商务英语阅读Chapter4 The Incredible Shrinking Europe 难以置信的退缩着的欧洲

商务英语阅读Chapter4 The Incredible Shrinking Europe 难以置信的退缩着的欧洲
商务英语阅读Chapter4 The Incredible Shrinking Europe 难以置信的退缩着的欧洲

Chapter4 The Incredible Shrinking Europe 难以置信的退缩着的欧洲

It was supposed to be the moment Europe grew muscles.这本该是欧洲茁壮成长的时期。去年秋天,在结束了为简化决策制定,使欧盟在国内外更具实力更为强壮的十年努力之后,最后仅有的一些抵抗国家签署了总达1000页的文件,就是世人熟知的里斯本条约。11月,欧盟选拔了其第一任正式总统和外交部长。亲欧盟派们重温旧梦:一个新建的世界强权来安抚动荡地区,在能力可及之地给予援助和劝服,但同时准备在万不得已之时派遣军队。布鲁塞尔将率战反抗气候变化。欧洲经济将证明给北美和亚洲无情的自由市场,社会市场仍是摆脱经济危机的最佳方式。

The dream didn’t last a month.这个梦想连一个月都没撑过。在12月哥本哈根的气候变化会议上,对最终决议竭力辩争的是中美两国,而欧盟则当了旁观者。欧盟的2010年并非以一个外交政策的大胜利开头,而是毫不适宜的在争论是否要救助希腊,它的债务已经拖垮了欧盟的货币。同时,美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马宣布并不会出席五月份在西班牙举行的欧美洽谈会。于无数迁就欧盟的会议来讲,这有点泄气。难怪欧盟发觉自己处在忧心忡忡的自疑的周期循环中。也难怪世界上其他人都在疑问:欧洲代表着什么?它哪里适应这个似乎被中美所主导的世界?如果它消失了,会有人注意吗?

Let’s get one thing straight让我们讲明一点:欧洲是个无与伦比的居住佳所。欧盟的许多成员国都在世界最富裕国家之列。欧洲的工人通常都享有漫长的假期,慷慨的产假和舒适的养老方案。普遍的健康保险被认作基本的社会契约中的一部分。欧洲政治稳定,而且是世界上最为慷慨的发展援助金捐献者。当然,税金很高,但大多数欧洲人似乎很愿意交纳更多的税金来换取更高—且有保证的—生活质量。去年,总部设在伦敦的“思想库”——欧洲改革中心主任查理斯·格兰特说到:“欧盟展现了一个极为吸引人的社会、经济、政治模式。”“它比世界上的绝大多数地方都要稳定、安全、环保、文化多元,这也是邻国及许多移民想加入欧洲的原因。”

But the good life at home doesn’t make Europe strong abroad.但国内的优质生活并没有造就一个在海外强大的欧洲。欧盟也许拥有世界上所有的软实力优势,但在重大场合它缺少对他人的权威和影响力。有时候它甚至不能说其所想。美国和中国时常在争辩,但美国可以将其对华政策恰如其分的表达出来:发展经济,鼓励民主,适当之时评判人权问题。简单的说,欧盟的对华政策是什么呢?

The EU underwhelms on other big issues.欧盟在其他重大问题上也表现得不尽人意。格兰特在其以《欧洲注定要作为强权失败吗?》冠名的文章中写到:“欧盟在面对阿富汗、巴基斯坦或朝鲜等国际问题时,大部分时间要么沉默,要么缺席。”意大利前沿外交政策杂志Limes编辑卢契·卡拉却罗认为欧盟的困境是冷战的遗留问题。他解释说,在美国的安全保护伞下,二战之后对西欧而言是重建的黄金时期。这段时期结束后,欧洲进入休克期。“这一点我们予以否认,”卡拉却罗说到。“我们知道,委婉的说,美国并不对我们的利益感兴趣,我们就只自己实行鸵鸟政策。”卡拉却罗接着说,欧洲认为阿富汗、伊朗问题是美国事务。“任何重大危机都是在海外得以讨论的。我们对这个时代并没有责任。”

The Lisbon Treaty,里斯本条约,建立了欧洲理事会主席和外交与安全政策高级代表的新办事处,应该改变这所有局面。然而实际上,新欧盟由包括四个轴心的复杂机制来管理:总统和外交部长;欧盟轮值主席国;欧洲委员会主席以及各国家政府元首。这种新建机制看起来就像欧盟糟糕的模仿,建立在最佳选择基础之上,即具官僚性又具复杂性,不像是采取行动制止圈地战争,倒像是要鼓励这些战争。

Critics point to the selection of 批评者指出,选举Herman V an Rompuy 以他平衡地方势力而著称,因为他在比利时举足轻重,并且试图哄骗反对欧盟的国家走向他们的阵营。毫无疑问,这是一个很有用的品质,但是这也很难使欧盟在国际舞台上有分量。Dominique Moisi

说:“钱英国的贸易大臣Ashton 和V an Rompuy 给人的印象是他们的当选不是因为优点而是因为缺点。一个资深的欧洲官员对欧洲要凸显自己选的那两个人就让他们再当选5年这件事感到烦恼。

It’s early days for the new team, 对新团队的当选还是太早了,V an Rompuy 和Ashton 会使他们的反对者吃惊。Ashton在上去年1月的时代周刊是说:“我们应该充满雄心壮志,除了这些野心,欧洲离回答基辛格的:我要打电话到欧洲,该打给谁呢?更远了,因此,什么能够解释他所说的外交雄心和他们自己的具体做法之间的差距,怎样来弥补这个鸿沟呢?没有欧洲,会怎么样呢?

Start with history. 从历史开始讲起,一个统一的欧洲的概念是在二战时形成的,它是建立在把德国的命运和法国等欧洲其它国家命运绑在一起可以使欧洲大陆免受侵略。如果单以这个标准来衡量的话,欧盟已经做到了,在很长一段时间里,欧盟的领导很乐于关注其内部政策,即在欧洲建立统一市场,统一货币,没有关税。难以让人理解的是欧盟的捍卫者就会反对欧盟成员国的建立有一个示范性的效应。正如希腊、葡萄牙和西班牙在1980年希望通过加入欧盟区限制他们的内部权力,东欧和中欧国家也如此。

Beyond its neighborhood 然而,欧盟很少在超出邻居范围的国家发挥出它的集体力量。然而,主要原因是因为它的成员国只想捍卫和追求自己的利益,而不是把自己融入一个多国的集体中。在欧洲也有大量这样的情况,欧洲现在要把目标定得很低。Moisi说:“低一点比较明智。”“成员国几乎没有把欧盟看作一支世界力量,而把欧洲看作一个共同成分。”

That argument begins to break down 那个争论开始破裂当你渴望去帮助修复世界。过去十几年,许多欧洲人喜欢吧欧盟看成是一支能与美国和中国相抗衡的力量,一个强大、富有但是更加仁慈的力量。问到Catherine Ashton 对欧洲理念的理解,并且她渴望远离谦虚。“民主的、国家的人权”她说,“想要看到稳定、安全的国家,我们很高兴与他们进行政治对话和经济来往。”

Europe is right to think big 欧洲正在思考怎么强大----即为了自己又为了其他一些国家的利益。世界很多国家都期望听到更加强大的欧洲的声音。从南非首都比勒陀利亚到美国华盛顿的欧洲盟友不断地提出更多的警告,由于去年负责欧洲和欧洲事务的助理国务卿Philip.H.Gordon对美国众议院外事委员会说《里斯本条约》生效以后:“我们希望欧盟成员国加大投入能够使后里斯本条约机构更具有权威和权力来对我们所面临的全球的挑战作出具体贡献。”在非洲,印度,拉丁美洲,领导人心甘情愿的与欧盟建立更加亲密的关系,即给人印象是强大的,是愿意改变自己的价值观,就他们国家利益而言是愿意看到其他一些独立国的互动。

But if Europe is to realize its own dreams 但是如果欧洲想实现自己的梦想,还有帮其他国家实现梦想,他就必须改变他贸易的方式。(要形成一股绳)像真正的一个集团带来巨大的影响。Jean –Pierre Lehmann,一个在瑞士国际管理发展学院的国际的政治经济学教授说。国际会议上的一个问题是“欧盟被其他成员国瘫痪”。一个资格较老的亚洲官员面露恼怒的描述在国际峰会上欧洲领导者们怎样喋喋不休的交流。他说:“他们非常善于交际。”这并不是一个赞美。

Next, Europeans need to appreciate that 其次,欧洲人需要意识到理想并不能给你带来尊重。你必须赢得他人的支持。击中要害,这应该在哥本哈根会议上起作用的。欧洲在全球气候变幻政策的转换上,碳减排做了大量工作。引进了首批碳交易市场,引领开发绿色能量的道路。欧洲领导者在绿色能源方面所处于的领先水平让人印象深刻到树立榜样就足以让其他国家作出让步。但这个会议来了个大转向,一批发展中国家威胁要退出会议。正当谈判濒临崩溃边缘,奥巴马进入了正在和那些从巴西,印度和南非会议代表中国的房间,他们达成了协议,把这份协议交给欧洲和其他参与国。瑞士国家管理学院的Lehmann说,“这是一个由

欧盟中的一个欧洲国家主持的全球会议,欧盟是有东西要拿出来的。”“但是这是一个非常大的耻辱,欧洲被排除在外。”哥本哈根的惨痛教训是如果不是一个严肃的角色就不会被严肃对待。

In a bitter irony 这是一个辛辣的讽刺,即是现代欧洲最珍视的信念之一,武力不能长期解决政治争端,但这一信念又阻止欧洲成为一支强大的力量。欧洲国家送了成千上万个年轻男女到塔利班战斗。但是20世纪的记忆意味着欧洲人的民意似乎不愿长期投入阿富汗的战争中。在2月20日这天,荷兰联合政府垮台,因为何时取缔驻军而垮台的争议。德国政府在其国民面前不敢承认国家部队在外是打仗,而不是穿着制服的人道主义者。

To Washington,对于知道这个世界仍然还不太平的华盛顿来说,这些态度就成了严重的隐患。2月23日,在北约战略研讨会议上,美国国防部长罗伯特-盖茨特别坦率地说:“欧洲的非军事化-从20世纪的信念已经走向一个妨碍实现真正安全和持久和平的21世纪。欧洲大片的民意和政治阶层都反对军事力量和军事化所带来的威胁”。许多外交官都同意他的观点。面临新的威胁时,还是这种思维惯性。他说:“我们必须向公众解释我们所居住的世界”。

But that requires political leadership但是对政治领导阶层的要求是许多欧洲国家所缺乏的。是的,英国仍然把自己看做拥有全球的角色,法国也是。法国的的总统尼古拉-萨尔科齐积极参与08年的乔治亚战争到伊朗原子核问题的后果的议题。但是德国缺席大部分的争论。在20世纪后五十年,德国是欧洲实验的核心。但是自从冷战结束后,德国已经从欧盟退出,经常采取了不同路径,当欧洲试图统一政策时(特别是在08年和09年经济危机期间),并且加强与俄罗斯的联系,仇视英国和法国。“在幕后仍然是欧盟的操纵者”柏林的欧洲外事委员会主席乌尔里克说。但是有时候柏林是决定根本不操纵,在欧盟生么事都没发生,德国开始用一种特别微妙的方式回避欧洲。

Others notice the failure of the EU其他人注意到了,欧洲不能发出统一的声音,没有去处理这个错误,一个明显的头等大国,欧洲在过去几个月花费太多时间去担心美国是怎样看他的。奥巴马访问了六次欧洲,一次中国。但是美国总统决定跳过西班牙峰会并且他错过了参加柏林墙推倒的第二十个纪念日。欧洲像一个被抛弃的情人。法国新闻报道萨尔科齐被迫爆出一个冷门,默克尔在柏林墙庆典之前用奥巴马的画像作为礼物没有被错过。“如果你真的很努力,他会寄一封信给你”,如果你跪下来,他会加上‘忠实于你的’在他的信中。

As they contemplate the future, 当他们思考未来的时候,欧盟的领导人在也不能回避这些问题:一个共同的外交政策且是他们想要的吗?如果不是,世界将会适当地调整期望;如果是,欧洲人就要努力地制定出相应的政策,大声地说出他们所声称的忍耐、妥协和慷慨,不是屈尊的方法而是以理解的方式说20世纪黑暗的大陆怎样找到一个和平的道路。欧盟更加努力地缓和紧张局势以及和土耳其更加紧密合作,实现和北非国家的真正伙伴关系,另一个好的萨尔科奇的主意是看看能否把他们纳入欧洲,什么都不做,产生一个惯性且为欧盟赢得一些伙伴。美国总统奥巴马对于欧洲凝聚力和意志的缺乏已经失去耐心,根据欧盟从事委员会称,在美国标杆的世界,它需要有效率的伙伴,如果欧洲做不到美国就会重新寻求新的优势的伙伴与它合作。

That, it should be said 应该这样说:说起来容易做起来难。我们不要忘了,欧洲是富裕的、和谐的,与其他地方相比,它更是接近于美国的,但是不要认为它可以永远得到美国的青睐,因为欧洲之外的世界正在急剧变化。德国马歇尔基金会的研究员说欧洲能拿得出来的是它所靠得住的。但是欧洲拿得出手的太少了。欧洲人想要去改变这种状况吗?如果是,现在就是最好的时机。

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