying it out at once.

他们建议再讨论一下该汁划，但我建议立即实施该计划。

It was difficult to persuade my father to change his mind. 要说服我爸爸改变主意是件很难的事。

▲友情提示：注意名词advice以ce结尾，读音为[ad’vais]，动词advise以se结尾，读音为[od'vaiz]

【考例】(NMET 1987)Father went to his doctor for____ about his heart trouble.

A. advices

B. advises

C. advice

D. advise

[考查目标] 动词与名词的辨析。

[答案与解析]C 介词，or后面应该接名词，而advice为不可数名词，故此只能用C项。

3.【考点】afraid的用法

▲ 搭配：be / feel afraid of sb / sth (觉得)害怕；担心

▲ 句型：

① be afraid to do sth 不敢；惧怕(而不敢做某事本身的动作)

② be afraid of doing sth (感到有心理压力而不愿去做某事，担心会因干某事而产生某种结果)

③ I'm afraid that clause 恐怕……(委婉语气．that常省略)

④ I'm afraid so. / I'm afraid not. (作答语)恐怕如此，恐怕是这样／恐怕不会(不能)。

⑤ I'm afraid 可单独使用，在句中作插入语。

▲ 辨析：afraid；frightened；fearful；scared

该组词均意为“害怕”，但

afraid是形容词，意为“害怕的”，常与to be / look连用，表示一种害怕的心理或情绪，这种害怕是自我感觉或体会，指精神状态，不论这种害怕的原因是否存在，也不论持续的时间长短。只作表语，不作定语。此后可接of短语，动词不定式及that从句，不能用very much来修饰，不能作前置定语。

fearful意为“可怕的，令人害怕的”，是由名词fear加后缀-ful构成的形容词，可以和afraid通用，但不如afraid 常用。可作表语和定语。

frightened是由动词frighten的过去分词转化来的形容词，含被动，指突然或暂时的恐惧感。它的主语只能是人或用来修饰人。

scared是由动词scare的过去分词转化来的形容词，与frightened同义，可互换。例如：

The boy is much afraid of dogs. 这个男孩非常怕狗。

The girl is fearful of her father. 这个女孩害怕她父亲。

I was frightened by the dead body. 死尸吓坏了我。

▲ 友情提示：

①千万不能用作动词。

②该词是表语形容词，一般不作前置定语。

③表示“很害怕”时，常用very much修饰。表示“更怕，

最怕”分别用more，most修饰。

【考例5】The boy was ____ than hurt.

A. more frightened

B. afraid

C. more scaring

D. most afraid

[考查目标]考查同义词在比较等级中的运用。

[答案与解析]A than暗示比较级．B、D两项都可以排除。从意思上看“The boy应该是外部原因使得他惊恐”。

4.【考点】attend的用法

▲构词：attention n. 注意力；关怀；照顾

▲搭配：

① attend school 上学

② attend the meeting 出席会议

③ attend church 做礼拜

④ attend on / upon 服侍，照料，陪同

⑤ attend to 倾听；注意，留心；关心，照顾，护理；办理

▲辨析：attend；join；take part in

该组词均表达“参加”之意，但attend强调动作，多指参加会议、听讲座、听课等。join尤指参加某一组织成为其中一员。take part in尤指参加一些短暂的活动，如游行、比赛等。另外表示“参加”之意的词还有：enter，be engaged in，go into，go in for等。例如：

They went to their school to attend a get-together. 他们去学校参加联欢会去了。

I don't think it necessary to ioin the club, It's a waste of time. 我认为没必要加入那个俱乐部，简直是浪费时间。Every summer vacation I'll take part in social practice．每年暑假我都参加社会实践。

【考例l】You must pay more ____ to your spelling.

A. attentions

B. attention

C. attending

D. an attention

[考查目标] 考查短语的搭配。

[答案与解析]B pay attention to 为一个固定短语．表示“注意”的意思，没有单、复数的变化。

5. content n.

1) 内容，目录

We had better read the content of a book before we buy it．我们买书前最好看看它的目录。

2) adj. 满足的，满意的，通常在句中作表语，后接with短语或动词不定式。

Don't be content with small success.不要有点成绩就满足。

The old man seeITis content to sit in front of the television without doing anything.

那老人似乎很满足地坐在电视机前，什么也不做。

注：作定语时应用contented。

She looked at me with a contented expression.她带着满足的表情看着我。

【考点】content的用法

▲ 搭配：

① be / feel (well) content with (= be pleased with / be satisfied with)对……(很)满意

②in content满足地

▲句型：

① be content to do sth 乐于做某事；心满意足

②be content that…心满意足

【考例2】I was ____ your answer to the problem.

A. content with

B. content to

C. contented with

D. contented to

[考查目标] 考查固定短语。

[答案与解析]A be content with sth 或be content to do sth 均为固定搭配。

6. defend vt. 为……辩护；防卫，保卫

We need some lawyers to defend us.我们需要几个律师为我们辩护。

When a dog attacked me, I defended myself with a stick. 当一只狗攻击我的时候，我拿起一根棍子防卫。defend 常见的搭配：

defend sb. / sth. against 保卫某人；抵御

Their duty is to defend the country against its enemies.他们的职责就是保卫国家抵御敌人。

defend sb. / sth. from 保护……免遭……

We should defend the child from harm.我们应该保护这孩子不受伤害。

注：defence n. 防御如：defenee work 防御工程

defenceless adj. 无防御能力的

7. knock 的搭配

knock 构成的搭配有：

knock about (=knock round) 闲置，在场，活跃，漫游，漂泊，虐待

knock back 暴饮，大口喝掉，使花费，使吃惊，使惊奇

knock down 拆除，撞倒

knock in 敲进

knock off 下班，扣掉

knock over 打翻

knock up 敲门叫醒

knock out 打败，摧毁

He spent several years knock about Europe.他花了几年漫游欧洲。

It cost me $10 but I'll knock off 20% as it's no longer new.

这花了我十块，但我要扣除20%，因为它不再是新的。

She gets knocked about bv her husband.她受她丈夫的虐待。

The man was knocked down by a truck as he ran across the road.这人在横马路时被卡车撞倒。We didn't sleep well last night; we were knocked up by the policemen in the middle of the night. 我们昨晚没睡好，半夜被警察敲门叫醒。

【考点】knock的用法

I. n. [C] 敲击(声)

There was a knock on / at the door. 有人敲门。

II. vi. 敲；打；击

You should knock at the door before you come into my room. 进我房间之前你应先敲门。

A bike knocked into me, but I was not knocked down. 一辆自行车撞着了我，但没把我撞倒。▲搭配：

① knock at / on (敲门、窗等)

② knock into 撞在某人身上

③ knock...into... 把……插入……中

④knock…out of从……中敲出来

⑤ knock sb on the head 敲／打某人的头

⑥ knock...off... 把……从……上撞下来

⑦ knock down 拆除；打倒，撞倒

⑧ knock against sb 不期而遇；偶然碰到

▲辨析：beat；hit；knock；strike

该组词均表达“打，击”之意，但

beat通常指反复地、连续地打或敲；也可以表示心脏跳动。

hit可与strike通用，指一般的打或击，有时也可指一次性的打击，强调打中或击中。knock含有轻敲、轻打之意。

strike多指给某人或某物一击或用力敲打。常与介词at连用。

注意：表示“心跳，雨打，风吹，日晒”时，多用beat，而不用hit或strike。例如：

The boy was beaten black and blue all over. 这男孩被打得浑身青一块紫一块。

Walking in the street, he was hit by a stone on the forehead.

他在大街上走着，突然一块石头砸在了他的额头上。

Please knock at the door before entering. 进屋前要敲门。

【考例7】The rain was ____ against the window.

A. hitting

B. beating

C. knocking

D. striking

[考查目标] 动词辨析。

[答案与解析]B beat通常指反复地、连续地打或敲；hit可与strike通用，指一般的打或击，有时也可指一次性的打击，强调打中或击中。knock舍有轻敲、轻打之意。strike多指给某人或某物一击或用力敲打。表示“心跳，雨打，风吹。日晒”时，多用beat。

8. sight 作名词时意为“景观；视觉；视野”

Seeing the sun rising from the sea is a beautiful sight.看见太阳从海上升起真是个美丽的景观。

He lost his sight in a car accident.他在一次车祸中丧失了视力。

The train is out of sight in the distant.火车消失在远方了。

sight 还有多种搭配，构成不同的意思。

catch sight of 看见

lose sight of 失去视力

(be) in sight 看得见

(be) out of sight 看不见

at first sight 乍一见

9. so 作替代词的用法

在动词think，expect，believe，suppose，fear，hear，hope，imagine，say，tell等后面可以用so代替所提及的名词、形容词或从句。和do连用，表示前面说到的那个动作，和be连用，指前面的名词或形容词。-- Will it rain tomorrow? 明天会下雨吗?

-- I hope so. 我希望这样。

He is a lazy boy and will always be so.他是个懒孩子，而且总是这样。

He wants to write, but he is afraid to say so.他想写，但他不敢说。

10. stress

1) 动词用法：表示“着重，强调”

Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown.

科劳福着重指出了有收获住房的更大的需求。

The report stressed that students' maths skills need to improve.

报告强调学生的数学技能需要提高。

2) 名词用法：表示“压力，紧迫”；“(语音学)重音，重读”

under the stress of poverty 在贫困的压力下

time of stress 危难之际

Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English.讲英语时重音及节奏都很重要。

11.【考点】watch 的用法

▲ 搭配：

① watch over 查看；照看；负责；监视

② watch out (for...) 注意(……)；留神(……)；当心(……)

③ stop watch 跑表

▲辨析：look；notice see；watch

四词均含有“看”的意思，都可接不带to的不定式或动词一ing形式作其宾语补足语，但

look意为“看，瞧”。指有意地去看，强调动作，而不强调结果，后接宾语时，多与at连用。

而see则强调“看见。看到”这一结果，指偶然看到或有意识地去看。see一般不用于进行时。

watch意为“看，观察”，强调“观看”的动作，指集中注意力观看发展、变化、移动的东西，有时含有欣赏之意。但是看电视．看比赛常用watch TV / watch a match，而看电影则常用see a film。

notice则表示“注意到，观察到”的意思。例如：

The teacher told us to look at the blackboard. 老师叫我们看黑板。

I noticed him enter the office. 我看到他走进办公室。

Can you see that lights in the distance? 你能看见那远处的灯光吗?

Watch what I d0 and how I do it. 看我的工作，看我是怎样做的。

【考例6】(1999上海) Mother told Jim to ____ the milk until it boiled and then turn off the gas.

A. observe

B. watch

C. notice

D. glance

[考查目标]同义词辨析。

[答案与解析]B observe表示“注意力很集中地去观察某一现象，尤其是科学方面的现象。notice表示“注意到”；watch指集中注意力观看发展、变化、移动的东西．有时舍有欣赏之意。glance为vi. ，不能直接接宾语。结合上下文内容和意思，只有B项符合。

12.【考点】way 的用法

▲ 搭配：

① by the way 顺便说；顺便问

② in this way = by this means 以这种方式；用这种办法

③ in that way 那样

④ on one's way to 往……去的路上

⑤ on the way 在途中；在路上

⑥ way of life 生活方式

⑦ in one way or another 以这种或那种方式

⑧ all the way 一直地

⑨ by way of 取道，经由

⑩ no way 不行，没门儿

⑩ in no way 决不，无论如何不

⑩ lose one's way 迷路

⑩ make one's way 艰难行进

⑩ in a / one way 从某种程度上说

⑩ in the way 挡道，碍事

⑩ all the way 一路上

⑤ in a strange / familiar / polite / friendly way 以(奇怪的／熟悉的／礼貌的／友好的)方式

⑩ in one's own way 按／以某人自己的方式

⑩ in the same way 用同样的方式

④ in different ways 用不同的方式

③ in another way用另一种方式

⑤ make one's way 朝……走去(常指克服一定困难的行走)

④ feel one's way (在黑暗中)摸索着向……走去

@fight one's way (杀出一条路)奋斗前进

⑤ push one's way (在人群中)挤着向……走去

▲ 句型：

① the way in which / that或省略关系词+ 定语从句

② (be) on the / one's way to sp. / home / there 往……去的路上

③ (Come) This way, please. 请这边来。

④ (be)a long / short way away / off 离某地远／近

⑤ (be)a long / short way from sp. to sp. 从某地到某地路程远/ 近

⑥ tell / show sb the way to sp. / home / there 告诉某人去某地(家／那儿)的路

⑦ lead (sb) the way (to sp.) (给某人)领路，引路，带路

⑧ be on the way to doing sth 即将干某事

▲辨析：manners；means；method；way

四词均意为“方法、方式”。

way既可指做事的方法，也可指思想方法、生活方式等。

method指系统的、具有一定理论性的方法，强调条理性和高效率。

means指方法、方式和工具，单复数相同。

manners指(按照传统习惯或个人主观的标准衡量的)行为方式、举止、礼貌。

该组词的介词搭配各不相同：用这个办法：with this method, in this way, by this means。例如：

It's considered bad manners to stare at people. 瞪着眼睛看人是不礼貌的。

The quickest means of travel is by plane. 最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。

We must improve the method of teaching English. 我们必须改进英语教学方法。

You should use different methods to solve different problems. 你应该用不同的方法解决不同的问题。

What's the best way to make tea? 什么是泡茶的最佳方法?

【考例4】(1999上海)My parents always let me have my own ____ of living.

A. way

B. method

C. manner

D. fashion

[考查目标]考查同义词的辨析。

[答案与解析]A way既可指做事的方法，也可指思想方法、生活方式等。method指系统的、具有一定理论性的方法，强调条理性和高效率。means指方法、方式和工具，单复数相同。manners指(按照传统习惯或个人主观的标准衡量的)行为方式、举止、礼貌。

13. welcome 一词的用法

welcome 常作可数名词，有时也可用作不可数名词，可作形容词使用，既可作定语，又可作表语，还可作惊叹语，构成的搭配有：

sb. / sth. is welcome

sb. is welcome to do sth.

be welcome to sth. (欢迎……使用)

welcome to (欢迎来)

you're welcome (不用谢)

welcome 还可作动词使用。不能说welcome

somebody to do something.

They welcomed me warmly.他们热烈欢迎我。

We welcomed our new teacher with open arms.我们热烈欢迎我们的新老师。

You're a welcome visitor.你是一个受欢迎的参观者。

You say "You are welcome" when someone thanks you.当有人谢谢你时你说“不用谢”。

We have him a warm welcome on his arrival. 我们对他的到来表示热烈欢迎。

[牛刀小试1]

用所给单词的适当形式填空：

(attend, afraid, advise, watch, way, knock, content)

1. She was just ____ to do her best in this, her best competition.

2. Will you please ____ me how I can learn English well?

3. They ____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.

4. What surprised me was not what he said but the____ he said it.

5. ____ at the door before entering, please.

6. I didn't say anything because I was ____ the other kids would laugh at me.

7. All children between the ages of 5 and 16 must school.

【短语归类】

1.【考点】含all的副词短语

① all for 完全赞成

② all of a sudden 突然，冷不防(=all at once = suddenly)

③ all too 实在太

④ all but 几乎；差不多

⑤ all over 到处；各处

⑥ all the better 更好

⑦ all along 一直；始终

[例句] I'm all for doing nothing till the police arrive. 我完全赞成警方到达之前我们不要乱动。

The bus stopped all of a sudden and the passengers were thrown forward. 汽车突然停下，乘客们身子向前倾斜。The holidays were all too short. 假期实在太短了。

▲友情提示：all是副词，“全部。都”的意思。

【考例2】We were talking on the phone when,____, the line went dead.

A. all too

B. all of once

C. all of a sudden

D. all sudden

[考查目标]此题主要考查准确使用短语的能力。

[答案与解析]C 短语即成语，是不可改变的。从句意可知，空白处应是“突然”之意。

2. do for

1)“使失败，使完蛋”(常用被动式be done for)

That young man's case is done for. 那年青人的官司输定了。

2)“设法获得”(用于疑问句中与how和what连用)

How did you do for water while erossing the desert?当你通过沙漠时，你是怎样获取水的?

3.【考点】与harmony有关的短语

① in harmony with 与……协调一致

② out of harmony with 与……不协调一致

③ in harmony 和睦，和谐

[例句] The color of the sofa is in harmony with the sitting room. 沙发的颜色与卧室的颜色很协调。

He soon found himself in harmony with his new coworkers.

不久，他发觉自己与新合作的工人们关系融洽。

The music is out of harmony with his tastes. 这音乐不合他的兴趣。

The boys sang in harmony．男孩子唱和声。

【考例4】I had ____ Mrs. Reed or the children, or her chosen servant.

A. nothing in harmony with

B. something out of harmony to

C. a lot in harmony with

D. none of harmony to

[考查目标]此题主要考查短语搭配以及句意理解问题。

[答案与解析]A 由介词搭配可知B、D两项不对。由Dr可知C项是错误的。因为or作为连词时，用在否定句中。

4.【考点】含knock 的短语

① knock about / around 漫游，闲逛；(狠)打

② knock down 击倒，撞倒；拆除

③ knock...out of 把……敲出来

④ knock into sb 撞到某人身上

⑤ knock off 停止(工作)；扣除

⑥ knock over 打翻

⑦ knock at 敲门／窗等

[例句] The writer has knocked about in Europe for months. 那个作家在欧洲漫游了好几个月。

Our house is being knoeked down to make way for a new road. 为了给新公路让路，我们的房子正在拆除。

I want to see you when we knock off. 下班后我要见你。

【考例5】It is reported that prisoners was ____ a lot in the prison.

A. knocked about

B. knocked down

C. knocked over

D. knocked off

[考查目标] 此题主要考查短语辨义。

[答案与解析]A 正确理解句意是解题的关键。题意是：据报道犯人在这座监狱里经常受到毒打。

5. put an end to 结束

put an end to 结束

bring sth. to an end 结束

come to an end 结束

make (both) ends meet 收支相抵

6.【考点】“take + 名词”短语

① take action (on) 采取行动

② take steps / measures 采取措施

③ take notes 纪录

④ take a chance 碰碰运气

⑤ take breath 歇一歇，喘口气

⑥ take risks 冒风险

⑦ take advantage (of) 利用；引诱

⑧ take aim (at) 瞄准

⑨ take charge (of) 负责(处理某事，照顾某人)，接管

⑩ take effect 生效，起作用

[例句] Let's see how they will take action next. 我们要观察他们下一步要采取什么行动。

The police had to take firm action to deal with the riots. 警方只得采取坚决行动来处理骚乱。

The government has taken measures to preserve order.政府已采取措施维持秩序。

Half-way up the mountain we stopped to take breath.我们爬到半山腰后停下来歇口气。

They took a risk in driving on, in spite of the storm. 尽管有暴风雨，他们还是冒险驾车赶路。

He's using his charm to try to take advantage of her. 他正利用他的魅力试图引诱她。

Take careful aim at the target before firing. 开火前要对目标仔细瞄准。

The new law takes effect from tomorrow. 新法律从明天起生效。

【考例3】Immediate action must be ____ before it is too late.

A. taken

B. made

C. carried

D. put

[考查目标] 此题主要考查固定短语的动词搭配问题。

[答案与解析]A 在take action短语中，只可使用take．不可使用其他动词。

▲常见短语

t ake action 采取行动

take notes 记笔记

take effect 见效，生效；开始发生作用

take exercise 做体操，做健身活动

take farewell 告别，辞行

take ground 占领阵地，(飞机)着陆

take notice 注意

take office 就职

take steps 采取措施

7.【考点】含“动词+out”的短语

①wipe out擦洗……的内部；去除，消灭

②start out启程(一start off)；着手进行(+t0 do sth)

③hold out伸出；提供；坚持

④stand out显眼；突出

⑤pick out选出；分辨出

⑥leave out省略；遗漏

⑦work out算出

⑧die out灭绝；消失

[例句]We always wipe the bottles out before returning them to the milkman.

我们总是把瓶子内部擦干净后再送还给送奶工人。

They wiped him out to keep him from appearing as a witness. 为了阻止他出面作证，他们除掉了他。

It's a long trip; we'll have to start out early and start back for home in the afternoon.

这是一段长旅程，我们必须很早动身，下午再起程回家。

Our food supplies won't hold out long. 我们的食品存量维持不了多久。

The road sign is easy to read I the words stand out well. 路标很容易认；上面的字非常突出。

Tom pm’ked out his cousins from the crowd. 汤姆从人群中认出了他的堂兄弟。

How can you leave out such important information? 你怎能漏掉这么重要的信息?

▲ 辨析：wipe off / away / up擦去，擦掉；start out / off= set out / off = leave 后接for + 地点；go off后接to +地点。

【考例1】(NMET 2002改编)We thought of selling this old furniture．but we decided to ____ it. It might be valuable.

A. hold on

B. hold on to

C. hold uD

D. hold to

[考查目标] 此题主要考查短语的辨义问题。

[答案与解析]B hold on 继续；坚持。hold on to 抓住不放。hold up 举起。hold to 遵循；坚持(看法、说法等)。

[牛刀小试2]

1. Mark ____ his hand slowly and carefully, and there, in his palm, lay a shining diamond ring.

A. made out

B. held out

C. left out

D. picked out

2. All too ____ it was time to go back to school after the summer vacation.

A. fast

B. quick

C. often

D. soon

3. The government has promised to take ____ the energy crisis.

A. part in

B. advantage of

C. action on

D. risks of

4. The husband and wife were never in ____ or agreement about anything for five minutes together.

A. satisfaction

B. harmony

C. relation

D. action

5.The man knocking ____ knocked her her bike and her lying on the ground.

A. about; off; left

B. out; out of; made

C. down; down; kept

D. over; off; let

☆词语比较☆

1. become, get, grow, turn

become, get, grow, turn, 这几个词都可以表示“变成”或“成为”的意思。

(1) become 强调变化过程的完成，强调状态的变化。

You'll become wiser as you grow older. 随着年龄的增长，你会变得更睿智的。

(2) get 强调造成事件的施动者的作用或变化的结果。

We had better get started at once. 我们最好马上开始。

(3) grow 表示渐渐成为新的状态，或表示从某种状态向其对立的状态变化的自然现象，强调变化的过程。The crowd grew more and more excited as they were waiting the time for the launch of the satellite.

随着火箭发射时间的到来，等待的人群变得越来越兴奋了。

(4) turn 指转变成为与原来完全不同的事物，强调变化的结果。turn后面接名词时常不加冠词，而become 后接名词时则加冠词。

In autumn the leaves on the trees all turn yellow.秋天树上的叶子都变黄了。

Five years later, he turned doctor.

= Five years later, he became a doctor.五年后他成了一名医生。

2. besides, except, but, except for, apart from, in addition to, other than

(1) besides 的意思是“除……之外还有”，该介词后面所表示的人或物等也包括在总数内。

Ten of us passed besides Tom. (= Tom passed too.)

(2) except 的意思是“不包括在内，除去”，该介词后面所表示的人或物等不包括在总数内。

All of us passed except Tom. (= Tom did not pass.)

它的后面除接名词和代词外还可以接介词、副词或以that、when引导的从句。

He has always been in good health except in the past few days|quite recently I that he had a slight headache in the past few days / when he had a headache.

(3) but 作“除外”的意思有一些限制，它只能用在no one, none, all, nobody everyone, everything, who, what, where 等之后，而except的限制很少。

(4) except for 表示“除外”一般是指后面所除开的内容与前面的内容具有所属关系或后面的部分对前

面部分在细节上加以修正。如果后面的东西与前面的东西属于同类语，则用except。

The esssay is well written except for a few mistakes in the last paragraph.

文章写得很好，除了最后一段几个小错洪以外。

The wall was bare except for someone postters.墙上除了几张海报外光秃秃的。

We come to school every day except Sunday.除了星期天外，我们天天上学。

(5) apart from 既可表示besides 的意思又可表示except for 的意思。

Apart from the ayst, it will take a lot of time. (Apart from = Besides)除了费用外，还要花很多时间。

Apart from that, all goes welt. (Apart from = Except for)除了那之外，一切都很顺利。

(6) in addition to 有besides的意思。

We saw a cartoon in addition to .he cowboy movie．我们看了一部关于牛仔的电影，还看卡通片。

(7) other than 有except 的意思。

There's noboday here other than me.除了我这里没别人。

3. on board, on the board, on the hoards

(1) on board 的意思是“在船(飞机、车)上”。登机

(船)可以说go / get on board the plane / train / the ship.

We had a pleasant time on board both ships.我们在两艘船上都度过了快乐的时光。

(2) on the board的意思是“在木板上，在布告牌上．在会上讨论”。

Put the bread on the board before cutting it.切面包前，把面包放在木板上。

The question was on the board yesterday, but the result was not out.

问题昨天得到了讨沦，但没有结果。

(3) on the boards 的意思是“做演员，在戏台上”。

He has retired，but he is still on the boards. 他退休了，但仍活跃在舞台上。

4. state, condition, situation

(1)state表“状态、状况”时，强调人或物在某种特定时期内具有的特征和所处的环境，如：normal state，the mental state，the present state。

The people of the world want t0 end the state of war between the two countries．

全世界的人民都希望能结束两国之间的纷争状态。

(2)condition 含义与state基本相同，condition 可指“形势、事态、状态”等。

The goods arrived in good condition. 货物到达时完好无损。

(3) situation 意为“形式、情况、局面”时，强调各种情况之问重要的相互关系以及该情况与有关人之间的关系。

The situation in the Middle East in none too happy at present.中东局势令人堪忧。

5. what's more, what's worse

what's more 表示“而且，更重要的是”；

what's worse 表示“更糟糕的是”，相当于worse still，to make things worse，to make the matter worse，even worse，作插入语用。

He is clever, and what's more, he works hard.他很聪明，而且学习很努力。

The car broke down when I was driving home from work, and what's worse, it was pouring with rain.

下班的路上，我的汽车坏了，更糟糕的是，天下着大雨。

☆句型诠释☆

1. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must lnake surethat everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.如果我们想成功地推动世界的发展，我们就必须确保每个人都能加入到我们创造的新世界里来。

be + to do 在本句中表示“汁划、打算”。

The French President is to visit Japan.法国总统将到日本访问。

He is to return from Germany tomorrow.他明天将从德国回来。

这种结构还可用于下列情况

(1) (表义务) 应该做……，必须做……

You are to be back by 9 o'clock.你要在9点之前回家。

(2) (表可能) 会做……

How am I to know what has become of him?我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢?

(3)(表命运)注定……

He came to Ix)wer．but he was to pay dearly for it；soon he was aasassinated.

他得到权利，但足却为此付出了昂贵的代价，不久他就被暗杀了。

(4)(表虚拟语气)用if...were to do...

If it were to rain tomorrow, the ceremony would be postponed.如果明天下雨的话，典礼就会延期。

2. Among the speakers was China's then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equalily and fairness in the world. 在发言者中有当时中国的总理朱镕基，他强调了在世界上平等和公平的必要性。

本句中的主句部分是一个倒装句，其正常语序为：

China's then Premier Zhu Rongji wan among the speakers. 这里用了倒装语序，一方面是为了使上下文衔接紧密，把表语提前；另一方面是为了句子平衡，因为这里的主语很长，其后还有一个非限制性定；

语从句，又如：

Present at the meeting was Professor Liu, who came from Wuhan University.

出席这次大会的有刘教授，来自武汉大学。

Gone are the days when Chinese people suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.

中国人民饱受饥寒之苦的日子一去不复返了。

3. -- Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.

我们只有了解更多，才能去改善环境。

注意掌握until的以下三种句式：

1)陈述句：

Jack didn't go to bed until his mother got home.直到妈妈回家了，杰克才去睡觉。

2)倒装句：

Not until his mother got home did Jack went to bed.区到妈妈回家了，杰觅才去睡觉。

义如：Not until I began to work did 1 realize how much time I had wasted.

直到我开始工作了，我才意识到我浪费了很多时间。

3)强调句：

It was not until his mother got home that Jack went to bed.直到妈妈回家了，杰克才去睡觉。

义如：It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous film star.

直到她取下她的墨镜后我才认出她是位著名的影星。

4. A better understanding of the envinmment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.

更好地了解环境是必要的，参与的愿望也同样是必要的。

as 此处的用法与so相同，承受前示从句之语。

She plays the piano, as / so does her mother. 她和她母亲一样会弹钢琴。

5. And if poverty is less of a problem and people are better educated，there is a good chance that we will see less violence and fewer wars.如果贫穷的问题有所改善．如果人们能受到更好的教育，我们身边的暴力和战争可能就会减少。

There is a good chance (that)...该句型可以表示“有可能发生某事”，chance在这里是“可能”的意思。又如：

There is a good chance that I'll finish the work tomorrow. 明天我很有可能会完成这项丁作。

6. You can pick out the important bits, for it is one thing to write a letter, another to write history, one thing to write to a friend, another to write for the public.你可以择要摘取，因为写信是一回事，写历史足另一回事；跟朋友通信是一回事，为公众撰稿又是另一回事。

句型：“It is one thing to do sth.，(it is) another (thing) to do sth.” 表示“做……是一回事，做……又足另一旧事”。在这个并列句中，后半句中的it is和

thing 可以省略，而不影响原句的意义，义如：

It is one thing to say, another to do.说是一回事，做又是一回事。

7. The hurricane, with its power to sink ships and to destroy strong walls, had found this little ship in its path.飓风威力无比，它能沉掉船只，推倒墙；飓风一路风驰电掣来到小船前。

英语中find，see等动词的主语有时是物。在句子有不同的意思。又如：

National Day found people singing and dancing happily in a street parade.

国庆节时人们在大街上的游行队伍里高兴地唱啊跳啊。

【句型归纳】

【考点l】① Among the speakers was China's then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world.演讲者中有中国当时的总理朱镕基。他强调世界范围内的平等与公正。

② Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.

直到我们了解的情况更多之后我们才能改善这种局面。

句①中，要注意主句部分用了倒装语序，其陈述语序应为China's then Premier Zhu Rongji was among the speakers。这里是为了使句子平衡，使上下文衔接紧密，将表语部分提前构成了倒装语序。全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前，通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。例如：

Present at the meeting were Professor Li and many other scientists. 出席会议的有李教授和其他科学家。

Gone are the days when we were happy and gay. 我们幸福快乐的时光过去了。

注意：全部倒装句型中，主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词．则不能完全倒装。例如：

In he came and the lesson began. 他来了，课就开始了。

Here he comes．他来了。

句②中。要注意：句首为否定或半否定的词语。如no,not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until...等，句子要用部分倒装。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do，does或did，并将其置于主语之前。例如：

Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was．直到河里的鱼都死了。村民才意识到污染多么严重。

【考例1】(2004上海) ____ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.

A. Not only they brought

B. Not only did they bring

C. Not only brought they

D. Not only they did bring

[考查目标]本题考查考生对Not only置于句首的倒装结构的运用能力。

[答案与解析]B 表否定含义的连接词not only位于句首时用部分倒装。选项A、D没有倒装，首先排除；选项C为全部倒装，也应排除。

【考点2】Ash and bits of rock that were burnt black were falling onto the ship now, darker and more, the closer they went. 灰尘和烧黑的石块落到船上，他们越是靠近，石块也越来越黑、越来越多。

the more...the more这一结构意为“越……，越……”，前者为从句，后者为主句。本句中．主句、从句语序颠倒，并省略了从句中的the。例如：

The more you practice, the more perfect you will be.你练得越多就越熟练。

The smaller the room or the more people in it, the faster the air becomes bad. 房子越小或里边的人越多，空气变坏得就越快。

【考例Z】(2002上海) As far as I am coneerned, education is abOUt learning and the more you learn.

A. the more for life are you equipped

B. the more equipped for life you are

C. the more 1ife you are equipped for

D. you are equipped the more for life

[考查目标]本题考查the more...the more的用法。

[答案与解析]B 本题中，从给出的语境the more you learn，并结合所给选项．可确定考查句型the more...the more，所以首先排除D项。再根据本题意为“我认为教育是有关学习的事情．你学的越多，对生活的准备就越充分”。不难得出答案为B项。

【考点3】Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. 要是我以前知道空调能造成大量的污染，我就不会买了。

本句中，要注意虚拟语气的省略。在if引导的虚拟条件句中，若有were, had, should，在书面语中可省去If，将were，had，should等提到主语前，形成倒装。例如：Were it not for his illness, he could do better. 要不是生病了，他会做得更好。

Had I known your address, I would have written to you. 我以前要是知道地址．就会给你写信了。

Should it rain tomorrow, he would not come. 万一明天下雨，他就不会来了。

【考例3】(2001上海)What would have happened, ____ as far as the riverbank?

A. Bob had walked farther

B. if Bob should walk farther

C. had Bob walked farther

D. if Bob walked farther

[考查目标]本题考查虚拟语气的省略。

[答案与解析]C 虚拟语气中，条件从句中的if可以省略。但主语与动词必须易位；只有were，should，had 等可以放在主语前形成疑问句的词才有此用法。选项A中。省略了if，但没有使用倒装；选项B、D中，时态有误。

【考点4】A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. 更好地了解环境是必要的。这是心甘情愿的行动。

本句中’as引导定语从句．指代整句话的内容，可置于句首、句中或句末，表示“正如……”。

【考例4】(2003上海) ____ has been announced,we shall have our final exams next month.

A. That

B. As

C. It

D. What

[考查目标]本题考查as引导定语从句的用法。

[答案与解析]B 根据句义可知，本题为定语从句。而it，what均不能引导定语从句，that引导定语从句时不能放在句首。

[牛刀小试3]

1. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life ____ so happy. (2000 京、皖春招)

A. did I feel

B. I felt

C. I had felt

D. had I felt

2. ____ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to see the film so often. (1995 上海)

A. If it is not

B. Were it not

C. Had it not been

D. If they were not

3. ____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET 2001)

A. It

B. As

C. That

D. What

4. Not until the early years of the 19th century ____ what heat is.

A. man did know

B. man knew

C. didn't man know

D. did man know

5. ____ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior schools is increasing. (1999 上海)

A. Which

B. As

C. That

D. It

6. ____ is known to all, China will be an powerful country in 20 or 30 years' time. (1994 上海)

A. That; advancing

B. This; advanced

C. As; advanced

D. It; advancing

【交际速成】

【考点】如何用英语表达情感、焦虑、委屈等

(2004湖南)

-- Now, where is my purse?

-- ____! We'll be late for the picnic.

A. Take your time

B. Don't worry

C. Come on

D. Take it easy

[答案与解析]c这道题考查如何用英语表达焦虑。其中A、B、D三项都表示“别着急”，C项表示“快点”。根据上下文可知，“我们去野餐要迟到了”，而对方还在找钱包，所以催促他“快点”。故只有C项正确。【归纳】在英语中用来表达情感、焦虑、委屈等的用法还有：

(1)We were getting very worried.

(2) We are anxious about ...

(3) What's the matter with your ..., Jane?

(4) Is there anything the matter?

(5) There is no need to be worried.

(6) How terrible !

(7) It's a frightening thing...

(8) He gets into a total panic when...

(9) It makes me feel very worried.

(10) It makes my hair stand on end.

还有：

I'm frightened to death by..., I dare not..., She's scared to death, I'm really frightened to..., What's really scary is..., I'm afraid of..., What terrifies me is...等等。例如：

-- I'm afraid of snakes. If I would see one in front of me, I would be scared to death. 我怕蛇。如果看到一条蛇，我会吓死的。

Really? Have you ever been bitten by a snake? 真的? 你被蛇咬过吗?

[牛刀小试4]

1. -- Mum, I've cut my finger, it's bleeding.

-- ____.

A. Let me see

B. Don't worry

C. Be careful

D. Let me have a look

2. -- I hear Tom was seriously injured in the accident.

-- ____, Let's go and see him. (2005 高三重组卷)

A. What's worse

B. If so

C. When necessary

D. What's more

3. --I've had a bad cough and I cough day and night.

-- ____. You'll get well soon. (2005 名校示范卷)

A. It doesn't matter

B. Never mind

C. That's all right

D. Take it easy

4. -- When are you coming back，Annie?

-- On the twenty-first, Mum.

-- ____. (2005名校示范卷)

A. Glad to see you again

B. But not too late

C. Well, have a good trip

D. But you must finish your work first

5. -- You look tired. Why not spare a day to go for an outing with us?

-- ____. Work presses.

A. It is thoughtful of you to say so

B. Maybe I should

C. Please don't disturb me

D. I can't afford even a minute, I am afraid

6. -- We'll have an important examination tomorrow．

I'm really worried.

-- ____.

A. Never mind

B. It's no matter

C. Take it easy

D. That's all right

7. -- I couldn't find my watch. Could you help me?

-- ____.

A. What's the problem

B. With pleasure

C. It doesn't matter

D. Perhaps I can

☆精典题例☆

( )1. Only after my friend came ____. (2005 福建)

A. did the computer repair

B. he repaired the computer

C. was the computer repaired

D. the computer was repaired

【解析】选C 本题考查的是由only引导的状语提到句首时，需要倒装。

( ) 2. It wasn't until nearly a month later ____ I

received the manager's reply. (2005 全国)

A. since

B. when

C. as

D. that

【解析】选D 本题考查not...until 句型用在强调句中的用法。参见“句型诠释3”。

( ) 3. It's the present situation in poor areas that ____ much higher spending on education and training. (2005 北京)

A. answers for

B. provides for

C. calls for

D. plans for

【解析】选C 要解好本题，关键是要弄清四个选项意思。answer for“对……负责”；pmvide for“提供”；planfor“为……计划”；call for “需要”，本单元出现过call forcourage “需要勇气”。

( ) 4. If I ____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I'd like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005 湖北)

A. would

B. could

C. had to

D. ought to

【解析】选B 本题考查if引导的虚拟语气结构。从I'd like to go... 判断，本句为与现在事实相反，故选B。

( ) 5. Your uncle seems to be a good driver; ____, I wouldn't dare to travel in his car. (2005 江西)

A. even so

B. even though

C. therefore

D. so

【解析】选A even so表示“即使这样”，so 表示上文所提到的句子。even though等于even if“即使”。( ) 6.-- You haven't lost the ticket, have you7

-- ____ I know it's not easy to get another one at the moment. (2004 江苏)

A. I hope not

B. Yes, I have

C. 1 hope so

D. Yes, I'm afraid so

【解析】选A I hope not是省略的说法，指代前面的内容You haven't lost the ticket。它的意思是“但愿我没有丢票”。与下文的“一票难求”相吻合。

( ) 7. Happy Birthday, Alice! So you have ____twenty-one already! {2004 天津)

A. become

B. turned

C. grown

D. passed

【解析】选B turn 指转变成为与原来完全不同的事物，强调变化的结果。即你已经是二十一岁了，而不是二十岁。become强调变化过程的完成，强调状态的变化。grow表示渐渐成为新的状态，或表示从某种状态向其对立的状态变化的自然现象，强调变化的过程。

( ) 8. It was __ back home after the experiment. (2004 湖北)

A. not until midnight did he go

B. until midnight he didn't go

C. not until midnight that he went

D. until midnight when he didn't go

【解析】选A本题考查not until在强调句中的变化，只有A正确。