进口风险管理贸易风险外文文献翻译最新译文

进口风险管理贸易风险外文文献翻译最新译文
进口风险管理贸易风险外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处:Krishnan G. The research of import business risk management [J]. Atlantic Economic Journal, 2015, 5(3): 61-71.

原文

The research of import business risk management

Krishnan G

Abstract

Import activities from the preparing work before trading, and then select the foreign suppliers, business negotiation, signing contract, the contract to many links, such as imports of claim and dispute resolution of each link to face all kinds of potential risks. In this paper, to stand in the Angle of the importer, on the basis of the review of risk theory, according to the import trading process to import market risk can be divided into the following categories: mainly includes price risk, exchange rate risk, contract, trade settlement risk the risk of subject choice, the terms of the contract of risk, risk of maritime transport, etc. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the cause of these risks and, avoid and guard against all kinds of risk response measures are put forward. The last part is about how to strengthen the management of import trade risk. In order to avoid and reduce the import trade risks, enterprises should follow the basic risk management program, select the corresponding technical means. Imports to import transaction risk, the main content of the enterprise risk management project: first, we must strengthen education, improve the risk prevention import enterprise personnel's risk consciousness; Second must strictly for exporters credit investigation; Again, should strengthen the supervision and management for the performance of a contract; Finally, set up the risk management department for organization guarantee. Keywords: Import trade; Risk analysis; Prevention; management

1 Agent import business risk analyses

To analyze the agent import business risk, the first to analyze the nature of the business, often nothing more than three conditions: the delegate lack of import management, product qualification or import license, etc., shall entrust a qualified foreign trade business agent import. To the lack of professional foreign trade knowledge, need foreign trade enterprises to provide agency import and supporting

services. The delegate of lack of money, bank credit, is trying to realize asymmetric leverage or low-cost financing, through the agent import take up foreign trade enterprise capital or credit. Finally a similar "Basel agreement", as defined by the trade financing, is just a part of the role of the foreign trade enterprises to replace the bank. Foreign trade enterprise, therefore, not only in the business of agent import agents, may also be regarded as financial instruments; risks resulting from multiple roles are so complicated. Draw lessons from the Basel accords risk can be divided into credit risk, market risk, operation risk, the method of personal humble opinions, agent import business risk can be roughly divided into the following six classes:

1.1 The customer credit risks

Customer is the important resources in the enterprise, its assets, credit and other power determines the quality of resources. Agent import business, the foreign trade enterprise customers include foreign suppliers and domestic clients, carrier, warehousing, etc., when the customer's credit standing and strength needed to perform the contract capacity does not match, there will be the potential risk of nonperformance or unable to fulfill the contract. Clients, for example, plans to import cash payment after the arrival of the foreign trade enterprises, the market fell, unsalable goods, its default without money payment, this due to the financial strength is not enough and the risk is relatively common. As another example, foreign trade enterprise delivers goods imported through the agency of warehousing escrow, but it’s to sell the goods, insolvency bankruptcy after the crime, foreign trade enterprises have to bear all losses. From the agent import risk shall be borne by the delegate this perspective, the customer credit risk factors are very important. All foreign trade enterprise credit risk losses are caused to the agent import business, nine times out of ten source is bad credit customers; On the contrary, when a customer credit strength far exceeds the ability of the contract, even if a risk occurs more easily also. Therefore, how to control the customer credit risk are the foreign trade enterprises to bear the brunt of the problem in the import agent.

1.2 False trade risks

False trade refers to the fictional trade background, trade name to cover the

financing, fraud, etc. False trade risks in foreign trade business more frequent because the available resources, including domestic or foreign exchange rate, interest rate differential, the foreign trade business of bank credit, qualification, etc., attracted a lot of money dealers and criminals. Some criminals will agent import (and the extension of entrecote trade) as an arbitrage means, financing way, and even money laundering tools, etc., attempt to convert foreign trade enterprise credit to its liquidity and used for any other purposes, and show the rate spreads. To this, the foreign trade enterprises should be combined with the customer's credit standing, and so on and so forth strictly textual research trade authenticity, compliance and rationality, continuity, avoid bringing customers, bring their own supply of goods, bring their own bills of exchange, customs declaration and not imported products, not supply way of the shipper, they see no foreign import agent is not standard.

1.3 Changing market risk

Markets such as goods, exchange rate, interest rate changes, the commodity prices and foreign exchange cost, cost of capital, such as volatility, is deciding the success or failure of trading and profit and loss. Although the profit and loss shall be borne by the client, but when losses beyond its capacity, risk will be arise. Changing market risk occurs more easily in the commodity business, often small fluctuations in commodity prices, exchange rates and interest rates. etc can cause huge profit and loss.

1.4 Clause set risk

Foreign import contract, agent import contract, warehousing, the pledge agreement, guarantee contract and l/c terms and conditions of the Settings are rigorous, legal and effective, if there is a hole trap, even also to a certain extent, to determine whether the foreign trade enterprises can avoid risk. For example, foreign import contract provisions, such as the quality, before shipment inspection, supervision of loading can hedge the risks such as the quality of the goods defects; Agent import contracts with foreign import contract terms and condition of the practice, docking, each other can pass on agency risk; Carefully set agent import contract payment and delivery terms, can reduce the risk of cargo weight loss. For foreign trade enterprise,

agent import contract and the guarantee contract is one of the core content, the scope of the authorization of the client, agent import contract business process, whether the risk is to clear the rights and obligations and responsibilities of the client; Methods, the liability for guaranteeing the guarantee contract, the guarantee, the risk is to point to the people or things of value guarantee effectiveness, guarantee, etc will be enough to cover the risk cost, the two decided the risk agent import agreement.

2 Agent import business risk management

2.1 The three-dimensional system of risk control

Sound risk control system should be freely crisscross, the article point and surface, combined with block, business units and functional departments do their job, mutual cooperation, mutual supervision, both to the whole and local, internal and external risk of three-dimensional management system. Agent import process, in accordance with the rules and regulations will be the business process standardization, standardization, longitudinal according to the access level for examination and approval, classification management, horizontal, according to the division of professional, to carry out the post responsibility; To identify risk coefficient rating, to focus on high-risk business review; Outside finance, logistics and other functional departments cooperate with business departments certificate, documentary, such as the right to control high risk link monitored, cross management, dynamic tracking; Establish risk early warning mechanism, to carry out the pick up the goods to the market change, late payment or irregular changes such as tips and report duty, under the supervision of internal risk control mechanism, through the check list and check each other timely found potential risks, avoid the happening of the risk; Make risk treatment plans, form unified, efficient processing quick reaction mechanism of risk events.

2.2 The objective risk identification estimate

Risk identification is to estimate the potential risk for judgment, classification and estimate the probability of occurrence of a risk and loss degree of process, the essence is to be the worst expectations, and the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. In front of the agent import business to business background, process,

product and customer audit, is the process of risk identification to estimate. According to whether to take up company funds, bank credit, commodity market and cash ability, the strength of the customer and guarantee risk coefficient comprehensive rating; Through the evaluation of customer credit, false trade, cargo weight loss, such as risk the possibility of changing market, the nature of the risk, and the harm degree, to determine the risk cost and benefits of risk management. The process of avoid by all means to the subjective tendency, especially in the face of long-term operation of commodities, long-term cooperation customers, some can produce reflex, directly replace analysis with historical data, such as personal feelings to predict, lead to lose objectivity of risk assessment.

2.3 Match the risk to bear ability

Determined by risk identification to estimate is the risk cost, the matching risk tolerance. First of all, the foreign trade enterprises must carry on the self assessment, make sure can bear the risk of cost; Second, to ensure that the limits of risk cost occurs, will not affect the normal operation of foreign trade enterprises; Finally, to ensure the agent import risk cost less than the risk to bear ability of foreign trade enterprises. For example, to the late payment of the foreign trade enterprise capital chain rupture risk, even if the value of the mortgaged property is enough to cover the debt, but collateral to liquidate need a long time, while the capital chain rupture immediately affect the normal operation of foreign trade enterprises, that is, when the cost is higher than the risk of foreign trade enterprise risk to bear ability, can cause systemic risk.

2.4 Reasonable risk management methods

Foreign trade enterprises may, according to the comparison of risk cost and risk to bear ability, etc, to choose reasonable method of risk management. When the risk cost is higher than the risk to bear ability, can choose to avoid risk, to stop the relevant agent import business; Can also choose to transfer risk, through the insurance related to import methods of domestic trade credit insurance, will risk transfer to the third party insurance company etc. Risk management approach is usually risk can be controlled, the risk cost lock in the controllable range (less than risk tolerance), risk

prevention, to reduce the cost of risk, as far as possible with the minimum risk cost maximum security; Minimize losses after the risk happens, realize the biggest risk management efficiency.

3 Conclusions

Foreign trade enterprises need to improve risk control system, establish scientific risk identification to estimate, analysis, early warning and response system; By strengthening the system construction to eliminate laws of loopholes in management rules, through the standardization of business management processes to enhance ability to resist risks; Through training to improve risk management level; Through professional training to strengthen risk prevention awareness, so as to standardize the business behavior, avoid business risk. This is not only the need of agent import risk management, also is the need of enterprise survival and the development of foreign trade.

译文

进口业务风险管理研究

Krishnan G

摘要

进口活动从交易前的准备工作,然后选择供应商开始,经历交易磋商、签订合同、履行合同到进口索赔以及解决争议等众多环节,其中每个环节都要面临各种潜在的风险。本文站在进口商的角度,在回顾风险理论的基础上,按照进口交易流程把进口交易风险分为以下几类:主要包括价格风险、汇率风险、合同主体选择的风险、贸易结算风险、合同条款制订的风险、海上运输风险等。在深入分析这些风险及其成因的基础上,提出规避和防范各种风险的应对措施。最后部分是关于如何加强进口交易风险的管理。为了规避和消减进口交易风险,企业应该遵循基本的风险管理程序,选择相应的技术手段。针对进口交易风险,提出进口企业风险管理工程的主要内容:首先要加强风险防范意识教育、提高进口企业人员的风险意识;其次必须严格对出口商的资信调查;再次应加强合同履行的监督与管理;最后还要设立风险管理部门以作为组织保证。

关键词:进口交易;风险分析;防范;管理

1 代理进口业务风险浅析

要分析代理进口业务风险,首先要分析其业务性质,通常不外乎三种情况:委托方缺乏进口经营权、进口产品资格或进口许可证等,须委托有资质的外贸企业代理进口;委托方缺乏专业外贸知识,需要外贸企业提供代理进口及配套服务;委托方缺乏资金或信用证等银行授信额度,试图以小博大实现杠杆操作或低成本融资,通过代理进口占用外贸企业的资金或授信额度。最后一种类似《巴塞尔协议》所定义的贸易融资,只是由外贸企业替代了银行的部分角色。由此可见,外贸企业在代理进口业务中不但是代理商,还可能被当作金融工具,多重角色所产生的风险也因此复杂多样。借鉴《巴塞尔协议》将风险分为信用风险、市场风险、操作风险的方法,个人浅见,代理进口业务风险大致可分为以下六类:

1.1 客户信用风险

客户是企业的重要资源,其资产、信用等实力状况决定了资源质量的优劣。代理进口业务中,外贸企业的客户包括他国供货商、本国委托方、承运人、仓储保管方等,当客户的资信实力与合同所需要的履行能力不匹配时,就会有不履行或无力履行合同的潜在风险。例如,委托方计划于进口到货后套现支付外贸企业货款,结果行情下跌、货物滞销,其无资金支付货款而违约,这种因委托方资金实力不够而造成的风险较为常见。

外贸企业将代理进口的货物交付仓储保管方保管,但其将货物私自变卖,案发后资不抵债宣告破产,外贸企业不得不承担全部损失。从代理进口风险应由委托方承担这个角度而言,客户资信是举足轻重的风险因素。凡是给外贸企业造成信用风险损失的代理进口业务,十有八九源头是资信不良的客户;相反,当客户的资信实力远超合同履行能力时,即使有风险发生也较易化解。因此,如何控制客户信用风险,是外贸企业在代理进口中首当其冲的问题。

1.2 虚假贸易风险

虚假贸易是指虚构贸易背景,以贸易为名掩盖融资、诈骗等目的。虚假贸易风险在外贸业务中频发的原因在于可利用的资源更多,包括境内外的汇率、利率等差价,外贸企业的银行授信额度、经营资质等,吸引了众多资金贩子和不法分子。有的不法分子将代理进口(及延伸的转口贸易)当作套利手段、融资途径甚至洗钱工具等,企图将外贸企业的授信额度转化为其流动资金并挪作他用,套取

汇差及息差。对此,外贸企业应当结合客户的资信等情况严格考证贸易的真实性、合规性、合理性、连续性,避免自带客户、自带货源、自带汇票、自行报关和不见进口产品、不见供货货主、不见外商的进口代理方式等不规范情况发生。

1.3市场变化风险

商品、汇率、利率等市场的变化,造成了商品价格、外汇成本、资金成本等的波动,决定了贸易的成败和盈亏。虽然盈亏应由委托方承担,但当亏损超出其承受能力,风险就随之产生。市场变化风险较易发生在大宗商品交易中,往往商品价格、汇率、利率等的小幅波动就可以造成巨额盈亏。

1.4 条款设置风险

对外进口合同、代理进口合同、仓储保管合同、质押协议、担保合同及信用证等条款的设置是否缜密、合法、有效,是否存在漏洞甚至陷阱,也在一定程度上决定了外贸企业是否能规避风险。例如,对外进口合同的质量、装运前检验、监装等条款,可以规避货物的质量瑕疵等风险;代理进口合同与对外进口合同互相钩稽、条款相符对接,可以转嫁代理风险;谨慎设置代理进口合同的付款、交货等条款,可以减少货权流失的风险。对外贸企业来说,代理进口合同及担保合同是其中的核心内容,代理进口合同约定了委托方的授权范围、业务流程,其风险在于是否明确了委托方的权利义务和责任;担保合同约定了担保方式、担保责任等,其风险在于所指向的人或物的担保效力、担保价值等是否足以覆盖风险成本,二者决定了代理进口风险的约定归属。

2代理进口业务风险管理

2.1立体的风险控制体系

完善的风险控制体系应当是纵横交错的,点与面、条与块结合,业务部门与职能部门各司其职、相互配合、相互监督,兼顾到整体与局部、内部与外部风险的立体管理体系。代理进口流程,按照规章制度将业务流程规范化、标准化,纵向按照权限逐级审批、分级管理,横向按照专业分工、落实岗位职责;进行风险系数甄别评级,对高风险业务进行重点审核;财务、物流等职能部门配合业务部门对开证、押汇、货权控制等高风险环节重点监控、交叉管理、动态跟踪;建立风险预警机制,落实对市场变化、逾期付款、违规提货等异动的提示及报告责任,在风险控制内部机构监督下,(完整译文请到百度文库)通过自查及相互复核及

世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/a517608605.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.

金融风险管理案例

《金融风险管理案例分析》 ——华谊兄弟 姓名:周冰倩 学院:行知学院商学分院 专业:金融学

学号:12856218 金融风险管理案例分析之华谊兄弟 前言: 在21世纪初的中国娱乐业市场,涌现出一批商业巨头,而华谊公司正是个中翘楚。从一家小型的广告公司,到如今庞大的商业帝国,华谊走过了一条不可思议的崛起之路。当然,时势造英雄,这不仅仅归功于王中军王中磊两位创始人的商业才能,也要归功于繁荣的中国市场。 华谊概况: 华谊兄弟传媒集团是中国大陆一家知名综合性民营娱乐集团,于1994年创立。1998年正式进入电影行业,因投资冯小刚的贺岁片而声名鹊起,随后全面进入传媒产业,投资及运营电影、电视剧、艺人经纪、唱片、娱乐营销等领域,在这些领域都取得了不错的成绩。时至今日,华谊兄弟传媒集团已经发展成为一个涵盖广告、影视、音乐、发行、艺术设计、建筑、汽车梢售、文化经纪、投资等的大型民营企业集团,并于2009年10月30日创业板正式上市。 一.信用风险: 信用风险又称违约风险,是指借款人、证券发行人或交易对方因种种原因,不愿或无力履行合同条件而构成违约,致使银行、投资者或交易对方遭受损失的可能性。 我认为可能会导致出现信用风险的原因有两个:

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