2018年英语四级阅读之筛选有效息

2018年英语四级阅读之筛选有效息
2018年英语四级阅读之筛选有效息

2018年英语四级阅读之筛选有效息阅读在英语四级考试中的地位举足轻重,所以怎样提高阅读成绩是广大考生都关心的话题,下面小编就为大家详细说一说四级阅读该如何应对。

第一、通过抓住文章中鲜明地表达起承转合关系的词汇来把握句间逻辑关系,进而推测文章内容重点、预估命题线索,最后藉由关键词的帮助力图使其与文后题目相结合——若出题点与阅读重点恰巧吻合则往往能顺利得到答案。

毋庸讳言,这种方法在应对传统阅读考试中的细节题型和部分推理题时往往比较有效,而且在某些情况下可以大大缩短解题时间。但其缺陷在于,随着各类阅读考试不断演化,纯粹意义上的细节题的比重正在逐步降低。

以四六级阅读而论,对主题和文章结构的考察往往与细节相互交织,罕有不“牵一发而动全身者”。难怪很多考生都在反映07年的题目怪招(引用一些网友的看法,甚至是“损招”、“贱招”)频出,看似稀松平常的文章做起来信心很足,大有“望尽天涯路”的爽快之感,可一看最后的分数却是唏嘘不已。可见死抓细枝末节的词汇和个别语法现象在面对今时今日的阅读考试时可谓绠短汲深。这种方法没有能够跟上命题者思路的调整,一味抱残守缺故收效甚微。

第二、辨析文章结构,找到“经典模块”——如现象解释,如开门见山,如观点对立,等待——套用模块固定思路按部就班、顺藤摸瓜逐个击破。这种方法的好处是在针对结构清晰命题思路相对稳定的考题时能够把题目按既有模块对号入座,一一还原到文章各段之中。但实际演练起来却容易出现这么几种情况:要么动起笔来大脑一片空白,所谓结构模块早已抛掷九霄云外;要么搜肠刮肚,却苦于无法将手头的文章套入模版,所谓“按部就班”、“顺藤摸瓜”到头来却变成一筹莫展。阅读不同于写作,每一篇文章可能涵盖了2个甚至3个结构模块,而经典模块属于大脑抽象思维高度概括的产物—

—和韦伯所说的“理想模型”颇有几分类似——这句话的潜台词是“模型”原封不动地出现在社会现实(考试)中的可能性逼近于零。无怪乎大量考生抱怨,这套方法等看到答案听完老师讲解总算是后知后觉了。

综上所述,两套传统解题方式都只是部分揭示命题规律,很容易陷入命题者故布疑云的“罗生门”。另外,只纠缠细节或只从大处着手也不符合一般人的阅读习惯和认知规律,会导致大脑下意识地抵触,遑论进行主动有效的阅读呢。但如果我们能够打破两条思路之间的藩篱,按照一般阅读习惯将其有机地整合在一起,就能够开辟出“第三条道路”,从文本再建构的角度切入阅读。

按照结构主义语言学的看法,文章所提供的是文本(text),解题者所作的工作大致就是按照题目要求找到其中的样本,进行阐释。由此可见,文章阅读的第一个层次或曰第一个步骤——也是在拿到一篇新文章时最符合人类认知习惯的就是在接触文本信息时有意识地对其筛选、过滤,剪除冗余信息提取有效的新信息。阅读考试意在检查学生对超出其既有知识储备的文本新信息的接受能力。这里的接受不仅仅只是一个被动的了解,而是一个积极主动的对信息整理、加工、归纳和品评的过程。细心的同学也许会发现,这里所谓的了解和整理所对应的是大量的细节题,归纳所针对的是主旨题,加工往往是推理题型,而品评则是推测作者的言外之意,甚或要求进行读者进行批判性阅读(critique reading)——对这种能力的考察四、六级相对要少些,但它却是考研英语阅读中命题者屡试不爽的法宝。在这几项能力当中,了解和整理是基础,正确地加工、归纳还有品评都建诸在前二者之上。了解、整理、加工、归纳和品评统称为对文本的解构。这些是主动型阅读中的心理过程。阅读理解考试区别于积极型阅读的特殊之处在于还要根据命题者要求选择答案——这就是对文本的二度建构或曰再建构。明白了这一点我们便可以在阅读过程中做到缩小范围,重点突破,切中肯綮,进而揣摩作者的原笔原意,从而杜绝那种对文本信息漫无边际、浮光掠影式的无效扫描。

那么哪些信息能够算作是有效信息呢?由于篇幅限制我们仅举出三类:转折、因果和比较。

举个例子,06年12月份的第一篇文章在首段大量出现转折词,这些转折所在的部分就是我们建构答案的主要信息区间。这里就完成了第一步了解的工作。通过进一步的分析我们发现,首段末句的转折在文本意义上的层次明显高于其他各句。其原因就在与之前的转折是具体例证,还停留在事实阐述的层面上;而末句的转折超越了单纯的事实阐述进入到理论抽象阶段。从篇章语言学(text linguistics)的角度上来讲,称之为“具体-概括模式”;或者用最通俗易懂的话来讲,就是“分-总结构”。上述这个过程也就是信息整理的进程(其中业已涵盖了部分的归纳)。整理和归纳的结果是我们必须从末句出发,按照题目要求重新建构文本。其实这个重新构建文本的进程已经由命题者代为完成——选项中最符合原笔愿意的即是在对原文解构基础之上而重新建构的文本。解题者的任务是把整理之后的信息与选项的文本进行逻辑关系的比较,选出最为接近者。(如何做逻辑关系的比较超出了本文范围,需要另外撰文分析。但同学们要记住最常见的重构文本的方法无外乎抽象概括、等价替换、语序倒置、角度转换这些。)希望同学们能够在平常的训练中对照此法,慎思之,明辨之,笃行之,从而真正提高阅读能力。

以上就是小编为大家介绍的相关信息,希望对大家有帮助。想了解更多四六级备考课程、备考资讯,请点击文都网校四六级资讯站查询!

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